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The financial crisis ultimately caused Western governments to welcome sovereign wealth fund (SWF) investment as a way to put a floor under collapsing markets and to provide a set of voluntary principles that would underwrite SWFs' claim to legitimacy in the international community. In the autumn of 2007, then U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson, in conjunction with the International Monetary Fund, convened the International Working Group of SWFs (IWG) to draft a set of generally accepted principles and practices. These principles are referred to as the "Santiago Principles." The implicit objective of these twenty-four voluntary principles is to promote greater transparency and disclosure among the SWF com-munity and mollify skepticism surrounding their commercial orientation. Like any voluntary standard, compliance relies on the goodwill of the organization, and ultimately, the organization's sponsor. Compliance is further complicated when there are varied interpretations as to the standard requirements. What is needed is an explicit treatment of transparency in its different forms such that SWFs, their sponsors, and external analysts have a dis-cursive device for evaluating and communicating when and why (and why they think) certain nondisclosures are legitimate, or more importantly, when and why transparency in one domain may diminish the significance of disclosure in other areas, thus reducing the significance of non-disclosure in those areas. The aim, then, is to encourage dialogue, in conjunction with the Santiago Principles, on nondisclosure as doing so leads to increased transparency overall. Said slightly differently, dialogue on nondisclosure is, in itself, a form of transparency.

Die Konfiguration international-vergleichender Forschung in der Erwachsenenbildung/ Weiterbildung (EB/WB) ist im letzten Jahrzehnt eng verwoben mit Einflüssen von Akteuren (inter-)nationaler Bildungspolitik und deren Agenden. Der Beitrag geht von einem weiten Verständnis international-vergleichender Forschung in der EB/WB aus, das nicht nur die Interpretation von Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschieden impliziert, sondern auch Untersuchungen zum kulturellen Interrelationsgefüge von Erscheinungsformen in der EB/WB einbezieht. Basierend auf diesem Verständnis sind in der jüngsten Forschung vier verschiedene Schwerpunkte zu identifizieren: (1) Gegenstandsbezogene Länderstudien, (2) Juxtapositionen und Komparationsstudien, (3) kulturtheoretische Studien und (4) methodologische Untersuchungen. Die Analyse zeigt, dass Forschungsgegenstande und -methoden aktueller Studien überwiegend Relationen zur Agenda von Akteuren internationaler Bildungspolitik aufweisen oder gar von diesen evoziert wurden. Aufgabe international-vergleichender Forschung in der EB/WB wird es sein, sich in Auseinandersetzung mit diesen Kontexten und Steuerungsimpulsen disziplinar zu konfigurieren, indem Anschlüsse an Erkenntnisse der Disziplin geschaffen werden.

"This paper provides a thorough analysis of oligopolistic markets with positive demand-
side network externalities and perfect compatibility. The minimal structure
imposed on the model primitives is such that industry output increases in a firm's
rivals' total output as well as in the expected network size. This leads to a generalized
equilibrium existence treatment that includes guarantees for a nontrivial equilibrium,
and some insight into possible multiplicity of equilibria. We formalize the concept of industry viability and show that is it always enhanced by having more firms in the market and/or by technological improvements. We also characterize the effects of market structure on industry performance, with an emphasis on departures from standard markets. The approach relies on latticetheoretic methods, which allow for a unified treatment of various general results in
the literature on network goods. Several illustrative examples with closed-form solutions are also provided." (author's abstract)

This paper addresses the question to what extent social protection systems in different European countries do succeed in coping with the risks arising from non-standard forms of employment. Focusing on the examples of part-time and temporary employment, the paper will examine ex-clusionary transitions and the access to unemployment insurance benefits of workers concerned by these forms of employment. The European Community Household Panel Data (ECHP) will be used. The general hypothesis is that the adaptability of unemployment insurance systems varies between welfare regimes. Therefore, four countries will be compared: Denmark, Ger-many, Spain and the United Kingdom. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

International audience ; Ever-evolving and increasingly powerful Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have fundamentally changed the nature of global relationships, sources of competitive advantage and opportunities for economic and social development. ICTs have greatly increased the impact on every area of human life. Technologies such as the Internet, personal computers and wireless have turned the globe into a network of individuals, businesses, governments, and ever-growing schools who communicate and interact with one another. Without doubt ICTs plays a strategic role in managing organizations. This paper presents a part of the current state of ICTs for enterprises by establishing comparative bases for further studies in this field. It also helps academic institutions to evaluate and identify factors, as well as the specific role and weight of these factors have in the process of developing ICTs towards a developed economy and society in the context of digital Albania. It is presented as a scientific analyse, accomplished, detailed and expressed in percentage and graphical analysis of a number of very important data sets of enterprises in their full form, to unlock developments in the field of ICTs in our country, including specific ones based on concrete data. This study tends to study the extent to which these but have involved ICTs and what impact these technologies have in the daily work of these organizations in part of Albania (Korca Region)and brings its contribution as a perspective of literature, experience and international studies, the level of development of our country regarding the assessment of electronic readiness of business organizations.

International audience ; Several international organisations compare the military spending of the major powers, but their results are often heterogeneous. They are particularly disputed for the Warsaw Pace countries and in most dictatorships, because of military secrecy, the difficulty of defining what belongs to the domain of national defence, but also the methods of accounting. The UN is undertaking studies both to define military expenditure by constructing a very broad matrix of states' military or paramilitary commitments and by constructing sophisticated systems of comparative indices that would replace the exchange rates generally used, despite their instability. Analysis in terms of purchasing power parities seems to be something that should be tested in the long term. ; Plusieurs organismes internationaux comparent les dépenses militaires des grandes puissances, mais leurs résultats sont souvent hétérogènes . Ils sont particulièrement contestés pour les pays du Pace de Varsovie et dans la plupart des dictatures, du fait du secret militaire, de la difficulté à définir ce qui appartient au domaine de la défense nationale, mais aussi des méthodes de comptabilisation. L'ONU engage des études à la fois pour définir les dépenses militaires en construisant une matrice très large des engagements militaires ou paramilitaires des Etats et en construisant des systèmes sophistiqués d'indices de comparaison qui se substitueraient aux taux de change généralement utilisés, malgré leur instabilité. L'analyse en termes de parités de pouvoir d'achat semble devoir être expérimentée à terme.

International audience ; Several international organisations compare the military spending of the major powers, but their results are often heterogeneous. They are particularly disputed for the Warsaw Pace countries and in most dictatorships, because of military secrecy, the difficulty of defining what belongs to the domain of national defence, but also the methods of accounting. The UN is undertaking studies both to define military expenditure by constructing a very broad matrix of states' military or paramilitary commitments and by constructing sophisticated systems of comparative indices that would replace the exchange rates generally used, despite their instability. Analysis in terms of purchasing power parities seems to be something that should be tested in the long term. ; Plusieurs organismes internationaux comparent les dépenses militaires des grandes puissances, mais leurs résultats sont souvent hétérogènes . Ils sont particulièrement contestés pour les pays du Pace de Varsovie et dans la plupart des dictatures, du fait du secret militaire, de la difficulté à définir ce qui appartient au domaine de la défense nationale, mais aussi des méthodes de comptabilisation. L'ONU engage des études à la fois pour définir les dépenses militaires en construisant une matrice très large des engagements militaires ou paramilitaires des Etats et en construisant des systèmes sophistiqués d'indices de comparaison qui se substitueraient aux taux de change généralement utilisés, malgré leur instabilité. L'analyse en termes de parités de pouvoir d'achat semble devoir être expérimentée à terme.

International audience ; Several international organisations compare the military spending of the major powers, but their results are often heterogeneous. They are particularly disputed for the Warsaw Pace countries and in most dictatorships, because of military secrecy, the difficulty of defining what belongs to the domain of national defence, but also the methods of accounting. The UN is undertaking studies both to define military expenditure by constructing a very broad matrix of states' military or paramilitary commitments and by constructing sophisticated systems of comparative indices that would replace the exchange rates generally used, despite their instability. Analysis in terms of purchasing power parities seems to be something that should be tested in the long term. ; Plusieurs organismes internationaux comparent les dépenses militaires des grandes puissances, mais leurs résultats sont souvent hétérogènes . Ils sont particulièrement contestés pour les pays du Pace de Varsovie et dans la plupart des dictatures, du fait du secret militaire, de la difficulté à définir ce qui appartient au domaine de la défense nationale, mais aussi des méthodes de comptabilisation. L'ONU engage des études à la fois pour définir les dépenses militaires en construisant une matrice très large des engagements militaires ou paramilitaires des Etats et en construisant des systèmes sophistiqués d'indices de comparaison qui se substitueraient aux taux de change généralement utilisés, malgré leur instabilité. L'analyse en termes de parités de pouvoir d'achat semble devoir être expérimentée à terme.

The Linear Economy is structured on: extraction, production, product use and landfill. This model prevails although it is a threat to the preservation of natural resources. Whereas, Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) constitute "Urban Mines" that are rich in valuable metals. Public policies from the 70s, based on regulatory constraints, have proved to be inefficient in instigating innovative and collective processes.In this thesis, we study an alternative approach based on the responsabilization of producers through co-regulated action between public and private actors. While responsibility is often linked to individualism, this work scrutinizes the substance of collective responsibility. Furthermore, in consideration of responsabilization as a mode of political governance, we examine the processes and the instruments which could be engaged to bestow collective responsibility on private actors.Through an exploratory, qualitative and longitudinal approach in the context of the WEEE sector, we propose new co-regulation principles. The research is based on the literature of the commons in which the conditions of a collective governance are discussed. The theoretical propositions are considered in the perspective of a comparative analysis at the European level. ; Le modèle de production et de consommation linéaire, qui se résume à: extraire, produire, utiliser puis jeter, menace la préservation de nos ressources naturelles, alors même que les Déchets d'Équipements Électriques et Électroniques (DEEE) constituent des « mines urbaines » riches en métaux de valeur. Les politiques publiques classiques des années 70, fondées sur une approche régalienne, se sont révélées inefficaces pour stimuler des démarches innovantes et collectives.Dans cette thèse, nous étudions une approche alternative fondée sur un principe de responsabilisation des producteurs, encadrés par une forme de co-régulation entre acteurs publics et privés. Alors que la responsabilité est souvent associée à une logique individuelle, qu'est-ce ...

В статье выявлена специфика производства и потребления креативного продукта на основании экономического подхода и исследований культуры. Выделены основные характерные черты креативного продукта как товара в процессе производства и потребления. Специфика креативного продукта как товара состоит в его смысловой нагруженности, где приоритет отдаётся преимущественно коммуникации и системе означивания, нежели функциональности. Проведён сравнительный анализ процесса производства креативных продуктов с позиции экономической теории К. Маркса и современных подходов культурных, креативных индустрий. Характерные черты производства и потребления товаров, согласно подходу классической политической экономии, соотнесены с процессом производства и потребления товаров культурных, креативных индустрий. В качестве основного принципа системы производства креативного товара автор выделяет дуальность, которая обусловлена современным пониманием сущностного значения товара культурных индустрий. ; In article specifics of production and consumption of a creative product on the basis of economic approach and researches of culture are revealed. The main characteristic features of a creative product as a commodity in the course of production and consumption are marked out. The specifics of the creative product as the product is in its sense of loading, where priority is given mainly communications and system of signification, rather than functionality. The comparative analysis of process of production of creative products from a position of the economic theory of K. Marx and modern approaches of the cultural, creative industries is carried out. The characteristic features of the production and consumption of goods according to the approach of classical political economy are related to the process of production and consumption of goods cultural and creative industries. As a basic principle of creative goods production system the author singles out the duality, which is due to the current understanding of the essential values of the goods of cultural industries.

The Age Limit Adjustment Act, which was adopted in 2007, constitutes a climax in the developments of a paradigm shift in pension policy towards remaining at work for longer. This development entails profound changes and restrictions on benefits for assured persons. In future, many of the insurable employed will not receive a pension without incurring deductions until they reach the age of 67. Both employers and employees are faced with new challenges if they wish to avoid pension reductions in the event of an early retirement and consequently possible precarious incomes at old age. Especially women need particular support in this regard, given that in structural terms, they are in a weaker position on the labour market.Against this background, a representative nationwide survey of 1,800 female workers born between 1947 and 1964 was commissioned by the New Quality of Work Initiative (INQA) and conducted by the Institute of Gerontology at the Technical University of Dortmund in cooperation with TNS Infratest in 2007. These cohorts are to be affected by the increase of the age limit from 2012 onwards. In addition to structural data, this survey studied the respondents' assessment of their current ability to work and to continue to work until reaching the standard age limit. Further, the survey explored specific working conditions and strains of work. The results show that more than 40% of the female respondents are sceptical about the conditions of being able to continue their current work until reaching their statutory age limit. The only moderate to poor workability and the consequential danger of having to leave work result e.g. from work-related strains which accumulate in certain sectors and professional groups. The creation of appropriate jobs for older workers as well as the implementation of a staff policy in companies, which is sensitive to demographic developments and individual circumstances, can contribute to maintaining and nurturing the workability.

Das 2007 verabschiedete Altersgrenzenanpassungsgesetz stellt den bisherigen Höhepunkt eines rentenpolitischen Paradigmenwechsels hin zu einem längeren Verbleib im Erwerbsleben dar und geht mit tiefgreifenden Veränderungen und Leistungseinschränkungen für die Versicherten einher. Ein abschlagsfreier Rentenbezug wird künftig für den Großteil der sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigten erst mit dem Erreichen des 67. Lebensjahres möglich sein. Um Rentenkürzungen bei einem vorzeitigen Renteneintritt und damit teilweise prekäre Einkommensverhältnisse im Alter zu vermeiden, sind Arbeitgeber wie Beschäftigte vor neue Herausforderungen gestellt. Insbesondere für Frauen, die strukturell eine schwächere Position auf dem Arbeitsmarkt einnehmen, bestehen hier spezifische Unterstützungsbedarfe. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde im Auftrag der Initiative Neue Qualität der Arbeit (INQA) vom Institut für Gerontologie an der Technischen Universität Dortmund in Kooperation mit TNS Infratest 2007 eine bundesweite repräsentative Befragung von 1.800 Arbeitnehmerinnen der Geburtsjahrgänge 1947 bis 1964 durchgeführt, die erstmals von der Anhebung der Altersgrenze ab 2012 betroffen sein werden. Neben strukturellen Daten wurden dabei die Einschätzung der derzeitigen Arbeits- und Weiterarbeitsfähigkeit bis zur Regelaltersgrenze sowie spezifische Arbeitsbedingungen bzw. -belastungen erhoben. Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigen, dass mehr als 40% der befragten Arbeitnehmerinnen die Voraussetzungen, ihre derzeitige Tätigkeit bis zur für sie geltenden gesetzlichen Altersgrenze ausüben zu können, negativ beurteilen. Ursachen für eine mäßige bis schlechte individuelle Arbeitsfähigkeit und damit die Gefahr, vorzeitig aus dem Erwerbsleben ausscheiden zu müssen, liegen unter anderem in arbeitsspezifischen Belastungsformen, die wiederum in bestimmten Branchen und Berufsgruppen kumulieren. Die Schaffung alter(n)sgerechter Arbeitsplätze und die Implementierung einer demografiesensiblen und lebenslauforientierten Personalpolitik in den Betrieben können einen Beitrag zur Erhaltung und Förderung der Arbeitsfähigkeit dieser Beschäftigten über den Erwerbsverlauf leisten.

The Fiscal Theory of the Price Level (FTPL) is an important theory that recognizes the interaction between monetary and fiscal policy. In its simplest form, the FTPL assumes that the government commits to a fixed and exogenous present value of primary surpluses implying the adjustment of the price level to equate the real government debt to the present value of primary surpluses. The FTPL relies on the presence of primary surpluses to work. We show that this condition is not necessary in a non-Ricardian economy. The FTPL still hold even when exogenous primary surpluses are null. We consider an overlapping generations of infinitely-lived dynasties model with simple fiscal and monetary policies, where the effective lower bound on nominal interest rates is taken into account. A bubble-like component of government debt appears inducing the determination of the price level by the fiscal policy, when the effective lower bound on nominal interest rates is binding and even when the government primary surpluses equal zero.

The Fiscal Theory of the Price Level (FTPL) is an important theory that recognizes the interaction between monetary and fiscal policy. In its simplest form, the FTPL assumes that the government commits to a fixed and exogenous present value of primary surpluses implying the adjustment of the price level to equate the real government debt to the present value of primary surpluses. The FTPL relies on the presence of primary surpluses to work. We show that this condition is not necessary in a non-Ricardian economy. The FTPL still hold even when exogenous primary surpluses are null. We consider an overlapping generations of infinitely-lived dynasties model with simple fiscal and monetary policies, where the effective lower bound on nominal interest rates is taken into account. A bubble-like component of government debt appears inducing the determination of the price level by the fiscal policy, when the effective lower bound on nominal interest rates is binding and even when the government primary surpluses equal zero.

The Fiscal Theory of the Price Level (FTPL) is an important theory that recognizes the interaction between monetary and fiscal policy. In its simplest form, the FTPL assumes that the government commits to a fixed and exogenous present value of primary surpluses implying the adjustment of the price level to equate the real government debt to the present value of primary surpluses. The FTPL relies on the presence of primary surpluses to work. We show that this condition is not necessary in a non-Ricardian economy. The FTPL still hold even when exogenous primary surpluses are null. We consider an overlapping generations of infinitely-lived dynasties model with simple fiscal and monetary policies, where the effective lower bound on nominal interest rates is taken into account. A bubble-like component of government debt appears inducing the determination of the price level by the fiscal policy, when the effective lower bound on nominal interest rates is binding and even when the government primary surpluses equal zero.