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First published in 1973, Karl Llewellyn and the Realist Movement is a classic account of American Legal Realism and its leading figure. Karl Llewellyn is the best known and most substantial jurist of the group of lawyers known as the American Realists. He made important contributions to legal theory, legal sociology, commercial law, contract law, civil liberties and legal education. This intellectual biography sets Llewellyn in the broad context of the rise of the American Realist Movement and contains an overview of his life before focusing on his most important works, including The Cheyenne Way, The Bramble Bush, The Common Law Tradition and the Uniform Commercial Code. In this second edition the original text is supplemented with a preface by Frederick Schauer and an afterword in which William Twining gives a fascinating account of the making of the book and comments on developments in relevant legal scholarship over the past forty years

The European Union's policy on refugees and asylum is facing a historic challenge. The situation of worldwide migration has changed dramatically, necessitating the EU to enact well-coordinated common asylum legislation. However, the political desire for major reform in this respect seems to be lacking. The bilateral relations between Germany and Hungary have made it obvious that achieving consensus on this issue among the EU's Member States is not yet possible and may even have to face setbacks. In May 2016, the Andrássy University in Budapest organised an academic symposium on the right of asylum and asylum policy. This volume features the updated written versions of articles presented at that symposium, which discuss the foundations of European migration policy from historical, philosophical and human rights perspectives, its requirements with regard to international law, the authoritativeness of European values, primary and secondary EU legislation and, finally, the Hungarian perspective on asylum law as a 'means of isolation'.With contributions byMichael Anderheiden, Helena Brzózka, Oliver Diggelmann, Walter Frenz, Dóra Frey, Nina Hadorn, Caroline Hemler, Stephan Kirste, Peter-Christian Müller-Graff, Boldizsár Nagy, Pál Sonnevend

If the area of the world's forests will continue to decline as fast as it does now, then after just 775 years, humanity risks losing all the forests on Earth. Among other causes of deforestation, international experts cite as a reason the imperfection of the national legislation. In contrast to the global trend, the European Union (EU) forest area has been increasing for more than 60 years. This fact allows one to make an assumption on the effectiveness of the EU policy and law in the field of forestry. The article analyzes the major tendencies in the development of the EU legislation in the field of forestry and examines the perspectives of its development until 2020. In the course of the study, the author used a variety of research methods that makes it possible to profoundly analyze the process of integration of the EU legislation in the field of forestry: synthesis, generalization, comparison, deductive and inductive methods, historical and legal, comparative legal methods in combination with a comprehensive and systematic analysis. The EU policy and law in the field of forestry are rarely the subject of scientific reflection and therefore remain insufficiently explored. This article is one of the first papers to holistically describe tendencies of the development of the EU policy and law in the field of forestry, defining the objective conditions of their occurrence and the need for integration. The effectiveness of the EU policy and law in the field of forestry today is the result of a gradual and phased integration to solve the pressing issues (climate change, forest industry development, bio-energy, green economy, promotion of research in the field of forestry, etc.) during the period of more than fifty years. ; Hasselt University

Over the past two decades the will to fight corruption has increased in society at large. Although their discussion some years ago was an inconvenience to public debate, today it is almost impossible to argue convincingly in favor of corruption. The specter of corruption haunts modern politics and economics, threatening the legitimacy of states and markets, while encouraging repetitive and incomplete attempts to cleanse and legitimize the political-economic order. Thus, the fight against corruption is one of the fundamental pillars on which almost all modern governments, from the most authoritarian to the most democratic, base their claims of legitimacy. For this reason, there remains the need to redouble efforts to strengthen States through actions aimed at protecting human rights, achieving political and social stabilization, ensuring an effective and uniform distribution of national wealth, and ensuring democracy and sustainable development in the countries. ; Durante las últimas dos décadas la voluntad de luchar contra la corrupción ha aumentado en la sociedad en general. A pesar que hace algunos años su discusión suponía un inconveniente para el debate público, hoy es casi imposible argumentar de manera convincente a favor de la corrupción. El espectro de la corrupción acecha la política y la economía modernas, amenazando la legitimidad de los Estados y los mercados, al mismo tiempo que anima intentos repetitivos e incompletos de limpiar y legitimar el orden político-económico. Así, la lucha contra la corrupción es uno de los pilares fundamentales sobre el cual casi todos los gobiernos modernos, desde los más autoritarios hasta los más democráticos, basan sus pretensiones de legitimidad. Por ello, persiste la necesidad de redoblar los esfuerzos para fortalecer los Estados mediante acciones orientadas a proteger los derechos humanos, lograr la estabilización política y social, asegurar una distribución efectiva y uniforme de la riqueza nacional y asegurar la democracia y el desarrollo sostenible en los países.

In his contribution, the author presents Conrad of Opole, who was the author of the manuscripts of The Saxon Mirror, prepared for Cracow and Wroclaw (the so-called Versio Wratislaviensis), and then other sources of Magdeburg law (such as the Magdeburg Weichbild). The author of this article concentrates on the creation of these monuments of law, but also on their significance for the development of urban law in Poland as the basis for the location and system of cities in Poland. Moreover, these reflections provide an opportunity to present the mutual relations between Wroclaw and Cracow during their location.

Preliminary Materials /M.J. Falcón Y Tella and Falcón Y Tella -- Chapter I. Scope Of The Work /M.J. Falcón Y Tella and Falcón Y Tella -- Chapter II. Punishment In General /M.J. Falcón Y Tella and Falcón Y Tella -- Chapter III. Punishment In Law As A Reflection Of Its Coercive Character /M.J. Falcón Y Tella and Falcón Y Tella -- Chapter IV. Punishment In Criminal Law. Differences With Deterrents /M.J. Falcón Y Tella and Falcón Y Tella -- Chapter V. Punishment In Other Spheres Distinct From Criminal Law /M.J. Falcón Y Tella and Falcón Y Tella -- Chapter VI. Conclusions /M.J. Falcón Y Tella and Falcón Y Tella -- Bibliography /M.J. Falcón Y Tella and Falcón Y Tella -- Index /M.J. Falcón Y Tella and Falcón Y Tella.

В статье анализируются положения постановления Пленума Верховного Суда РФ от 9 июля 2013 г. № 24 «О судебной практике по делам о взяточничестве и об иных коррупционных преступлениях». Автор критически оценивает ряд разъяснений Пленума Верховного Суда РФ, обосновывает свое решение существующих проблем применения ст. 290, 291.1 УК РФ. ; On the 9 th of 2013, the Russian Federation Supreme Court Plenum adopted the ruling № 24 2013 "On TOuri pra^ke in the bribery cases and other corruption dimes". Some provisions of the Plenum are m^h objetied to and should be defined. For example, the interpretation of the final moment of bribe 1 По мнению В.Н. Боркова, действия должностного лица «лжевзяткополучателя» следует квалифицировать как превышение должностных полномочий [9. С. 73]. taking, bribery and mediation in bribery which are considered according to the size of a bribe, does not correspond to the provisions of articles of the Criminal Code (CC) of the Russian Federation (RF). It results from the legislative definition of direct intent (Part 2, Article 25 of the CC of the RF) that in case of an official partial bribe taking (when the bribe is defined according to its size) and according to the intent of the guilty person, the criminal act can be characterized as an attempted bribe taking, bribery, mediation in bribery in big and especially big amounts. In its Ruling dated 09.07.2013 the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation stated that the official taking (by the official involved in administration) of valuables for acts or omission of acts which he/she cannot perform because of the lack of powers and impossibility to take advantage of his/her official position constitutes fraud (if there is an intent to take valuables). The Plenum of the Supreme Court included into the fraud the following acts: the acts of a person who took the valuables in order to transfer them purportedly to another official as a bribe but who in fact did not mean to keep his promise and took them for himself. But can we consider the use of property for commission of a crime (bribery) to be of legal benefit protected by the criminal law? Answering this question it is necessary to note that criminal legislation (as it is stated in Part 1, Article 2 of the CC of the RF)is called to protect public relations which are important for a person, society and the state against criminal infringements, to protect the rights and legal interests of the subjects of these relations. Taking into account the social intended purpose of current Russian criminal law, the principal provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, we come to the conclusion that what was committed by a "false mediator" and a "false bribe taker" is not a fraud because it violates the property interests of the bribe giver that is expressed in a socially dangerous behavior which according to Tagantsev N.S. has no legal protection. The acts of the above people have the characteristics of the following crimes: under the definite conditions the acts of a 'false bribe taker" constitute the incitement to commit bribery: the acts of "false mediator' constitute the crime provided for in Part 5, Article 291.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

The protection of peacekeepers and their classification in the categories of international humanitarian law has been a matter of controversy for years. To give peacekeepers some protection, the Safety Convention was established in 1994 and specific protection regulations were included in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court in 1998. Nevertheless, neither attacks on peacekeepers nor their (active) involvement in military conflicts have decreased. Therefore, a highly topical dilemma currently occupies the legal department of the United Nations. There are various tasks of peacekeeping operations that are difficult to reconcile. On the one hand, peacekeeping is traditionally achieved through a simple presence in which peacekeepers are not involved in combat operations and are protected as civilians. On the other hand, where peace enforcement involves military coercive means, it may be difficult not to regard the personnel as combatants. The boundaries between these types of mission are fluid. Due to increasingly robust peacekeeping mandates, the question of protection and its legal limits, with regard to possible participation in hostilities, is more acute than ever.
Keywords: Peacekeeping Operations, Protection, Safety Convention, Article 8 ICC Statute, Direct Participation in Hostilities, Aggressive Mandate, Self-Defence, Cruz Report

Обычаи являются одним из древнейших социальных регуляторов, многие из них продолжают соблюдаться и в современном обществе. Однако некоторые обычаи противоречат нормам права, а деяния, совершенные при следовании им, преступны. В статье рассмотрены опасные обычаи, которые были закреплены в уголовно-правовом и административно-правовом законодательстве республик, входивших в Союз Советских Социалистических Республик. В результате анализа действующих уголовных кодексов и кодексов об административных правонарушениях стран бывшего СССР сделан вывод о том, что правовые запреты на соблюдение социально вредных обычаев лишь формально отражены в них. Аргументируется необходимость восстановления в законодательстве норм, устанавливающих ответственность за преступления и правонарушения, составляющие пережитки местных обычаев или косвенно их затрагивающие. ; Customs are one of the oldest social regulators, many of them continue to operate in modern society. However, some customs are contrary to the rules of law, and the acts committed by following them, are criminal. The author of the article considers the dangerous customs that have been enshrined in criminal law and administrative legislation of the republics of the USSR. Basing on the results of the analysis of the existing Criminal Codes and Codes of Administrative Offences of the former Soviet Union countries, the author comes to the conclusion that the legal prohibitions to comply with socially harmful practices are only formally reflected in them. The need for restoration of the legislative rules establishing the liability for crimes and offences constituting the remnants of local customs or indirectly affecting them is proved.

Abstract The purpose of this research is to know the true meaning of judges at the Corruption Court Makassar against corruption and the implications of the true meaning of the verdict. This research also aims to know the reconstruction efforts of paradigm law judges in order to realize the decision of the law the fair which is based on the principles of progressive law. This research uses the socio-legal legal approach with qualitative data types. Data analysis with interactive model. Data collection technique that is used is the interview and documentation. The result research showed that in practice in the Corruption Court Makassar, paradigm of law judges with character positivistic still dominate the paradigm of judges in interpreting the terms of legislation. The implication many corruption cases that are submitted to the Corruption Court Makassar disconnected free and was sentenced for criminal sanction relatively. Reconstruction efforts of paradigm law judges can be done with the way the values of the paradigm of the old law need to be criticized, updated, and/or replaced with the values of the new legal paradigm that progressive and responsive. The reconstruction can include: (i) reconstruction of the way of thinking of progressive law; (ii) reconstruction method of interpretation of progressive law; and (iii) the reconstruction of professional ethics of judges progressive in running the law. Keywords: Reconstruction, Legal Paradigm, Corruption Abstrak Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pemaknaan hakim Tipikor Makassar terhadap korupsi dan implikasi pemaknaan tersebut terhadap putusan. Penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengetahui upaya rekonstruksi paradigma hukum hakim dalam rangka mewujudkan putusan hukum yang adil, yang didasarkan pada prinsip-prinsip hukum progresif. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan sosio-legal dengan jenis data kualitatif. Analisis data dengan model interaktif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah wawancara dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam praktik di Pengadilan Tipikor Makassar, paradigma hukum hakim dengan karakter positivistik masih mendominasi paradigma hakim dalam menafsirkan ketentuan perundangundangan. Implikasinya banyak kasus korupsi yang diajukan ke pengadilan Tipikor Makassar diputus bebas dan dijatuhi sanksi pidana yang relatif ringan. Upaya rekonstruksi paradigma hukum hakim dapat dilakukan dengan cara nilainilai paradigma hukum lama perlu dikritisi, diperbarui, dan/atau diganti dengan nilai-nilai paradigma hukum baru yang progresif dan responsif. Rekonstruksi tersebut dapat meliputi: (i) rekonstruksi cara berfikir hukum yang progresif; (ii) rekonstruksi metode penafsiran hukum yang progresif; dan (iii) rekonstruksi etika profesi hakim yang progresif dalam menjalankan hukum. Kata kunci: Rekonstruksi, Paradigma Hukum, Korupsi

Twenty years prior to statehood, the legislature of the Territory of Washington adopted the Community Property System. For nearly seventy years the courts have struggled with its provisions. Although the original act was copied largely from a statute adopted in California in 1850, such changes have been made, that the system in Washington may be regarded as unique. The adoption of the system in its present form was not accomplished by one stroke of the pen. Rather, it has had a checkered career. The original statute passed in 1869 was followed by a marital partnership property act approved November 29, 1871, which in turn was repealed effective November 5, 1873. Nine days later, an act substantially the same as the statute of 1869, was approved. This was modified in 1879. Slight amendments designed to clarify the system followed in later years. For approximately seventeen years, and since the organization of the Territory in 1853 the common law had been followed in governing the property interests of married persons. Dower and courtesy were recognized from the first, even provided for as late as the statutes of 1869, and were not abolished until 1871.

Введение:в статье рассматривается дискуссионный вопрос о введении вновь такого вида наказания, как конфискация имущества, в борьбе с коррупционными преступлениями. Цель:авторы анализируют и сопоставляют различные подходы к определению правовой природы конфискации имущества. Методы:методологическую основу данного исследования составляет совокупность методов научного познания, среди которых ведущее место занимает диалектический метод. В статье использованы общенаучные (диалектика, анализ и синтез, абстрагирование и конкретизация) и частнонаучные (формально-юридический, сравнительно-правовой, технико-юридический) методы исследования. В ходе научного поиска особое внимание уделялось сравнительному, системному методам исследования. Результаты: авторы рассматривают коррупцию как серьезнейшую угрозу системе публичной власти в Российской Федерации. Коррупция не сводится к примитивным видам взяточничества и элементарным злоупотреблениям. Противодействие коррупционной преступности требует комплексных мер различного характера, в том числе совершенствования уголовно-правового законодательства и правоприменительной практики, в частности повышения эффективности применения наказаний к лицам, виновным в совершении данных преступлений. Основной метод уголовного права принуждение, которое должно быть законным, обоснованным, справедливым и неотвратимым. Одним из действенных видов наказания в борьбе с коррупционными преступлениями всегда был такой вид наказания, как конфискация имущества. Будучи достаточно строгим видом наказания, конфискация имущества, тем не менее, не влечет разрыва полезных социальных связей осужденного, криминальной деформации его личности, социальной дезадаптации, что свойственно наказаниям, связанным с изоляцией от общества. Конфискация имущества, по нашему мнению, эффективна при осуждении за преступления корыстного характера, в особенности нанесшие ущерб государству. Авторы настаивают на обязательном введении в систему видов уголовных наказаний такого вида наказания, как конфискация имущества. Выводы: таким образом, в ст. 44 УК РФ должен быть введен пункт «ж» о конфискации имущества и в ч.3 ст. 45 УК РФ внесен дополнительный вид наказания конфискация имущества. Введение рассматриваемого вида наказания позволит существенно улучшить эффективностьпротиводействия коррупционным преступлениям. ; Introduction: the article considers a controversial issue about introduction of such type of punishment as confiscation of property as a measure of combating corruption-related crimes. Purpose: the authors analyse and compare different approaches to defining legal nature of confiscation of property. Methods: the methodological framework of the research is based on a set of methods of scientific cognition, among which the dialectic method is the major one. The authors use general scientific methods (dialectics, analysis and synthesis, abstraction and concretization) and methods specific to legal science (technical, comparative legal). Special attention is paid to the comparative and systemic methods of research. Results: the authors view corruption as a serious threat for the system of public authority in the Russian Federation. Corruption does not only mean primitive kinds of bribery and elementary abuse. Combating corruption-related crimes requires taking complex measures of different character, including improvement of criminal legislation and enforcement practice, particularly improvement of the effectiveness of administering punishments for persons guilty of committing such crimes. The main method of criminal law is compulsion, which must be legal, justified, fair and ineluctable. Confiscation of property has always been one of the most effective types of punishment in combating corruption-related crimes. Being a strict enough kind of punishment, it does not lead to severance of a convict's useful social relations, criminal deformation of his personality, or social maladjustment, which is typical of the penalties implying imprisonment. In our opinion, confiscation of property is an effective measure when convicting of the crimes of mercenary nature, especially those causing damage to the state. The authors maintain that confiscation of property should necessarily be introduced into the system of punishments for criminal offences. Conclusions: thus, the item «j» confiscation of property must be included into Article 44 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, as well as confiscation of property must be included into Part 3 of Article 45 of the Code as an additional type of punishment. Introduction of this type of penalty will allow for increasing the efficiency of combating corruption-related offences.