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This study mainly aims to investigate the origin of the global financial crisis of 2007 (2007 GFC) in United States and in other advanced economies(AEs),its macroeconomic impact on the Emerging Market Economies(EMEs) and the critical analysis of their policy response. Study highlights the regulatory challenges of the post-crisis period and discusses the implications of newly introduced regulatory reforms for the EMEs.In this aim the thesis is delineated into four chapters. First chapter of the thesis sets the theoretical context of the dissertation and presents a critical review of orthodox (mainstream/neoliberal) and the heterodox approaches on financial fragility and crisis. After giving a critique of the orthodox approach, merits and relevance of Minsky's framework known as "Financial Instability Hypothesis"(FIH) are emphasized to understand the issue of fragility in capitalist economies. Second chapter of the thesis provides a compelling compendium of various explanations and consequences of the 2007 GFC focusing on its origination in the US housing market. Main dysfunctions of the financial markets and the regulatory system that led to the eruption of financial crisis are highlighted. Third chapter presents an in-depth analysis of the contagion of the 2007 GFC to EMEs. A comparative case studies analysis highlights the policy response of selected EMEs. Fourth chapter of the thesis investigates the various financial regulatory reforms introduced in the aftermath of the 2007 GFC. Analysis in this chapter indicates that introduced reforms (The Dodd- Franck Act of 2011 and the new Basel III Banking Standards) are rooted in neoliberal philosophy so would be unable to solve the issues of fragility and financial crisis. On the basis of our analysis in these four chapters, two major conclusions are emphasized. Firstly, the financial markets should not be left to the vicissitudes of free markets, and a relevant regulatory framework having macroprudential orientations must be implemented to replace the dominant free-market-based approach. Analytical and policy insights ("big government" and "big central bank") endorsed by heterodox economist Hyman Minsky seem appropriate to understand and constrain the fragility of capitalist market economies. Secondly, it is advisable for EMEs to adopt policies keeping in view their own macroeconomic characteristics and the level of financial development and not by the blind faith in market liberalisation or the neoliberal policy paradigm. ; L'étude vise principalement à analyser l'origine de la crise financière globale de 2007 (2007 GFC) au États-Unis et dans les autres économies avancées (AE), ses impacts macroéconomiques sur les économies (de marché) émergentes (EME) ainsi qu'un examen critique de leurs réponses en termes de politique économique. L'étude met en évidence les défis en matière de régulation post crise et discute des implications des réformes qui ont été récemment introduites dans les EME. A cette fin, la thèse se décline en quatre chapitres. Le premier chapitre établit le contexte théorique de la thèse et présente un exposé critique des approches orthodoxe (dominante/néolibérale) et hétérodoxe concernant la fragilité financière et la crise. Après avoir examiné l'approche orthodoxe, on met en évidence le mérite et la pertinence du cadre d'analyse de Minsky connu en tant que « Hypothèses d'instabilité financières » (FIH), afin de comprendre la question de la fragilité dans les économies de marché. Dans le deuxième chapitre, la thèse propose un compte rendu exhaustif des explications et des conséquences de la crise de 2007 en mettant l'accent sur ses prémisses qui se trouvent sur le marché immobilier américain. On met également en évidence les principaux dysfonctionnements du marché financier et du système de régulation qui se trouvent à l'origine de la crise. Le troisième chapitre présente une analyse approfondie du processus de transmission de la crise de 2007 aux EME. Par la suite, on met en évidence les réactions en matière de politique économique (monétaire) de certaines EME sous forme d'étude comparative. Le quatrième chapitre analyse les diverses réformes de régulation financière introduites après la crise. L'examen indique que ces réformes (la loi Dodd Franck Act de 2011 et les nouveaux standards Bâle III) sont d'inspiration néolibérale et qu'elles ne peuvent pas résoudre le problème de fragilité et de crise financière. Sur la base de notre analyse développée au travers de ces quatre chapitres on met en évidence deux principaux résultats. Premièrement, les marchés financiers ne devraient pas être laissés aux vicissitudes des marchés (libres). Il faudrait mettre en place un cadre de régulation pertinent assorti des principes macroprudentiels qui puissent remplacer l'approche dominante de marchés libres efficients. Les orientations de politique et d'analyse de « gouvernement puissant » et de « banque centrale puissante », assumées par l'économiste hétérodoxe Hyman Minsky, semblent appropriées pour comprendre et contenir la fragilité des économies de marché. Ensuite, il est recommandable pour les EME d'adopter des politiques cohérentes avec leurs propres caractéristiques macroéconomiques et avec leur niveau de développement financier et non de s'attacher à une croyance aveugle dans la libéralisation du marché ou dans le paradigme néolibéral.

International audience Although the empirical literature on the determinants of economic growth volatility highlights a robust stabilizing effect of democratic regimes compared to dictatorships, no study focused so far on identifying the precise political institutions explaining this stabilizing effect. We open the political institutions black-box associated to democratic regimes, and study the effects of disaggregated political institutions on macroeconomic volatility along five institutional dimensions, namely forms of government, electoral rules, state forms, the number of veto players, and the age of democracies. Using a large panel of 140 countries over 1975-2007, we show that institutional details are of crucial importance, since the stabilizing effect of democracies depends on the precise institutional dimensions at work. Thus, our study contributes to the institutional design debate, by showing that the simple promotion of democratic regimes might not be sufficient to foster a more stable development path.

Recent trends indicate substantial changes in the labour-force status of women in Western industrialized societies. Many studies indicate that shifts in sex-role attitudes have apparently accompanied these changes, but research has not focused on the specific conditions under which men and women approve of non-familial roles for women. Moreover, virtually no comparative research exists on this topic. In this paper, data for three Western countries - the former West Germany, Great Britain, and the United States - are compared with respect to attitudes toward female labour-force participation. The data, taken from the 1988 ISSP (International Social Survey Program) module on the family, focus specifically on the conditions under which respondents approve of women working. Results indicate that the attitudes of both men and women reflect substantial preference for a primary familial role for women, especially when young children are present. Intra-country patterns of predictable variation in attitudes are quite similar in the countries considered: attitudes favouring the labour-force involvement of women are associated with gender, labour-force experience, schooling, and birth cohort. Inter-country differences can in part be explained by normative differences in labour-force participation rates of women and perceptions of the suitability of child-care resources, but most of the inter-country differences were unexplained by the factors considered and are thought to be due to unmeasured normative and institutional factors associated with the care and nurture of children.

17 37 12 4 ; OJS ; [EN] Institutional evaluation processes began in 1995, and they have meant the origin of a new evaluative culture. After these processes, very few researches focused on impact assessment at university have been developed. Furthermore, it's really difficult to find comparative researches about the consequences of these processes and how they are perceived from teachers' (called PDI in Spanish) and administration staff's (called PAS) points of view. This work shows the results of a research project. The study aims, among other aspects, at getting information about the impact of evaluation processes analyzed by two different groups: the teaching and the service-administration staffs. We have developed this research in Andalusia, a Spanish region where there are 8 different universities. The used instrument was a questionnaire based in CINDA model. Firstly, the data of both groups were studied separately. In a second phase a bivariate analysis was carried out, and finally, a Chi-squared test wa ; [ES] Normal 0 21 false false false ES X-NONE X-NONE La implantación de la Evaluación Institucional en la Universidad española que se lleva a cabo desde 1995, ha supuesto la institucionalización de la cultura evaluativa. Tras estos procesos evaluadores, se han desarrollado muy pocos estudios centrados en las evaluaciones de impacto en la universidad. También son muy escasos los estudios comparativos en los que se establecen qué consecuencias han tenido esos procesos y como se están percibiendo desde las perspectivas del Personal de Administración y Servicios (en adelante PAS) versus profesorado (en adelante PDI).Este artículo recoge los resultados de un proyecto de investigación. En dicho estudio se trató de estudiar entre otros aspectos, el impacto de la Evaluación Institucional en las universidades andaluzas y las percepciones de los profesores y PAS respecto a los procesos evaluadores. Los datos obtenidos se extrajeron de una muestra correspondiente a las oc Losada, S.; García Rodríguez, MP.; Triviño ...

The prevailing political and economic conditions both in Greece and around the world determine the general development of all forms of tourism. The development of specific forms of tourism, such as that of religious tourism, gains tremendous interest in the present economic circumstances, as it is a factor in strengthening the national economy and at the same time a legacy for the future with enormous social, cultural and environmental significance. The development of a strategic approach to religious tourism can build on the comparative advantage of our country in this field by creating new tourist sites to attract tourists with intellectual pursuits and special interests. The Prefecture of Evia has a rich range of natural and cultural resources, with particular characteristics of beauty, uniqueness, and authenticity, elements that are required for the design and development of specific forms of tourism. In the case study on religious tourism in Saint John Russian in the Prefecture of Evia, an attempt is being made to explore the contribution of religious tourism to local development and the preconditions for the promotion of the pilgrimage of Saint John Russian to a major destination of religious and cultural interest of international scope. Additionally, an effort is made to highlight the importance of religious tourism as a special form of tourism that contributes to the development of areas hosting religious monuments. Identifying the opportunities and opportunities that exist, exploring its growth prospects and identifying emerging markets, dictates the formulation of policy proposals where combined with the existing specific forms of tourism it will show it as an essential factor in the systematic organization, exploitation and promotion of the Area.

Airline industry restructuring proceeded in high gear following the 9/11 attacks, which triggered a global air transport crisis in the beginning of the new millennium. European (network) legacy carriers have been reorganizing to meet low-cost challengers in European and new competition in global markets. The focus on employment relations and cost-oriented human resource management (HRM) has already been discussed back in the 1990s, pitching industry-level convergence arguments against diversity accounts on the one hand, and featuring different understandings and methodologies of comparative industrial relations (IR) on the other hand. A final comment to a controversy in the European Journal of Industrial Relations of 15 years ago pointed to the neglected dimension of increasing tensions and labor conflicts in the earlier debate, and thereby addressed an important commonality in the European industry's development during the late 1980s and early 1990s. This article revisits the debate to eventually treat the argument of convergence on strike as a set of hypotheses to be tested for the time after 1995. Apart from overall confirming the pattern of a high propensity to labor conflict in the airline industry I concur with Gall (1996) that the causes for relatively high levels of conflict can change over time. A better understanding of the reasons for the latest convergence on strike (2000s) is therefore considered the next frontier with evidence suggesting an overall growing segment of low-cost employment relations to explain the most recent waves of labor conflict and the cross national variation of employment relations in the industry. (author's abstract)

Economic science considers human capital as a fundamental factor that stimulates the accumulation of productive capital and, accordingly, has a positive effect on economic growth. Improving labor force quality can lead to an increase in the well-being of an individual due to an increase in his labor cost. An increase in public welfare will affect the economic growth of the state as a whole. The above conditions the relevance and timeliness of this work, aimed at illustration of human capital concept (subject of the study), as well as determination of human capital place in theoretical economic growth models and empirical mechanisms of its influence on growth. A review of theoretical works analyzing human capital concept and its relationship with economic growth rates aimed at achieving this goal. The study was conducted at the IPEI Center for the Study of Central Banking Problems as part of the RANEPA state task for 2022 using relevant academic literature and as the major source of information and methods such as descriptive, statistical, comparative analysis, as well as systematic approach. Analysis of human capital concept allows concluding that this indicator represents a set of innate and acquired through investment knowledge, skills and practical skills that determine labor productivity and future income of an employee. The mechanisms of human capital impact on economic growth include the relationship between growth and education level, the impact of human capital on technological progress, the relationship between health indicators and economic growth rates, the growth effect of public spending on education and health, and, finally, the effect of human capital in terms of poverty reduction. In the future, this review can serve as a starting point for an empirical study of investments in human capital in Russia within the framework of models with uncertainty and individual heterogeneous discounting.

There is now growing consensus about the importance of building and strengthening national monitoring platforms in order to facilitate the evaluation of large-scale health programmes and initiatives in low- and middle-income countries [see the paper published in 2010 in The Lancet by Victora et al.]. This is also crucial for improving accountability, which is defined by the United Nations' Commission on Information and Accountability for Women's and Children's Health as a cyclical process of monitoring, review, and (remedial) action. The International Health Partnership and related initiatives (IHP+), World Health Organization and other partners have recently developed guidelines to support country-led platforms for monitoring, evaluation and review of national health strategies. The national Compacts promoted in the framework of IHP+ offer an excellent opportunity to foster the development of such country-led platforms for information and accountability. Indeed, a Compact formalises the commitments of the recipient government and health sector partners to increase financing efforts in the health sector, to respect aid effectiveness principles and to support the national health policy and strategies in a common planning, coordination, and monitoring & evaluation framework. IHP+ is also closely connected to initiatives such as the Health Metrics Network that aims to improve the quality of health information in developing countries. We propose to analyse how the Ministries of Health in four Francophone Western African countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali and Senegal) have seized the opportunity of IHP+ to strengthen their monitoring and accountability platforms, and assess what further actions could be taken in the future. We present a comparative analysis grid filled on the basis of the experience of the co-authors in supporting the process in the four countries. This composes the first step of an on-going research and experience sharing project supported by GRAP-PA Santé. ; Peer reviewed

Purpose – This article addresses the governance of "Fair Trade Social Enterprises" (FTSEs), i.e., the organisations exclusively dedicated to the import, distribution and/or labelling of fairly traded products. The aims are (1) to describe and categorise the types of persons and stakeholder groups represented in FTSEs' governance structures and (2) to look at the link between stakeholder involvement and other organisational features such as resources, goals and activities. Design/methodology/approach – These questions are investigated through a qualitative field study based on face-to-face interviews with the managers of 15 Belgian FTSEs. Findings – I distinguish three governance models each entailing different governance paradigms: the managerial model, the volunteer-based model and the multi-stakeholder model. In the three governance models, it is possible to link, to a certain extent, the composition of the governance structures, the access to resources and the goal priorities regarding the different dimensions of the FT activity. In brief, governance appears as an organisational entry revealing much information about the vision and the strategy of the FTSEs. Research limitations/implications – This study is limited to Belgian FTSEs and must be considered as one of the first attempts in characterising the specific features and challenges of organisational governance in the FT context. International comparative studies exploring FTSE's governance in a more longitudinal perspective, combining the standpoints of diverse organisational actors, would be most welcome in the future. Originality/value – As this article shows, the multidimensional nature of FT and the coexistence of different types of FTSEs in the same country make this a very interesting field to investigate the challenges of governance in social enterprises. Social enterprises and those researching them should pay more attention to the importance of adopting and conceiving governance schemes that are adapted to their multiple missions and enable the access to multiple resources. ; Peer reviewed

This book, now in its second edition, centres on the question of how the working population's opportunities for participation develop under the conditions of flexible work, project work or remote work. Its authors adopt a comparative perspective in their approach to addressing this question, which through stark contrasts offers extremely interesting insights. Using empirical research, they examine both companies that provide information technology services and those that offer mobile care services. Mobility, flexible working times and the subjectification of work play an important role in both fields, but the workers' conditions and the way they shape and handle the aforementioned features of this kind of work vary greatly. While this study finds that the information technology sector can, generally speaking, be seen as the paradigm of a genuinely dynamic and 'modern' working environment, it reveals that the ostensibly much more traditional field of care work also deviates from the conventional Fordist idea of employment relationships in some respects; the only difference is that in the latter field this is not the result of recent radical changes but has been common practice for some time now.

"The dynamics of the ethnical structurization of labour markets is an important research issue in the US since the early 1970s. The concepts developed in these debates especially that of enclave economies cannot be easily transferred into the European or German context. The reasons are major differences in the national production regimes as well as in migration systems and history. This paper sketches a framework for research that views economic activities of ethnic groups as integral parts of the overall economy and its dynamics. The latter is actually characterized by profound trends of restructuring. It is one of our central arguments that these developments show contradictory elements concerning social, cultural and spatial aspects. These highly contingent constellations open specific structures of economic opportunities for migrants/ ethnic minorities; however, they are also associated with risks. On the basis of this conceptual framework, a detailed internationally comparative study is envisaged with the aim to analyse actual processes in the food industry of capital cities in Europe. First empirical indicators are given for one of the cities of the sample: Berlin." (author's abstract)

This PhD thesis including five manuscripts and a brief international comparison analysis proposes a multi-field study on the economic and environmental effects of energy consumption. It first investigates the causal relationship between economic growth and energy consumption in Turkey and then offers a new methodology for the estimation of unrecorded economy based on environmental data. The thesis develops also asymmetric information models, where the regulator does not know the true emission level of each firm that it wishes to regulate, so as to examine to what extend different enforcement mechanisms affect incentives for the firms to reduce polluting emissions and to invest in clean energy technologies. In order to provide a complete insight on the effects of both fiscal and environmental enforcement policies, some similar analysis are conducted taking into account the existence of unrecorded economy. The results in this thesis essentially show that: first, energy conservation policies can be implemented in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions without any adverse effect on the recorded economic activities; second, different audit mechanisms should be used depending on the environmental objective of the enforcement agency; third, in some cases, environmental regulations may increase the size of unrecorded economy; fourth, economic policies to combat unrecorded economy may not serve as a complement to energy conservation policies. ; Cette thèse de doctorat comprenant cinq manuscrits et une brève analyse comparative internationale, propose une étude pluridisciplinaire sur les effets économiques et environnementaux de la consommation d'énergie. Elle étudie d'abord la relation de causalité entre la croissance économique et la consommation d'énergie en Turquie, puis offre une nouvelle méthodologie pour l'estimation de l'économie non enregistrée basée sur des données environnementales. La thèse développe également des modèles d'information asymétrique, où le régulateur ne connaît pas le véritable niveau d'émission de chaque entreprise qu'il souhaite réguler, afin d'examiner à quel point différents mécanismes de mise en application affectent incitations des firmes pour réduire leurs émissions polluantes et investir en technologies d'énergie propre. Afin de fournir un aperçu complet des effets des politiques de mise en application fiscale et environnementale, des analyses similaires ont été effectuées prenant en considération l'existence de l'économie non enregistrée. Les résultats montrent essentiellement que: premièrement, des politiques d'économies d'énergie peuvent être mises en application pour réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre sans effet nuisible sur les activités économiques enregistrées; deuxièmement, différents mécanismes de contrôle doivent être employés selon l'objectif environnemental de l'agence d'application; troisièmement, dans certains cas, les règlements environnementaux peuvent augmenter la taille de l'économie non enregistrée; quatrièmement, la politique économique pour combattre l'économie non enregistrée peut ne pas servir de complément aux politiques d'économies d'énergie.

In this context, teachers working in special education structures are invited to respond to their challenging work, with a view to the social inclusion of people with disabilities. This survey aims to explore teachers' views on whether and to what extent the curriculum and the overall functioning of EVET Paramythas and Ptolemaida contribute to the social inclusion of pupils. We chose the quantitative approach as a method for carrying out the survey and the survey-specific questionnaire as a data collection tool. The results showed that NEETs do not remove the social exclusion of persons with disabilities, since they are disconnected structures from other educational structures, the teachers they teach are not permanent and have no specialisation in special education, and there are also a number of problems in the functioning of VET (economics, housing, etc.). With this survey, we are seeking to contribute to the research on the institution of special education, and in particular on issues relating to the PSCC structure, with regard to their functioning. The results of our research could be useful and used in the overall design of special education programmes by bodies dealing with special care. ; Σε αυτό το πλαίσιο οι εκπαιδευτικοί που εργάζονται σε δομές της ειδικής αγωγής, καλούνται να ανταποκριθούν στο απαιτητικό έργο τους, με σκοπό την κοινωνική ένταξη των ατόμων με αναπηρία. Η παρούσα έρευνα έχει ως στόχο τη διερεύνηση των απόψεων των εκπαιδευτικών σχετικά με το εάν και κατά πόσο το πρόγραμμα διδασκαλίας και η συνολική λειτουργία των ΕΕΕΕΚ Παραμυθιάς και Πτολεμαΐδας, συντελούν στην κοινωνική ένταξη των μαθητών. Για τη διεξαγωγή της έρευνας επιλέξαμε ως μέθοδο την ποσοτική προσέγγιση και ως εργαλείο συλλογής των δεδομένων το ερωτηματολόγιο που δομήθηκε ειδικά για την έρευνα. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι τα ΕΕΕΕΚ δεν άρουν τον κοινωνικό αποκλεισμό των ατόμων με αναπηρία, αφού αποτελούν δομές ξεκομμένες από τις άλλες εκπαιδευτικές δομές, οι εκπαιδευτικοί που διδάσκουν δεν είναι μόνιμοι και δεν έχουν εξειδίκευση ...

Male-dominated law and legal knowledge essentially characterized the whole of pre-modern history in that the patriarchy represented the axis of social relations in both the private and public spheres. Indeed, modern and even contemporary law still have embedded elements of patriarchal heritage, even in the secular modern legal systems of Western developed countries, either within the content of legislation or in terms of its implementation and interpretation. This is true to a greater or lesser extent across legal systems, although the secular modern legal systems of the Western developed countries have made great advances in terms of gender equality. The traditional understanding of law has always been self-evidently dominated by men, but modern law and its understanding have also been more or less "malestreamed." Therefore, it has become necessary to overcome the given "maskulinity" of legal thought. In contemporary legal and political orders, gender mainstreaming of law has been of the utmost importance for overcoming deeply and persistently embedded power relations and gender-based, unequal social relations. At the same time and equally importantly, the gender mainstreaming of legal education – to which this book aims to contribute – can help to gradually eliminate this male dominance and accompanying power relations from legal education and higher education as a whole. This open access textbook provides an overview of gender issues in all areas of law, including sociological, historical and methodological issues. Written for students and teachers around the globe, it is intended to provide both a general overview and in-depth knowledge in the individual areas of law. Relevant court decisions and case studies are supplied throughout the book.

The People's Home is a magisterial examination of the development of social rented housing over the last hundred years in six advanced capitalist countries - Britain, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark and the USA.