Suchergebnisse

Krisen und erneute Bürgerkriege in Post-Konflikt-Gesellschaften zu verhindern ist eine der zentralen Herausforderungen internationaler Politik. Was genau zeichnet Post-Konflikt-Gesellschaften aus, und welche Möglichkeiten gibt es, ein Wiederaufflammen von Gewalt zu verhindern? Was bedeutet dies für Friedensförderung und welche Arten der internationalen Unterstützung erhalten diese Länder? Basierend auf einer umfangreichen Sammlung von teilweise neu kodierten Daten im Rahmen des Projektes "Frieden nachhaltig fördern" des Deutschen Instituts für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) werden in dem vorliegenden Papier Arten internationaler Unterstützung für 28 Länder analysiert, in denen nach 1990 ein Bürgerkrieg beendet wurde. Außerdem beleuchtet der Beitrag die Voraussetzungen für Frieden in diesen Ländern anhand von bekannten Risikofaktoren für Wiederausbruch von Konflikt. Erneute Gewaltausbrüche drohen vielen Ländern, die einen Bürgerkrieg erlebt haben. Selbst nachdem ein Gewaltkonflikt beendet wurde, stellt es eine immense Herausforderung dar, nachhaltigen Frieden aufzubauen. In der Tat scheitert der Frieden häufig kurze Zeit nach Friedensschluss. Ungünstige lokale Bedingungen werden durch den vorangegangenen Konflikt verstärkt und tragen dazu bei, dass diese Länder in eine Konfliktfalle geraten. Obwohl Post-Konflikt-Gesellschaften umfassende internationale Unterstützung zukommt, gibt es große Unterschiede im Umfang zwischen den Empfängern sowie bei den Themenbereichen, in denen Hilfe geleistet wird. Anhand der gesammelten Daten lassen sich insbesondere drei Erkenntnisse formulieren. Erstens: In fünfzig Prozent der Fälle kommt es zu einem Rückfall in den Bürgerkrieg; bei der anderen Hälfte bleibt die Lage weitgehend stabil. Dort wo erneut Gewalt ausbricht, tritt diese meist sehr heftig und in den ersten fünf Nachkriegsjahren auf. Die Gefahr eines erneuten Konfliktes wird dadurch verstärkt, dass fast alle Post-Konflikt-Gesellschaften mit ungünstigen Voraussetzungen, wie zum Beispiel Konflikten in Nachbarländern, zu kämpfen haben. Chancen für Frieden bestehen, jedoch müssen sich internationale Akteure gleichzeitig auf ein mögliches Scheitern einstellen. Zweitens: Es ist auffällig, dass diejenigen Post-Konflikt-Gesellschaften, die mehr internationale Unterstützung erhalten haben, seltener einen Rückfall in Bürgerkrieg erleben. Das trifft auch auf jeden der vier Themenbereiche der internationalen Friedensförderung einzeln zu, d.h. sozio-ökonomische Entwicklung, Sicherheit, Politik und Governance sowie gesellschaftliche Konflikttransformation. Und dies, obwohl sich die externen Akteure nicht nur in unkomplizierten Fällen mit günstigen Bedingungen engagieren. Obwohl diese Erkenntnisse noch durch weitere Analysen zu bestätigen sind, können sie als deutlicher Hinweis darauf gewertet werden, dass internationale Unterstützung in den vier Themenbereichen das Risiko eines erneuten Krieges reduziert. Drittens besteht ein großes Potential den Bereich der gesellschaftlichen Konflikttransformation intensiver zu unterstützen. Sowohl Wissenschaft als auch Politik betonen häufig, wie wichtig die Aufarbeitung der gewaltsamen Vergangenheit sei. Unsere Datenerhebung zeigt, dass internationale Unterstützung in diesem Bereich am geringsten ausfällt; in einem Drittel der Fälle haben sich die internationalen Geber hier überhaupt nicht engagiert.

Sources for International Trade, Prices, Production, and Consumption

Data Reference in Depth: Sources of International Labour Data

Negotiating the rapids: the dynamics of regime formation / I. William Zartman -- Deconstructing the negotiations of regime dynamics / Bertram I. Spector -- Norms and principles as support to postnegotiation and rule implementation / Gunnar Sjs§øtedt -- The Mediterranean action plan / Lynn Wagner -- The challenges of regime adjustment and governance in the OSCE: from Cold War confrontation to democratization and preventive diplomacy / Janie Leatherman -- The ozone depletion regime / Pamela S. Chasek -- The regimes against torture / Anna R. Korula -- Regimes in motion: analyses and lessons learned / Bertram I. Spector and I. William Zartman

1. Introduction : the state as a contested concept in international relations / Cornelia Navari -- 2. Reality and illusion in the acquisition of statehood / Willie Henderson -- 3. The variety of states / James Mayall -- 4. Foreign policy and the domestic factor / Brian Porter -- 5. Diplomacy and the modern state / Christopher Hill -- 6. The state and integration / John Baker and Martin Kolinsky -- 7. The state and war / Philip Windsor -- 8. On the withering away of the state / Cornelia Navari -- 9. Hegel, civil society and the state / John Charvet -- 10. What ought to be done about the condition of states? / Mervyn Frost -- 11. The duties of liberal states / Christopher Brewin -- 12. States, food and the world common interest / Michael Donelan.

China has become a major home country for outward foreign direct investment (FDI) flows. As a result, the country is increasingly concerned with protecting its outward FDI and facilitating the operations of its firms investing abroad and creating a strong universal international investment law and policy regime. This article reviews briefly the emergence of China as an outward investor. It continues with an analysis of some policy issues related to the rise of FDI from emerging markets. A brief discussion of issues central to the future of the international investment law and policy regime follows, before focusing on several outcomes that could be pursued under China's G20 leadership: non-binding shared principles that could outline the architecture of a universal framework on international investment; an international support program for sustainable investment facilitation; and the creation of an additional intergovernmental platform that would allow for a continued systematic intergovernmental process to discuss the range of issues related to the governance of international investment, preferably paralleled by an informal, inclusive and result-oriented consensus-building process that takes place outside intergovernmental settings.

The states of West Asia continue to grapple with dramatic changes taking place in the domestic and regional environment. Security has emerged as a significant concern for them. Political upheavals, civil strife, sectarian violence and terrorism in the area have implications on a regional and global order. As the region grapples with myriad socio-economic problems, many extra-regional players and non-state actors, and a few regional ones, are attempting to carve out their own areas of influence. These developments across West Asia demand constant monitoring and careful analyses. This book is a collection of essays exploring various aspects of the changing security paradigm in West Asia and the regional and international responses. Please note: Taylor & Francis does not sell or distribute the Hardback in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.

Ensuring that their work has a positive influence on society is a responsibility and a privilege for engineers, but also a considerable challenge. This book addresses the ways in which engineers meet this challenge, working from the assumption that for a project to be truly ethical both the undertaking itself and its implementation must be ethically sound. The contributors discuss varied topics from an international and interdisciplinary perspective, including: · robot ethics; · outer space; · international development; · internet privacy and security; · green branding; · arms conversion; · green employment; and · deliberate misinformation about climate change Important questions are answered, such as: · what is meant by engineering ethics and its practical implications; · how decisions made by engineers in their working lives make an impact at the global as well as the local level; and · what ethics-related questions should be asked before making such decisions. Engineering Ethics, International and Environmental Stability will be a valuable resource for practising and student engineers as well as all who are interested in professional ethics, especially as it relates to engineering. Researchers and policy makers concerned with the effects of engineering decisions on environmental sustainability and international stability will find this book to be of special interest

Future PositiveInternational Co-operation in the 21st Century; Copyright; Contents; List of Figures and Tables; Preface; Acknowledgements; Acronyms and Abbreviations; Chapter 1Introduction: the Co-operative Imperative; PART ONELOOKING BACK; Chapter 21945 and All That: a Brief History of International Co-operation; Chapter 3How do Countries Grow? It's the Polity, Stupid!; Chapter 4It's not Size that Matters: Development Projects Re-examined; Chapter 5Matters of Life and Death: the Record of Humanitarian Intervention; Chapter 6Summary: Sticks, Carrots and Room to Manoeuvre. - PART TWOLOOKING FORWARDChapter 7Creativity plus Opportunity: a New Formula for Foreign Aid; Chapter 8 Humanising Capitalism: Which Way Forward?; Chapter 9Light but Firm: the Future of Global Governance; Chapter 10Building Constituencies for Change: the Rise and Fall of Third-World Charity; Chapter 11The Getting of Wisdom: Institutional Reform and Personal Revolution; Chapter 12Conclusion: How Can I Help?; References and Notes; Index. - An optimistic assessment of the prospects for a new international order - acting as a counter-blast to global pessimism. The text explains how the international system operates, the pressures it faces and the changes it must undergo, and offers concrete ideas to re-frame international relations, foreign aid and humanitarian intervention, without using jargon or simplistic judgements

This paper argues that international society is characterized by two major, global tendencies of normative significance: an increasing political, economic and social interdependence, and a deep controversy between a sovereignty norm of non-intervention and a responsibility norm calling for transnational action to protect people across borders. The background for this tension should be found in history; in the Westphalian international system, and the traditional cosmopolitanist approach, respectively. Because of the rising level of interdependence, this battle between norms is played out on a broad field of international issues from security and humanitarian intervention to trade talks and economic development. Since the end of the Cold War the East-West divide has been substituted for a division between a North-West side acting upon a universalist, rights-based norm, and a South-East side defending sovereignty and pluralism. Some in the latter camp tend to regard humanitarian concerns of the North-West as a smoke screen for hegemonic, economic and strategic interests. In order to overcome this new division, both the sovereignty norm and the cosmopolitanist aspirations may have to be redefined through new ways of thinking legitimacy in international society.

In the 'General Principles of Law Recognized by Civilized Nations (1922-2018)' Marija Dordeska offers an account of the origins, theory and the practical application of the general principles in the jurisprudence of the Permanent Court of International Justice and International Court of Justice between 1922 and 2018. 0Are general principles rules of international law? What is their relationship to custom and treaties? What are the types of general principles and where do international courts find them? This monograph answers these and other questions concerning the general principles codified in Article 38(1)(c) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, and offers and detailed overview of over 150 general principles ascertained in the international jurisprudence