Suchergebnisse

AbstractScholars have shown that foreign aid projects reconfigure social relations and political institutions, but projects are a novel form of governance that has significant social and political effects in other national and transnational contexts. My argument is based on seventeen months of ethnographic research at nonprofit organizations that work with youth in Lithuania. These organizations operate primarily through projects, which are publicly or privately financed initiatives open to competition. Individuals who are part of the project system get recruited into social roles and adopt terminology linked to European Union and transnational discourses. The project system transforms institutional relations, as organizations orient toward multiple sources of financing at different national and international levels, and prompts individuals to reconceptualize their activities as apolitical project work. Project governance, which is based on competition and short‐term initiatives, aligns with and reinforces some features of neoliberalism. However, individuals have complex and sometimes contradictory orientations to neoliberalism in that they also critique the state and the transnational project system. Projects not only highlight transformations of the political economy but also provide new resources to resist state withdrawal and aspects of neoliberalism.

AbstractSince the 1980s, a multiplicity of medical, social, and anthropological research has looked into different aspects of female genital cutting (FGC), with outcomes that are used as justifications for, or objections to, different forms of intervention on a global level. Yet there is limited research looking at local indigenous medical knowledge, and how potential health problems resulting from cutting are understood and treated by those who perform female circumcision as a profession. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in Fouta Toro, Senegal, this article shows that despite some medical professionals' genuine commitment to stop FGC, their aesthetic notions of cleanliness and repulsion often still conform to dominant discourses and beliefs around purity. This article explores contradictory conceptions of female anatomy, purity, and olfactory differences between excised and unexcised women. It shows that instead of there being a one‐dimensional opposition between different forms of knowledge (local/indigenous vs biomedical), as frequently implied in public health messages, people can assimilate seemingly contradictory viewpoints that correspond to their social identities, embodied manners, and the sensory and olfactory perceptions of their social environment.

This volume, as one of the sequences of the seventh international congress on Current Debates in Social Sciences (CUDES), covers a wide range of topics related to the main theme of the conference, titled "Current Debates in Social Sciences", and basically focuses on history and politics. The articles in the volume evaluate different aspects of the mentioned areas such as the transition period from the theoretical discussions in politics, history and arts, and the issues regarding urbanization, gender, religion, identity, political society and such subjects. That the history, which as a discipline aims to reveal the hidden historical backgrounds of the roots and solutions of many problems belonging to the social sciences, was a nuanced detail in this bundle. In this context, the section of history which comprises of three studies have in itself reflected different time periods. But when looked with respect to the integrity of the subjects, the existence of a remarkable commonalities has to be underlined. Regarding the section of politics, there are seven articles, which will approach both current political issues and historical political disputes concerning not only the lands of Turkey but also throughout the world.

This work highlights the extent to which EU citizenship is different for women and men, for the young and the old, for those who stay in their own country and for those who move within the European Union. It covers diverse aspects of EU citizenship ranging from the political citizenship of young Europeans, the civil and social rights of migrant care workers, reproductive rights and variations in family law among Member States, to EU gender politics and policies. Social, economic and civil citizenship rights related to gender equality and care arrangements have been high on the agenda of the EU for a long time. Because most of these EU policies have been implemented only via 'soft law' – the open method of coordination (OMC) and benchmarking, which are not free from ambiguities or tensions (Room, 2005; Verloo, 2005) – they are sensitive to national political agendas. More than any other social dispute they seem to be very much influenced by national and cultural and institutional path dependency, and therefore form a barrier to equalizing the status of all European citizens by EU policy.

This study is concerned with the quantitative and qualitative aspects of Bangladesh's population problem: its extent, its causes, the changes in population density and the age distribution, the integration of the growing population in the economic and social system. Closely related are unemployment and the migration from rural to urban areas, as well as deficiencies in the educational system. It is demonstrated that in lack of development efforts during the last decades the economic and social system remained passively against the growing population. This resulted in a continuous deterioration of living conditions as health, nutrition and housing. Food supply for the growing population and especially the governmental short-term plan to increase foodgrain production with the aim to attain self-sufficiency is discussed in the last part of the paper. Of course, self-sufficiency depends both on supply and demand factors. In this view it is shown that a policy which is only production-oriented is inadequate, and that regarding the many interdependences between economic, social and institutional factors a broad, long-term planning policy is wanted.

Norman Mailer (1923-2007) is one the most important figures among the American Writers, an extremely influenced personality in the post-world war II American Literature. He is best known for his first war novel The Naked and the Dead (1948), which is a commentary on the American society. Hence, the present study is an attempt to investigate and reflect the social ills and fragmentation, misery and the overwhelming social and political restraints that formed the American atmosphere at that time. Mailer is interested in what happens in the contemporary American society. His aim is to depict the national rituals of American life. The researcher in this study seeks to identify the literary aspects reflected and drawn in The Naked and the Dead that make us categorize it as a novel of manners for it is satiric and realistic in depiction, in which Mailer unprecedentedly characterizes the social mores, evils and customs that are characteristic of a particular class of people in a specific historical context. The descriptive approach along with detailed analysis is utilized in conducting the present study. The conclusion sums up the most important findings of the study.

Attention and protection of the victims' interests of the crime of rape either through the criminal justice process or through certain social care facilities is an absolute part that needs to be considered in criminal law policies and social policies, both by the executive, legislative and judicial institutions as well as by social institutions which exists. This research uses a descriptive method through a normative approach (legal research), namely an approach to problems which carried out by examining various legal aspects in terms of applicable regulations. In the context of protection for victims of crime, there are preventive and repressive measures taken, both by the community and the government (through law enforcement officers), such as providing protection/supervision from various threats that can endanger the lives of victims, providing adequate medical and legal assistance. The process of examination and fair trial of perpetrators of crimes is basically a manifestation of the protection of human rights as well as a balancing instrument. This is where the philosophical basis behind the importance of crime victims (their families) getting protection. Keywords: Legal Protection, Victims, Rape

Poverty is defined as a state as a result of economic, social and demographic factors when meeting a certain criterion. For reduction of poverty, a social protection programme is created and initiated that refers to a mechanism by mean of which certain policies and strategies are put into action to provide facilities to the underprivileged section of the country in order to enhance their standard of living and household livelihood and consumption. This research paper is focused on the benefits and implications of BISP in the country of Pakistan which is a developing nation and has been facing the challenge of poverty. Firstly an overview on the term of poverty is done followed by overview on social protection programme from a global and national perspective. Then overview of BISP and its goals and process is done. Then the study looks into the positive aspect on the implementation of the scheme and what its shortcomings are that has affect its success. Many challenges and incompetency have been discussed while providing ideas for resolution as well.

In this article, we define a schema for the class structure of Hungary, in which we consider a case for an Eastern-European capitalist system emerging from post-communist societies. Our schema is based on the findings of the Hungarian Class Survey, 2014. Using six measures of Bourdieusian economic, cultural, and social capital and applying the methodology of latent class analysis (LCA), we have constructed a model of eight LCA-based classes: upper class, cultural middle class, affluent middle class, young urban consumers, network-embedded rural workers, young drifters, middle-aged deprived, and the precariat. Hungarian society seems to be quite hierarchical but is also fragmented within the upper and lower strata. Status inconsistency in terms of possessing economic, cultural, and social capital is strongly present even for the middle classes. There is a clear divide in our class model between the upper four and the lower four classes, in terms of vertical and nonvertical aspects of social stratification. We also compare our new multidimensional class typology to the traditional occupation-based one and demonstrate its added value for class analysis in Hungary.

How does democracy work to improve well-being? In this article, we disentangle the component parts of democratic practice—elections, civic participation, expansion of social provisioning, local administrative capacity—to identify their relationship with well-being. We draw from the citizenship debates to argue that democratic practices allow citizens to gain access to a wide range of rights, which then serve as the foundation for improving social well-being. Our analysis of an original dataset covering over 5,550 Brazilian municipalities from 2006 to 2013 demonstrates that competitive elections alone do not explain variation in infant mortality rates, one outcome associated with well-being. We move beyond elections to show how participatory institutions, social programs, and local state capacity can interact to buttress one another and reduce infant mortality rates. It is important to note that these relationships are independent of local economic growth, which also influences infant mortality. The result of our thorough analysis offers a new understanding of how different aspects of democracy work together to improve a key feature of human development.

Smart city construction emphasizes building an effective whole social credit system, promoting the construction of government integrity, business integrity, social integrity and public confidence in the judiciary. For credit risk has become an important assessment. Meanwhile, administration credit system is one of three major data. It proposes unified credit discipline and warning regulatory purposes, led by the government and its main functions, taken governmental data as the main basis. Accordingly, the paper constructs Corporate Dishonest Credit Executed (CDCE) Risk Assessment Model, based on governmental data. The model uses a set of urban enterprise data, selecting the explanatory variables from five aspects, administrative punishment, innovation, credit information, credit situation, and social responsibility, to screen CDCE Logit regression, to filter out and find out those variables which are significantly predicted effects for CDCE risk. And then construct a Logit regression model with the above selected variables. The experimental results and comparison of practical applications in China, we found that the model promises to higher business risk identification accuracy for CDCE. The model has a higher applied value and developmental prospects.

Проблема жизненного самоопределения является насущной для всех и во все времена, однако специфика социальных отношений, особенности психологического портрета поколения, живущего на определенном этапе исторического развития, диктуют человеку выбор определенных целей и задач, смыслов жизни и деятельности. В настоящее время процессы глобальных изменений в социальной, экономической, политической и информационной сфере создают в сознании человека весьма противоречивую картину мира, изменяют механизмы социальной регуляции, приводят к потребности жизненного самоопределения в условиях существенно расширенных возможностей информационно-комуникационных технологий ; The self-determination is a vital and persistent problem for everyone and at all times. However the specifics of social relations and distinctive aspects of a psychological portrait of generations living at a certain stage of historical development dictate the selection of specific goals and objectives, the meaning of life and activity. Currently, the ongoing processes of global changes in social, economic, political, and media spheres create a very contradictory picture of the modern world in the mind of a modern man; transform the mechanisms of social regulation, and lead to a life of self-determination needs in a significantly expanded opportunities of information and communication technologies

The objective of this research is to meticulously investigate the model of character education implementation by the use of integrated approach during the course at Islamic Education in the Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training, Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang. It focuses on three points encompassing religious, self-personality and social characters that were developed in the learning and teaching process. By purposively selecting the analytical-critical-descriptive approach, the research data were qualitatively obtained by interviews, observations and documentations. The findings reveal three main aspects. The first is a model of religious character that is constructed by thoyyibah texts (basmallah and hamdalah), reciting al Quran, prayers, and dzikr as the manifestation of pious values and beliefs to Allah. The second point is self-personality model as the character construction that is instilled through the familiarization of discipline, sincerity and responsibility during the courses that involve learning process, instructional practice and learning evaluation. The third is the construction of social characters including tolerance, social respects and real democracy in learning system.

The 20th century has posed to us a challenge we have never met before, that is, we were living in a world in tremendous changes. English language, as a growing organism, from the point of historical linguistics, is a witness to these changes. English language presents us with a lot of new features in the 20th century, echoing with the changes of people's material and spiritual life reflected in daily happenings. English newspapers are a good place to observe these new features.With English newspapers as exemplars, the article conducts a survey on the linguistic features of English language in the 20th century from the perspective of historical linguistics. The investigation has been conducted in three aspects: the lexical level, the grammatical level and rhetorical level. Besides, another thing is noticeable during investigation. That is to say, linguistic features of English language should be examined in relation to scientific, political, religious and other factors in a broad social context. It is social reality that has shaped most of these features, and the features are a mirror of the social reality.

This article explores contemporary engagement with social media and other forms of information and communications technology in relation to identity formation and the individual. It is argued that in an information and communications technology world, the materialization as well as the materiality of identity is of a performative nature and it is subject to a negotiation of being both online and offline. This negotiation is associated with being recognized as having established a presence online. In the web of connected knowledge, exchange of information and multiple identifications, the individual comes into being through its participation in a complex system of watching and being watched. With a primary focus on what has come to be termed as participatory culture – a term which has also been criticized for masking its ambivalent nature behind the celebration of the birth of the 'prosumer' – often exemplified in the use of or participation in social media (an aspect of being online), the article tries to elucidate the darker sides of 'being' on social media through an examination of surveillance and sousveillance as they contribute to the (de)construction of the individual in an information and communications technology world.