Suchergebnisse

This article examines the interaction between the enforcement of the minimum wage and of employer sanctions—fining employers for hiring illegal aliens—in Los Angeles County. Los Angeles was selected because there is, proportionately, more immigration, legal and illegal, there than in any other urban county in the nation, and work in the secondary labor market has become progressively less well paid with the passage of time, two trends said to be intertwined. The roles of four groups of agencies are examined: unions, community-based organizations, employment standards agencies, and the Immigration and Naturalization Service. The expected interagency cooperation to raise wages for those at the bottom of the labor market was not found. Further, resources for enforcing the minimum wage turned out to be minimal, with social service agencies and foundations much more interested in a more fashionable, if less pervasive, labor market problem, namely, sanction-caused discrimination against foreign-appearing workers.

After WWII, new countries emerged in three waves: the first immediately after the war was a result of the activities of the allied coalition; the second wave was the result of decolonization; & the third, newest wave was the result of the fall of communist federations. The author analyzes the consequences of greater numbers of countries for diplomacy. Bilateral diplomacy & organization of diplomatic services in individual countries have been faced with a series of problems: an increase in employees in ministries of foreign affairs; the need to expand the network of diplomatic missions & selection of countries in which missions are to be set up; & the difficulties of financing diplomacy services & the need for greater specialization & employment of regional experts. In international diplomacy, the work of the UN, its membership, & its security council are all hampered. For this reason, regional associations & ad hoc groups formed by countries concerned with specific problems are gaining importance. Adapted from the source document.

In this paper on the subject of comparative constitutional law studies, the author presents the experience of two foreign courts whose competence includes the control of the compatibility of laws with the constitution. The examples concern the constitutional right to freedom of the press. In the course of the practice of the US Supreme Court & the Constitutional Council in France, the constitutional stipulation concerning freedom of the press provokes one of the liveliest controversies in the public life. The "dictum" of the decisions concerning freedom of the press represents a living source of contemporary understanding & action within this significant & complex constitutional law. While tasking into consideration some existing circumstances in the life & institutional structure of the Republic of Croatia, the author asks in what direction the Constitutional Court of Croatia will turn should the circumstances put it into the position of having to answer a question concerning freedom of the press. Adapted from the source document.

Reflections are offered on how the US can, by bolstering its educational system, regain the affluence & economic stability that it enjoyed during the halcyon days of the 1950s. It is argued that the country must focus on national educational development, create a world-class secondary educational system capable of producing a literate citizenry, & devote more resources to ensuring that its higher education system is geared toward producing leaders in both international cultural & economic spheres. The impact of declining SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test) scores on the economic future of the US is discussed, & a demographic shift toward lower levels of intellectual, cultural, educational, & economic achievement is identified. It is suggested that there may come a time in the near future when the overall productive skills of the US population will be at such a low level that foreign investment will cease & the US will decline into the ranks of the Third World. W. Howard

334Relationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Treaty-making power — Ireland — Constitution of Ireland — Whether exercise of treaty-making power subject to judicial review — Deference due to political judgments of the Executive — Anglo-Irish Agreement, 1985 — Whether contrary to Constitution of IrelandTerritory — Northern Ireland — Relations with the Republic of Ireland — Anglo-Irish Agreement, 1985 — Creation of Intergovernmental Conference — Recognition of status of Northern Ireland — Right of Government of Republic of Ireland to make representations regarding Northern Ireland — Whether affecting status of Northern Ireland as part of the United Kingdom — Whether precluding Government of Ireland laying claim to territory of Northern Ireland — Whether Agreement contrary to Constitution of IrelandTreaties — Effect in municipal law — Anglo-Irish Agreement, 1985 — Effect on rights of population of Republic of Ireland — Whether altering rights of population of Northern Ireland — Whether restricting freedom of Government of Ireland — The law of Ireland

Economics, trade and finance — Currency regulation — Imposition and enforcement of currency controls a sovereign act — Act of central bank in issuing cheque drawn on account with bank in foreign State — Cheque issued in connection with bank's role in enforcing currency controlsExpropriation — Property of nationals — State taking property of own citizen — Whether within exceptions to sovereign immunity — Whether justiciable — Whether contrary to human rights standardsState immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — State-owned corporation — Central bank — Restrictive theory of immunity — Distinction between sovereign and commercial acts — Distinction based upon nature rather than purpose of act — Issue of cheque by central bank in context of currency regulation — Order to stop payment of cheque — Whether commercial or sovereign act76Relationship of international law and municipal law — Act of State and justiciability — United States act of State doctrine — Currency regulation by central bank — Whether justiciable — Relationship between sovereign immunity and act of State doctrine — The law of the United States

The 1989 Chinese student movement holds many lessons regarding the use of nonviolent action as a mechanism for social change. Basic factors that contributed to the progression and outcomes of the movement were the structure of political opportunities, student organization, and protest tactics. Drawing primarily from Foreign Broadcast Information Service Daily Reports — China from April, May, and early June of 1989, the author has analyzed the events surrounding the student movement in order to gain insights into the dynamics of nonviolent social protest. Should the Chinese case be used as an example of the ineffectiveness of nonviolent action in the face of a regime willing to counter with military might? Might different actions on the part of student activists have led to a more favorable outcome? These questions are explored in attempting to understand better the factors that contribute to the effectiveness of nonviolent action for social change.

Brazil's first democratically elected president Collor de Mello has in mind the modernization of Brazil. This article analyses the cultural, economic and political consequences of the pretended modernization, distinguishing three layers: the traditional, the modern and the postmodern, with emphasis on the similarities of the first and the third. Brazil's modernism was a cultural revolution aiming at homogenization, whereas Brazil's postmodernism gives priority to plurality. The article finishes with an appeal in favour of a political programme based on economic redistribution by strengthening civil society

The widely accepted theory of a stable trend toward democratization in Africa is questioned in an examination of Nigerian political history. Four postcolonial governments are analyzed: the first republic (1960-1966), the first military regime (1966-1979), the second republic (1979-1983), & the second military regime (1984-present). Neither the economic success nor the legitimacy enjoyed by the regimes was higher during the democratic periods. This assertion is supported using income & inflation figures from the UN Statistical Yearbook 1990 & International Labor Organization statistics. The situation is attributed to economic competition among the Nigerian bourgeoisie for state funds, the only real source of capital, which is fought out through political means. There is no escape from this situation as long as capital & production are foreign & state controlled. The only chance for an enduring political democracy is a popular movement for the democratization of the economy. 15 References. Adapted from the source document.

A discussion of the path of the postcommunist countries of the former USSR & Central/East Europe from integration within the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), to the disintegration of today. It is contended that the burial of CMEA does not mean that the subregional integration of Central & Eastern Europe & the former USSR is lost forever. The high degree of structural dependency between the economies of these neighboring countries suggests that they will need each other. The interests of foreign investors in a large market will force the East European countries to set up joint organizations to manage the resources made available by Western help, financing, & investment. Slowly & gradually will come the establishment of a central European free trade arrangement as a network of bilateral/trilateral/free trade areas between the countries of this region & finally, a pan-European economic space. 1 Table, 5 Figures, 21 References. Modified AA

Foreigner's work in reunited Germany
Jochen BLASCHKE
This article draws up a large panorama about immigration and its role in the german labour market as well as its evolution plan in the beginning ofthe 90s. The use of a foreign or external labour force, spontaneous or strained, is a constant component of this labour market since the end of the 19 th century and since all sorts of flows kept joining in.
The end of the 80s shows a complete change with the coming in West Germany of third world people through the law about political asylum and above all the coming in of people from German family background who have a « rehabilitation » in the German nationality.
East Germany, on the other hand, had also to develop a labour immigration from communist countries. The unification, the opening of the frontieres, the changes in Eastern Europe make us think of new changes inside and towards West Germany.

The decision to join the exchange-rate mechanism had been expected, with increasing confidence, for several years. Nevertheless the actual announcement on 5th October came as something of a surprise. Up to that point the authorities, both the Bank of England and the Treasury, had been encouraging the view that interest rates should be kept high for the foreseeable future so as to cut back the growth of domestic demand and to curb inflation. Joining the ERM implies that interest rates must be set mainly with a view to the foreign exchange market and are no longer fully available as an instrument to control the domestic economy. The decision to join the ERM in October, and the associated 1 percentage point cut in interest rates were probably the result of a reassessment of the state of the economy—as well as being a move in the complex game of European and domestic politics.

An examination of how New York City's (NYC) rapid growth in the business & finance economy since the city's fiscal crisis of 1975/76 has impacted its economic & social structure, & how the conditions & effects of this growth in NYC compare with that in its own metropolitan region & in Los Angeles, Calif, & Chicago, Ill. Analysis is based on government labor, commerce, & census data on finance & business service components, including: export-import trade; concentration of national service, financial, & industrial firms; & the multiplier effect that these sectors have on growth in other sectors. Results suggest that, instead of bringing an overall upgrading in the socioeconomic conditions of large segments of the population, growth in NYC's finance & business service sectors has been costly to the workforce & other sectors of the economy & that has had limited effect in the NYC metropolitan region. NYC differs from Los Angeles & Chicago in its higher incidence of foreign firms & firms with an international market. 5 Tables, 1 Map, 35 References. V. Wagener