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The purpose of this paper is to provide an economic analysis of racial bias in police stops & searches. It develops a model of policing behavior, which is used to define discrimination, clarify its nature, & identify its sources. This paper identifies two sources of discrimination -- bigotry & business necessity -- & suggests how they might be identified in terms of the available data. Bigotry is always inefficient, but discrimination based on business necessity makes for efficient policing. However, discrimination based on business necessity may be unacceptable on equity grounds, & the paper explores the tension between efficient & equitable policing. 6 Tables, 6 Figures, 18 References. Adapted from the source document.

Research examining press coverage of African-American candidates has put forth conflicting explanations to account for the use of race by the media in campaigns involving black politicians: the media act as racial arbitrators by limiting racial emphases; the media bring race to the forefront of campaigns by highlighting candidate race. In contrast, both phenomenon may occur simultaneously--i.e., media coverage of elections involving African-American candidates suppresses the use of race among the candidates themselves, but accents the race of black candidates & their constituents. Based on a content analysis of newspaper articles occurring during the 1990 & 1992 congressional election cycles, we find support for our racial dualism hypotheses, with the effect particularly strong in competitive biracial elections & in those contests occurring during the 1992 election cycle. 4 Tables, 46 References. Adapted from the source document.

Drawing on recent debates over environmental justice & environmental racism, investigated here is the distribution of Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) emissions in MI by race & income, comparing 1989 data on emissions for the entire state, urban areas, & the Detroit Metropolitan Area (DMA) against 1990 Census data. Analysis indicates that TRI emissions for the entire state are inequitably distributed according to race. This finding does not hold for multivariate analyses of the state's urban areas & the DMA. However, in these areas, race is significantly correlated with TRI emissions in bivariate regressions. It is concluded that the nature of specific conclusions drawn from this & another, similar study depends on whether one holds an institutional or intentional model of environmental discrimination &/or gives more weight to statewide analyses or analyses restricted to urban areas. It is argued that race & income should not be theorized as competing explanatory variables. Qualitative historical case studies are necessary to adequately explain the formation of current environmental hazard distributions. 1 Table, 40 References. Adapted from the source document.