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Workers' remittances sent to Latin America declined sharply as the COVID-19 pandemic spread in the first half of 2020, rebounding in the second half. This paper uses a gravity model to estimate the impact of containment and economic support measures, as well as travel restrictions, on remittances sent to Latin America. The results indicate that containment measures and restrictions in internal and international movement in receiving countries are the factors mainly explaining the fall in remittance flows. Moreover, the business cycle in sending countries and the real exchange rate in receiving ones help explain the subsequent recovery of remittances.

This article uses a policy scientific approach to reconstruct assumptions underlying the Dutch Educational Supervision Act.We showan example of howto reconstruct and evaluate a program theory that is based on legislation of inspection. The assumptions explain how inspection leads to school improvement. Evaluation of these assumptions is used to predict the (in)effectiveness of this legislation. The article concludes by discussing the advantages and drawbacks of this kind of approach as a starting point for impact and effect studies. As the program theory of inspection includes elements common to other kinds of educational interventions and reforms, these elements can also be considered for other types of program theory.

W.F. Massey is seen through the eyes of environmental history. It highlights Massey's view about natural resources, his attitudes towards its preservation and nature as the basis of rural economic development.

Not Available ; The study was conducted in Bheenjwdia village of Jodhpur district of Rajasthan by ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur during 2010 to 2014 to study the Impact of Front Line Demonstrations on Productivity Enhancement of Cluster bean. The data were collected from 96 farmers and analysed. The results of the study showed that the yield under demonstration was 32.71 per cent higher as compared to farmers' practices. The net returns and B: C ratios on demonstration plot were higher, i.e.,` 24234 and 2.41 respectively as compared to farmer's practices (` 17160 and 1.96).The study suggests that for strengthening linkages with line department and converging the demonstration with Government schemes for large scale adoption of farmers' fields this can be a good option for enhancing farmers' income. ; Not Available

Recent developments in information technology such as the Internet, enterprise resources planning systems and knowledge management systems necessitate the use of these technologies in order for the next generation manufacturers to co‐evolve and survive on the new business landscape. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of these technologies on managing next generation manufacturing, (NGM), and the benefits that can be reaped by effectively utilising these technologies. We present a model on how NGM companies develop, implement and manage these technologies to support their manufacturing operations. Our model is an extension of Youssef's agile manufacturing model. The implications of this new model are discussed in detail. Our analysis indicates that perceived benefits, as well as potential business opportunities for next generation manufacturing companies, are likely to become key drivers for the use of electronic business.

Whalan reviews THE CAMBRIDGE HANDBOOK OF SOCIAL SCIENCES IN AUSTRALIA edited by Ian McAllister, Steve Dowrick, and Riaz Hassan.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of service quality (reliability, empathy, tangibility, assurance, responsiveness) on customer satisfaction in University Utara Malaysia (Education Service). Each variable is measured using 7-point interval scale: reliability (6 items), empathy (6 items), tangibility (5 items), assurance (10 items), and responsiveness (5 items) on customer satisfaction (6 items). Using the primary data collection method, 160 questionnaires were distributed to postgraduate students inside University Utara Malaysia (Sintok Campus), in north Malaysia. The responses collected were 98 completed questionnaires representing with 61.25 % response rate. The data were analyzed using Structural equation modeling (SEM) using AMOS 7. Confirmatory factor analysis of measurement models indicates adequate goodness of fit after a few items were eliminated through modification indices verifications. Goodness of fit for the revised structural model shows adequate fit. This study has established five direct effects: (1) reliability customer satisfaction; (2) empathy and customer satisfaction; (3) tangibility and customer satisfaction; (4) assurance and customer satisfaction; (5) and responsiveness on customer satisfaction. And, this study concludes that all hypotheses have been asserted in the revised model.

This study reports ethnographic and experimental analyses of inter‐generational changes in nativeItza'Maya and immigrant Ladino populations ofGuatemala's Petén rainforest concerning understanding of ecological relationships between plants, animals, and humans, and the perceived role of forest spirits in sustaining these relationships. We find dramatic changes in understanding ecological relationships and the perceived role of forest spirits.Itza'Maya conceptions of forest spirits (arux) are now more often confounded with Ladino spirits (duendes), withItza' spirits no longer reliably serving as forest guardians. These changes correlate with a shift in personal values regarding the forest, away from concern with ecologically central trees and towards monetary incentives. More generally, we describe how economic, demographic, and social changes relate to the loss of a system of beliefs and behaviours that once promoted sustainable agro‐forestry practices. These changes coincide with open access to common pool resources.

Why has China been so much more successful than the former Soviet Union and its East European satellites in making the transition away from a centrally planned economy? While other articles address a wide range of explanations of China's success, this one explores the possible contri- bution of China's grass roots social organization, and particularly its family and kinship structures. Attention is drawn to social factors by the obvious fact that China, through its spectacular recent growth, has taken its place among other Chinese (and Chinese cultural orbit) populations in East Asia, reinforcing the position of this region as the most dynamic portion of the world economy. Could China share with other Chinese populations, despite more than 30 years of collectivist socialism, grass roots social structures that are conducive to economic growth under the proper conditions - social structures that are different in strategically important ways from those in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe?

The study was conducted to determine the level of social responsiveness of entrepreneurs in Borongan City. This study is a descriptive-correlational survey involving 250 respondents. The majority of the respondents are somewhat responsible in compliance with laws, projects undertaken, products offered to customers, and job creation. Regression analysis was used to establish the relationship between social responsiveness practices of merchandising and retailing business and profitability. It was found out that the best predictor for social responsiveness is a project undertaken, R2 = 0.396 with a good complement for job creation, R2 of 0.306. This is to confirm that the bigger the business, the more profitable it is, the more project it has undertaken and the more jobs it had created in the community. The study revealed that engaging in social responsiveness practices will enhance business operation, improve relations with customers, government, private agencies, and the community. The respondents admitted their lack of concern on the safety of their employees, letting them work on irregular work hours and underpaid. It was also revealed that problems related to the development of initiatives in the field of social responsiveness are due to the high costs of engaging in social responsibility practices and lack of skill on how to conduct social responsibility activities. The respondents are interested to conduct social responsibility activities in the future through participation or attendance in seminars on social responsiveness practices in business, engage in different social responsiveness practices or activities and give donations to foundations and charitable organizations. Keywords: Entrepreneur, Merchandising Business, Profit, Society

The study investigated the dynamic effect of idle cash on economic growth in Nigeria from 1985 to 2018 employing a mixed methodology. The qualitative result revealed that political affluence, social status, treasury single account, asset declaration, biometric verification number, whistle-blower programme, and the empowering operation of economic and financial crime commission for anti-corruption crusade determine idle cash in Nigeria. On the other hand, the quantitative result revealed that idle cash has an inverse effect on economic growth in the short run. However, the long run result revealed a positive, and statistically significant effect on the economic growth, and it was found that idle cash Granger causes economic growth. We recommend that the government should provide a policy regulation framework that will regulate, track and checkmate the superfluousness of idle cash.

Abstract
We use Australian panel data to examine the impact of retirement on individual locus of control, a socio-emotional skill with substantial explanatory power for a broad range of life outcomes. Exploiting the eligibility age for the Australian Age Pension, we find that retirement leads to increased internal locus of control. This greater internal control explains around one-third and one-fifth of the positive effects of retirement on health and subjective well-being, respectively. We also show that locus of control is much more malleable at retirement than the other socio-emotional skills of the Big-Five personality traits, risk and time preferences, and trust.

As energy security, climate change and other environmental concerns remain prominent on the global agenda, international organizations and states have created policies intended to foster the development of renewable energy. With wind power projected to make the largest contribution to Europe's renewable energy mix, the EU and EU member-states have created an institutional framework designed to that favor the development of wind power. While some states have been successful in reaching their renewable energy goals, others have been less so. This article seeks to understand the reasons why states are successful in achieving their intended policy outcomes despite the inherent difficulties in implementing policy. Using the Advocacy Coalition Framework as a point-of-departure, this article will explore the relationship between the beliefs of national lawmakers, policy outputs and policy impacts, as well as how these relationships can help explain wind power policy implementation.