Suchergebnisse

Tourism is one of the most important sectors of the Ukrainian economy. Analysis of the tourism potential of the country and its individual regions, in particular its attractiveness – the ability to attract potential tourists, is necessary for the effective functioning of the tourism sector.The purpose of the article is to justify the socio-geographical approach to assessing the tourist potential's attractiveness of the region and analyse the conditions and factors for such estimation in the objective (quantitative) and subjective (qualitative) dimensions on the basis of factor criteria and performance indicators.The tourist potential's attractiveness of the region is the degree of attractiveness of the natural, ethnocultural, socio-historical and other tourist resources of the region, its socio-economic and transport infrastructure, reception places and attendants.The tourist potential's attractiveness of the Carpathian region is ensured by its diversity of relief forms, the picturesque of landscapes, the presence of unique wild nature areas, a significant amount of rivers, the purity of natural waters, a lot of forests, and the richness of flora and fauna. The wealth of anthropogenic tourism resources of the Carpathian region leads to a high attraction of the social segment of the tourist potential of the Carpathian region. All regional centres, a lot of small towns and villages, which have survived, the samples of Old Ukrainian church wooden architecture, castles, religious buildings, defensive structures, old residential and economic buildings of the region have a high attraction. The attractiveness is also ensured by the presence of numerous parks, cafes, restaurants, theatres, museums, cultural and lifestyle habits of local residents, including Hutsuls and Boyks. Along with this, a combination of natural and social tourism resources created in the Carpathian region favourable conditions for the development of all kinds of ethnic and event tourism, rural green tourism.Based on the analysis of approaches to the component of the tourism potential's assessment and attractiveness, own socio-geographical approach to the construction of a system for assessing the tourist potential's attractiveness of the region has been formed. These include natural tourist resources, tourist resources of anthropogenic origin, tourist infrastructure, marketing and pricing policies, labour resources, provision of catering facilities, sports and entertainment facilities, the level of transport infrastructure's development, tourist safety, environmental quality, finance, investment in tourism sphere, general image of the region, economic attractiveness, management, state support and political stability, information. The peculiarity of the proposed approach is to assess the conditions and factors of the tourism potential of the region in an objective and subjective way. Each of these characteristics is described by relevant factor criteria and may be defined by specific quantitative and / or qualitative indicators.With the help of the constructed indicators' system of tourism potential attraction estimation, we are able to quantitatively and qualitatively estimate the level of tourism industry development in the Ukrainian regions; to highlight the causal relationships in determining the level of tourist potential's attractiveness; to identify the factors that influence the development of tourism activity, in that destabilizing; to carry out monitoring of tourism activity in the region with the possibility of predicting changes in tourist activity taking on its basis optimal managerial decisions at the state and regional levels. ; Туризм є одним з найважливіших секторів економіки України, розвиток туризму сприяє підви­щенню рівня зайнятості, диверсифікації національного господарства. Для ефективного функціону­вання туристичної сфери необхідні ґрунтовний аналіз туристичного потенціалу країни, її окремих регіонів та оцінки рівня його атрактивності. Атрактивність туристичного потенціалу регіону – це ступінь привабливості природних, етнокультурних, соціально-історичних та інших туристичних ресурсів регіону, його соціально-економічної і транспортної інфраструктури, місць приймання та обслуги.Атрактивність туристичного потенціалу Карпатського регіону забезпечена поєднанням природ­них та соціально-культурних туристичних ресурсів. Багатоманітність рельєфу, велика кількість річок, мінеральні води та лікувальні грязі створюють умови для розвитку гірськолижного, пішо­хідного, водного, рекреаційного, екстремального, бальнеологічного туризму тощо. Ліси регіону здатні забезпечувати розвиток лікувальної, оздоровчої, спортивно-туристичної, пізнавальної форм рекреації. У всіх обласних центрах регіону, багатьох невеликих містечках і селах збереглися цінні історико-архітектурні пам'ятки. Особливості культури та побуту гуцулів і бойків дають змогу розви­вати етно-, подієвий та сільський "зелений" туризм. Усе це підсилює розвинена рекреаційно-розважальна інфраструктура.Сформовано власний суспільно-географічний підхід до побудови системи оцінювання атрактив­ності туристичного потенціалу регіону, особливістю якого є оцінювання його умов і чинників в об'єктивному та суб'єктивному вимірах. Кожну з наведених характеристик описано відповідними факторними критеріями. Моніторинг атрактивності туристичного потенціалу за запропонованими критеріями дасть змогу ухвалювати оптимальні управлінські рішення в туристичній сфері на державному та регіональному рівнях.

[only abstract in English; full article and abstract in Lithuanian] The video game industry has been growing rapidly in the recent years, reaching almost 2 billion players worldwide and sometimes even exceeding profits and other numbers put up by such entertainment juggernauts as the Hollywood. It is safe to say that video-games have become an integral part of contemporary popculture, contributing to the formation of attitudes, especially among younger audiences (18–35 years old). This is especially poignant in the case of historical games, which have always been popular and have been representing one or another version of historical narration for years. Nevertheless, despite the immense popularity of videogames and their growing presence within contemporary culture, historians, political and social scientists have been often neglecting video game studies primarily because of its infancy and inadequacy to provide space for political reflection and argumentation. According to the skeptics, video games can only reflect the current tendencies within the order of neoliberalism prevailing in the world. However, the article contradicts this by proposing to treat this situation as an opportunity instead of an excuse – the fact that video games can reflect the injustices of today's world without providing criticism should act as a catalyst for further studies of political argumentation within the medium of video games, which in turn would contribute to further theorizations on the critical potential of video games in connection to politics. This is deemed especially important in the case of reconstructing historical narratives in the most popular video games, the majority of which focus on various historical instances of war. As a result, the first part of the article presents an analysis on both the potential and limitations of videogames to act as spaces for the commemoration of historical memory. The second part aims to ground the theoretical implications by considering to examples of video game industries – the United States and Russia – and techniques as well as directions that they employ in reconstructing the popular prosthetic memory related to wars in which these countries had participated. The article concludes with the idea that historical games can indeed act as a space for producing specific historical narratives oriented toward the popular memory. When it comes to American games, they mostly focus on presenting more personal stories regarding the heroic and virtuous American soldiers during a given War. This, supplemented by a diminished or exaggerated account of actions taken by other allies (as well as enemies) aims at whitewashing the American historical memory. Among the Russian games, however, personal identification through emotional storybuilding is much less pronounced. Its place is taken by focusing on the technological domination and de-personalized stories of bravery employed by the Russians and Soviets. To conclude, the article once again calls for more engagement with the medium of videogames from the side of social and political science as well as history. Video games have quickly become one of the main venues for younger demographic groups to get their first pieces of knowledge regarding history, politics, gender and other topics. The importance of this is understood not only by American but by Russian officials as well, which demands more research on the power of games and their critical potential. This engagement would allow for less political manipulation (especially in the case of historical games) and for a better understanding and fulfillment of the potential of video games. ; [straipsnis ir santrauka lietuvių kalba; santrauka anglų kalba] Kompiuterinių žaidimų pramonė auga ir turi jau beveik 2 mlrd. žaidėjų visame pasaulyje. Tai rodo, jog kompiuteriniai žaidimai, nepaisant jų pramoginio pobūdžio, yra tapę integralia šiuolaikinės popkultūros dalimi. Vis tik dėl skeptiško šios medijos formos vertinimo politinių ir socialinių žaidimų studijų šiandien stokojama. Straipsniu, pasitelkiant istorinės atminties problematiką, siekiama prisidėti prie tokių tyrimų formavimosi. Pristatomos žaidimo kaip medijos galimybės ir trūkumai reprezentuojant istoriją, vėliau pereinama prie JAV ir Rusijos karo žaidimų masyvų palyginimo, išskiriant pagrindines tokių naratyvų formavimo kryptis: koncentraciją ties suasmenintais herojiškais pasakojimais ir technologinio dominavimo reprezentaciją. Straipsnio pabaigoje, pasiremiant istorinės atminties prieiga, daroma išvada, kad kompiuteriniai žaidimai turėtų susilaukti daugiau socialinių mokslų ats­tovų dėmesio dėl ypatingos žaidimų galios formuoti pasaulėvaizdžius per virtualias patirtis bei dėl schematiškumo problemos žaidimuose, kuri pastaruosius padaro palankius politizuotoms istorinių naratyvų konstrukcijoms, telkiant dėmesį ties skirtingais simuliuojamos tikrovės aspektais.

The objectives and strategies of cooperation between parents and preschool teachers depend on how the cooperation is defined at the preschool institution level. In Slovenia, the participation between parents and preschool teachers is determined by a formalized framework and legislation, whose individual articles already contain parts of partner cooperation policies. According to the principle of cooperation with parents, written in the Curriculum for kindergartens, published in 1999, the parents have not only the right to information about the programs and their child, but also the right to participate in the design of life and work in the preschool institution and even the right to actively participate in the educational work. Similarly the preschool education in Portugal has assumed a sense of support and social assistance to families and it is the parents and guardians' duty to participate in the preschool education institutions' boards through elected representatives or representative associations; to develop a relationship of cooperation with educators within a formative perspective; to give an opinion regarding the working hours of the preschool education institution and to participate, on a voluntary basis and under the institution's pedagogical board's guidance, in entertainment and assistance activities. The purpose of this paper is to compare the views of Slovenian and Portuguese preschool teachers on the importance of cooperation with parents especially focusing on some of the personal views of preschool teachers towards different ways of cooperation with parents; towards parental influence on the life and work of preschool institution and towards their competencies regarding cooperation with parents. In the research carried out in 2017 in Slovenia and Portugal (N=386) we applied 100 questionnaires in Portugal and 286 in Slovenia. It has shown that Slovenian and Portuguese preschool teachers are aware of the importance of sharing responsibilities and powers with parents, although formal aspects of cooperation (council of parents and council of public kindergarten) are clearly defined in Slovenian and Portuguese legislation and therefore parents can more effectively communicate their comments and suggestions on the work of kindergarten via their parents' representative in the council of parents. ; Os objetivos e estratégias de cooperação entre pais e professores dependem de como a cooperação é definida ao nível da Educação Pré-escolar. Na Eslovénia, a participação entre pais e professores é determinada por uma estrutura formalizada e legislação, cujos artigos individuais já contêm partes das políticas de cooperação. De acordo com o princípio da cooperação com os pais, escrito no currículo para os jardins de infância, publicado em 1999, os pais não só têm o direito à informação sobre os programas dos seus filhos, mas também o direito de participarem no projeto de vida e trabalho na instituição Préescolar e ainda o direito de participar ativamente no projeto educativo. A Educação Pré-escolar em Portugal assumiu um sentido de apoio e assistência social às famílias e o dever destas: participarem na organização das instituições de Educação Pré-escolar, através de representantes eleitos ou associações representativas; desenvolverem uma relação de cooperação com educadores dentro de uma perspetiva formativa; darem uma opinião sobre as horas de trabalho da instituição e a participarem, numa base voluntária e sob a orientação do Conselho Pedagógico da instituição, em atividades de apoio social. O objetivo deste trabalho é comparar as opiniões dos professores eslovenos e portugueses sobre a importância da cooperação com os pais, especialmente com foco em alguns pontos de vista pessoais de professores no sentido de apresentarem as diferentes formas de cooperação com os pais; verificar o papel dos pais na cooperação e organização da instituição Pré-escolar e as respetivas competências relativas a esta cooperação. Nesta pesquisa realizada em 2017 na Eslovénia e em Portugal (N = 386) aplicamos 100 questionários em Portugal e 286 na Eslovénia. Na análise dos resultados verificámos que os docentes eslovenos e portugueses estavam conscientes da importância da partilha de responsabilidades e poderes com os pais. Os aspetos formais de cooperação (Conselho de pais) e Conselho de jardim de infância público estão claramente definidos na legislação eslovena e portuguesa. Na Eslovénia os pais podem mais eficazmente comunicar as suas opiniões e sugestões sobre o trabalho no jardim-de-infância através do representante dos pais no Conselho de pais. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Understanding the technological dimension of political propaganda is one of the main objectives of its research. It is this dimension that makes it possible to define propaganda as a system of methods, techniques and technologies aimed at forming the context of perception of political reality that is desirable for its subject. In the context of the Russian aggression on the Ukrainian lands, which is accompanied by unheard of propaganda influence on the consciousness and behavior of the citizens of our state, the study of political propaganda in the technological aspect is certainly useful and relevant. Propaganda technologies focus on the introduction into the mass consciousness of the necessary stereotypes, patterns, opinions and ideas aimed at consolidating and forming a sense of psychological unity. These technologies may involve various messages, including advertising or entertainment ones. At the same time, the central part of propaganda technologies is the creation of cognitive schemes that allow to impose a certain interpretation of events, and the main task of propaganda content is to diffuse ideas about political reality, focus on a certain mode of action. The subjects of political propaganda may be the state, political parties and movements, public organizations, as well as opinion leaders, but in any case these subjects must have certain resources of power in order to influence the objects of propaganda. The typology of propaganda technologies depends on the criteria chosen. So, in accordance with the basis of the method of action there can be identified technologies of direct or indirect effects. In the first case, there is a direct communication of the subject with the object of propaganda through the organization and conduct of mass events: meetings, demonstrations, pickets, meetings, concerts. In the second case, the presence of the mediator is mandatory. Its role can be played by various social actors – media, opinion leaders, public organizations, as well as other tools of mass communication. The main dominant feature of modern propaganda technologies is manipulation. Within the propaganda process, manipulation can be considered as the use of illegitimate influence by means of discourse: manipulators make others do what is in their interests and contrary to the interests of those who are objects of manipulation. Propaganda technologies are institutional in nature, they operate continuously and rely on propaganda mechanisms. If the propaganda technique is a simple reference to the culprit of a certain problem, a solution and a response, for example, in elections, any propaganda technology creates ideology, symbolism and imagination of interaction between the roles of the enemy, friend, their supporters and assistants. As a result of the propaganda technology another imaginary reality is created. The impact of technology is the creation of a special world. The author comprehends the peculiarities of such propaganda technologies: framing, priming, symbolization, ritualitization, mythologization, political mocking, virtualization, image-making, public relations, psychological, value-mobilizing, norm-setting and manipulative ones. ; Статья ставит проблему технологий политической пропаганды как эффективных инструментов ее осуществления. Благодаря применению технологического подхода автору удалось выделить и проанализировать основные технологии политической пропаганды. Автор доказывает, что технологии пропаганды выполняют важную роль в завоевании, удержании и реализации политической власти. Он обосновывает мысль, что технологии пропаганды бывают универсальными, которые могут быть эффективными в любой ситуации, и специфическими, что могут применяться в строго особых ситуациях, в частности, в условиях войны, выборов или подъема народного недовольства. На основе характера воздействия технологии пропаганды автор разделяет на жесткие и мягкие, исходя из ориентации влияния (на мышление или поведение человека) – на когнитивно-структурирующие и поведенческо-конституирующие. К когнитивно-структурирующим технологиям пропаганды он относит фрейминг, прайминг, символизацию, ритуализацию, мифологизацию, политический моккинг, виртуализацию. К поведенчески-конституирующим относятся такие технологии пропаганды как имиджмейкинг, паблик рилейшнз, ценностно-мобилизирующие, нормоустанавливающие и манипулятивные технологии. ; Стаття ставить проблему технологій політичної пропаганди як ефективних інструментів її здійснення. Завдяки застосуванню технологічного підходу автору вдалося виокремити та проаналізувати основні технології політичної пропаганди. Автор доводить, що технології пропаганди виконують важливу роль у здобутті, утриманні та реалізації політичної влади. Він обґрунтовує думку, що технології пропаганди бувають універсальними, які можуть бути ефективними в будь-якій ситуації, і специфічними, що застосовуються в строго особливих ситуаціях, зокрема, в умовах війни, виборів або підйому народного невдоволення. На основі характеру впливу технології пропаганди автор поділяє на жорсткі та м'які, за орієнтацією впливу (на мислення чи поведінку людини) – когнітивно-структуруючі і поведінково-конституюючі. До когнітивно-структуруючих технологій пропаганди він зараховує фреймінг, праймінг, символізацію, ритуалізацію, міфологізацію, політичний моккінг, віртуалізацію. До поведінково-конституюючих належать такі технології пропаганди, як іміджмейкінг, паблік рілейшнз, ціннісно-мобілізуючі, нормоутворюючі та маніпулятивні технології.

Para este trabajo, seleccionamos los programas "Bailando por un sueño", "Intratables" y "El show de la mañana", y retomamos algunas expresiones de los sujetos que participaron en grupos de discusión durante los meses de octubre, noviembre y diciembre de 2016 en Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Rosario y Córdoba. Estos programas televisivos, en tiempos de una "democracia mediatizada", son centrales en la modelización de lo político en un sentido muy distinto a lo que definía el concepto de "videopolítica" en los 90. Uno de los cambios a considerar remite al impacto del desarrollo de internet y a los dispositivos asociados para un tipo de "participación mediatizada" en vivo, que transforma sustantivamente el lugar y la posición que tenía el espectador de los viejos medios masivos de comunicación. Con relación al "objeto" de estos programas, es posible identificar y reconstruir una modelización recurrente en el qué se dice y cómo; construcción ideológica que encuentra en la macro forma compartida del panel, por ejemplo, una manera de presentar "diversidad de voces", en tanto expresión resultante del proceso de trabajo que vincula estética y política en la construcción de una "verdad" sobre el contexto político actual. La estrategia expositiva y argumentativa es la siguiente: 1) Presentamos y caracterizamos estructuralmente a los programas seleccionados y los vinculamos con expresiones rescatadas de los grupos de discusión. 2) Seleccionamos ejes de comparación que posibilitan la precisión de recurrencias entre ellos. 3) Finalmente, con los resultados del recorrido descriptivo y analítico, exponemos rasgos y dinámicas de las novedosas formas de estetización de lo político en el sentido benjaminiano como proceso orientado a que las masas en nuestro caso, los individuos expresen sus demandas. ; This article is a partial presentation of a larger research entitled Oriented Investigation Project (PIO) "The politicization of spectacle: production, texts and reception of entertainment television shows" (2015-2018), financed by CONICET and the Public's Defense in Audiovisual Communication Services. For this research, we selected television shows Bailando por un sueño (Dancing for a dream), Intratables (Untreatables), and El show de la mañana (The Morning show), and analyzed some expressions of the participants of discussion groups conducted in the cities of Buenos Aires, Rosario and Cordoba during October, November and December 2016. In times of "mediatized democracy", these TV shows are important for the modeling of politics, but in a very different way of the "video politics" in the 90's. One of the transformations to be considered refers to the impact of Internet and its associated devices leading to a certain live "mediatized participation", that substantially changes the place and position of spectators of old media. At the same time, and concerning to the "object" of these shows, it is possible to identify and reconstruct a modeling of what is said and how it is said. This ideological construction finds in a panel-type format a way of adducing "diversity of voices" and building, through the bondage of esthetics and politics, a strong "truth" of the current political context. The exposition and argumentative strategy comprises: 1) a structural presentation and characterization of the selected shows, linking them with expressions taken from the focus groups; 2) the selection of some dimensions for comparison that allow us to detect recurrent thoughts and expressions in the groups; and 3) the results of such description and analysis, exposing features and dynamics of the novel forms of aesthetization of politics —in the Benjaminian sense of the term— as a process for the masses —individuals, in our case— express their demands. ; https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/astrolabio/article/view/18038 ; publishedVersion ; Fil: Boito, María Eugenia. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias de la Comunicación; Argentina. ; Fil: Gago, Sebastián Horacio. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias de la Comunicación; Argentina. ; Fil: Boito, María Eugenia. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales; Argentina. ; Fil: Boito, María Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Cultura y Sociedad; Argentina. ; Fil: Valor, Milva Natali. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Cultura y Sociedad; Argentina. ; Fil: Valor, Milva Natali. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias de la Comunicación; Argentina. ; Comunicación de Medios y Socio-cultural

The purpose of this article is to examine and compare how the ethnicity, gender and social class conditions of citizenship influence, and are understood by, teachers and secondary school students in England and Sweden. The intention is also to compare how conditions of citizenship are dealt with in social studies for upper secondary school in England and Sweden. The relationship between students education and real conditions for citizenship is complex and partly differs between, as well as within, the two countries. The present comparative examination and analysis aims to visualize both specific and common conditions of citizenship in England and Sweden. This is to draw attention to how the meaning of frequently used terminology and images in the field of Citizenship Education do not always coincide with teachers' and students' own opinions and perceived meanings. By doing this we hope to contribute some new knowledge regarding one of the most difficult challenges that citizenship education is struggling with, whether the provided knowledge and values prepare todays youth to defend and develop future democratic and just societies. To achieve this, we have conducted a number of interviews with teachers and secondary school students and asked them about their experiences and opinions regarding Citizenship Education and the nature of citizenship. The following main questions were central to the interviews: What knowledge and skills does a citizen need in a democracy and how is the meaning of citizenship connected to gender, class and ethnicity? How are personal liberties affected by the citizen's gender, class and ethnicity according to the respondents? What are teachers' and students' experiences of Citizenship Education and how does school pay attention to citizens´ conditions based on gender, class and ethnicity? In recent years, both public debate and published research have shown that, in order to understand the real meanings of citizenship, it is necessary to understand and interpret formal citizenship rights and responsibilities from individuals' social and cultural conditions as characterised by gender, ethnicity and social class. During the 2000s, the Swedish National Agency for Education (Skolverket) presented recurrent reports that shows how socio-economic background, in combination with foreign background, are crucial for pupils school results. The reports also show how segregation between schools and residential areas has increased on the basis of residents socio-economic and ethnic background. This group of students are a part of tomorrows citizens, which are also likely to remain marginalized even as adults. The links between Swedish school policy, pupils school results and the democratic development of society at large has been observed and analysed in contemporary Swedish research. In England, the picture is slightly different with the 7 per cent of the population who experience private education being over-represented in positions of power and influence. In May 2012, the then Secretary of State for Education Michael Gove provided a list of leaders in the arts, sciences, politics, sports, journalism, entertainment and other fields who had all been to independent schools, concluding that "the sheer scale, the breadth and the depth, of private school dominance of our society points to a deep problem in our country . . . Those who are born poor are more likely to stay poor and those who inherit privilege are more likely to pass on privilege in England than in any comparable county." There is significant evidence that socio-economic background, in combination with ethnic background, continue to be highly influential on pupils school results. Links between national education policy, social class and pupils school results appear to remain entrenched in England. When we identify cultural and social conditions as in any way hindering the status of citizenship, we do so from a perspective which does not seek to blame the less powerful for holding particular cultural perceptions but which recognises the barriers a dominant culture sets against those with less power. The insight that tells us it is necessary to comprehend individuals' social and cultural conditions in order to understand and interpret their formal citizenship rights and responsibilities is not, however, particularly recent. Marx wrote over 160 years ago that, "if you assume a particular civil society . . . you will get particular political conditions", from which it must follow that any society divided on the grounds of class, ethnicity and gender will present political conditions which reflect such divisions. It is also the case that there is likely to be a significant space between what is (the real) and what is perceived (the formal); just because there is inequality it does not follow that everyone is aware of that inequality.

This dissertation, entitled "Cities on the Periphery: Urbanization in Bithynia, Pontus, and Paphlagonia under the Roman Empire," seeks to provide the first comprehensive urban history of the region during the period of Roman rule. Modern scholarship on this region has focused on cultural and political topics, including Greek reactions to Roman rule; provincial elites and euergetism; and urban life. This scholarship has ignored dramatic increases in the number of new settlements in north central Anatolia, urban and rural, as well as consistent vitality and even growth during the turbulent 3rd century CE. I address these lacunae and investigate the factors behind this growth and stability. I analyze the complexities of this development across four frameworks: the construction and finance of civic monuments, shifting settlement patterns, the extent of bulk and prestige goods networks, and integration into networks of administration, military affairs, and imperial ideology.The introductory first chapter documents the dramatic increases in the number of urban and rural settlements in the region and poses a set of key questions regarding urbanization, imperial intervention, and local stability. I then set out the methodology of my dissertation. I briefly review and critique previous scholarship on this region, which has focused mainly on cultural and political topics of urban and imperial life. I then indicate the advantages of shifting the focus to consider the diachronic nature of urbanization over the long term, the archaeological record, integration and connectivity, and interpretive questions that address the uniqueness of the region. My approach is highly interdisciplinary, making heavy use of evidence from archaeological surveys, epigraphic finds, and network theory, as well as ancient literary and historical accounts.The second chapter examines how local preferences and financial resources influenced the construction and use of civic monuments. The emphasis on Graeco-Roman cities as lived environments, not synchronic monumental landscapes, plays a critical role in this analysis. My discussion qualifies recent assertions that cities in the eastern empire expressed their Greek identity by building democratic monuments with public money. Monuments such as theaters and temples are clearly prioritized, yet cities also enthusiastically adopted monuments marked as Roman, such as baths, or used democratic structures for Roman entertainment. Though civic funds remained a consistent resource, the patronage of local elites and the emperor were essential in the 1st and later 3rd and 4th centuries, respectively. The third chapter synthesizes five decades of archaeological survey. I identify broad trends in expansion, size, and continuity from the Iron Age to the Late Roman period and assess the extent of Roman influence behind these fluctuations. Administrative, economic, and military priorities guided the efficient management of this region. This was achieved by the creation of a few new cites and by an extensive road network. Both constituted unique developments and indirectly encouraged the proliferation of small towns and villages, which benefitted from the demands of regional capitals and access to roads. This produced a balanced urban system that fashioned a robust administrative hierarchy, but that was relatively moderate in overall urban density. The fourth and fifth chapters discuss connectivity across a range of landscapes: city and hinterland, the Black Sea area, and the Mediterranean basin as a whole. The third chapter focuses on the circulation of staple goods and luxury items. This area was remarkably well integrated and even self-sufficient at the local and regional levels. Its position on the periphery of the Roman empire limited intensive contact with the broader Mediterranean, but encouraged intensive commercial relationships with the Black Sea, Armenia, and Syria. The fourth chapter also examines connectivity, but in the context of imperial administration, communication, and military activity.This project ultimately seeks to provide the first comprehensive synthesis of the urban history of north central Anatolia in the Roman period. Roman intervention and traditional urban ideals were early stimuli; as I argue, however, regional preferences, a geographical position on the Mediterranean periphery, and heightened imperial interests in the 3rd century were the most prominent influences on urban development and stability in north central Anatolia. The region occupied a unique geographical, political, and economic position within the Roman empire and it represents a compelling contrast to the urban character of other Roman provinces. I conclude by stressing the complexity of the urban development of this region as well as the strong role that local traditions and geographical position played in negotiating imperial interaction.

Making affect the living conditions of as ordinary underground, and higher commanders. That problem was not left in to find a place in secret places dig it, find the pick, but deliver and maintain these products. The need for regulated products generally instructive guidance (quantity, composition, etc.). Although all the procurement took into account the real possibilities of the region.For full proharchuvannya developed specific recommendations on the necessary components of food, their calorie content, and the needs and options for the replacement of individual components (with the same calorie content). It should be noted that the management suited to differentiated food nutrition standards depending on the tasks (wintering in kryyivtsi stay in roads, etc.). A clear indication in the distribution of food stocks are also associated with their small reserves, and therefore need a longer use.Of course we have to mention that diet and to some extent dependent on the locations of rebel department or location of the hiding places (built in the farms kept local residents have allowed varied diet). COOKING UPA engaged individuals who have the appropriate skills and in secret places during the winter it could carry out a woman (if any) inhabitants refuge, alternately or together with a clear division of responsibilities.Figuring features material living conditions, moral and psychological circumstances of the Carpathians underground environment enables study descriptions of memories and diaries. That is often the nationalists had to starve days and weeks. Another drawback was the lack of domestic opportunities to kindle a fire in the open, because it could see the enemy. It was felt particularly sharply in early spring, when insurgents hiding places and left feeling cold.It should be noted that life in kryyivtsi had strict regulations: Time for morning hygiene, snida¬nok, classes (history of Ukraine, ideological propaganda classes, items of general cycle general education), if the radio listening to just the latest news. Given 2-3 hours for private lessons (reading books, personal interests, etc.). Cooking and cleaning all rebels involved, an exception could be the conductor. If kryyivtsi was a woman, then set Screen covers. Violation of vstanov¬lenoho regulations were imposed: an extraordinary status, study some works. Among the entertainment used the game with chess, checkers, in some cases – playing musical instruments. Certain difficulties and opportunities related to daily observe personal hygiene. Of course in the summer the situation was favorable – used for this purpose reservoirs that were nearby, had complicated the fall, winter and spring. At this time, these needs could make in homes of local people. In establishing relationships, life in a closed and confined space women had difficult with male staff. Nationalists, making a daily struggle, despite the constant voltage did not forget about training, self-education, leisure, celebrations and more. In difficult conditions of daily struggle played an important moment of celebration moral-psychological, educational value. In the underground, along with propaganda, military activities and everyday work, do not forget about the celebration of various holidays. With materials stored hear about the celebrations that took place in the underground. In particular, we highlight the religious and nationalist public holidays. Celebrating each holiday carefully prepared, develop manuals and guidelines. It was during the celebration of religious holidays and underground rebels had the opportunity to taste festive food. However, a complete meal (for all ritual canons) could have been in the cantonment nationalists in villages among family, friends and sympathizers.Thus, despite the difficulties of everyday life, the events of war and post-war confrontation has put forward to the historic arena strong, sacrificial personalities that in war people were not lost moral and Christian values. Setting the usual everyday improvements in the underground depended on a number of circumstances. Even in the actual conditions of war nationalists denied by a short holiday and festive moments. With the aim of significant events underground photographed. ; В статье на основе неизвестных и малоизвестных документов раскрываются особенности бытовых условий подпольной жизни. Доказано, что, несмотря на сложности ежедневной вооруженной и пропагандистской борьбы, участники движения сопротивления сталкивались с необходимостью обустройства бытовых условий. Установлено, что эта проблема касалась как рядовых участников, так и высшего командного состава. Обнаружено, что отсутствие надлежащего хозяйственного обеспечения, а также постоянное морально-психологическое напряжение приводили к конфликтным ситуациям. ; У статті на основі невідомих та маловідомих документів розкриваються особливості побутових умов підпільного життя. Доведено, що, попри складнощі щоденної збройної та пропагандистської боротьби, учасники руху опору стикалися з потребою облаштування побутових умов. З'ясовано, що ця проблема стосувалася як рядових учасників, так і вищого командного складу. Виявлено, що відсутність належного господарського забезпечення, а також постійне морально-психологічне напруження призводили до конфліктних ситуацій.

The article tells about the tendencies in the development of culture institutions of various types taking into consideration the cultural policy, the role of state in culture institution creation, their financing problems of cultural and educational activity. The Law of Ukraine "On Culture" defines legal bases of cultural activities. They are regulated by public relations related to the creation, use, distribution, preservation of cultural heritage and cultural values, and are focused on providing access to them.In Article 1 of the basic terms, namely the basic network of cultural institutions – Plex complementary enterprises, institutions, organizations and cultural institutions of the state and municipal Ownership, which are aimed at creating conditions for the development of human creativity, collecting , storage, use and dissemination of material and spiritual cultural values, scientific development, and to ensure the integrity of the cultural space of Ukraine, the accessibility of the national cultural heritage, the rights of citizens in culture; domestic (national) cultural product – a cultural good and cultural values created (provided) by domestic manufacturer; grant financial resources provided to non-repayable basis subject in activities in the field of culture for the implementation of cultural and artistic project; activities in the field of culture (cultural activities) – creative, economic, scientific, library, information, museum, educational, cultural, recreational and entertainment activities aimed at creating, copying, distribution, demonstration, promotion, preservation and use of cultural goods and values to meet the cultural needs of citizens; cultural institution – a legal entity, main activity of which is the work of cultural or structural unit of a legal entity, whose functions consist in carrying out activities in the field of culture.The main principles of the state policy in the field of culture are: recognition of culture a major factor identity Ukrainian people – citizens of Ukraine of all nationalities (hereinafter – the Ukrainian people); promoting the creation of a unified cultural space of Ukraine, preservation integrity culture; the protection and preservation of cultural heritage as the foundation of national culture, caring for the development of the culture; promoting the humanistic ideas, high moral principles in public life; freedom of creativity, intellectual property rights, copyright and related rights; guaranteeing the rights of citizens in culture; creating conditions for their personal development, increasing cultural level, aesthetic education of citizens, availability of cultural education for children and youth, satisfaction of cultural needs of the Ukrainian people, development of cultural institutions regardless of ownership, involvement in the cultural sphere investment funds from paid services, charity and other sources not prohibited by law; to promote activities of professional creative unions and NGOs in the field of culture, active functioning of the state language in Ukraine's cultural space, public access to culture values; definition of aesthetic education of children and youth a priority the development of culture; provision of basic network of cultural, educational cultural sphere; support for cultural activities associated with the production and distribution of electronic and print media, audio and audiovisual products, development of computer technologies and increase of their potential for increased access and involvement of the public in activities in the field culture etc; promotion of Ukrainian national culture in all its diversity and world cultural heritage in Ukraine; support the domestic producer in culture; ensuring the development of international cultural cooperation; the creation of an insurance fund of documentation on cultural values and documents for culture heritage.The state of priority creates conditions for: development of Ukrainian culture, development of national minorities of Ukraine; conservation, restoration and protection of historical heritage; aesthetic education of citizens, especially children and youth; expand cultural institutions in rural places. Network sphere of culture is formed in order to: ensure the development of culture, of all genres and art forms, as well as the integrity of national culture; the rights of citizens of Ukraine in the sphere of culture, ensuring the availability of national cultural heritage, cultural wealth and artistic creativity through compliance with government social standards in the service sector cultural institutions. ; В статье рассматриваются тенденции развития учреждений сферы культуры различных типов с учетом формирования новых условий культурной политики нашей страны. Анализируется роль государства в создании учреждений культуры, проблемы их финансирования и вопросы, которые возникают в осуществлении культурно-просветительской деятельности. ; У статті розглядаються тенденції розвитку закладів сфери культури різних типів з огляду на формування нових умов культурної політики нашої країни. Аналізується роль держави у створенні закладів культури, проблеми їх фінансування та питання, які виникають у здійсненні культурно-просвітницької діяльності.

We develop a data mining and visualisation toolkit to study how the information is shared on online social network services. This software allows to observe relationships between conversational, semantical, temporal and geographical dimensions of online communication acts. Internet memes are short messages that spread quickly through the Web. Following models that remain largely unknown, they articulate personal discussions, societal debates and large communication campaign. We analyse a set of Internet memes by using methods from social network analysis and Chinese natural language processing on a large corpus of 200 million tweets which represents/reflects the overall activity on the Chinese social network Sina Weibo in 2012. An interactive visualisation interface showing networks of words, user exchanges and their projections on geographical maps provides a detailed understanding of actual and textual aspects of each meme spread. An analysis of hashtags in the corpus shows that the main content from Sina Weibo is largely similar to the ones in traditional media (advertisement, entertainment, etc.). Therefore, we decided to not consider hashtags as memes representatives, being mostly byproducts of wellplanned strategic or marketingcampaigns. Our final approach studies a dozen of memes selected for the diversity of their topic: humor, political scandal, breaking news and marketing. ; Nous proposons de concevoir et développer un outil permettant d'analyser la diffusion d'information sur les services de réseaux sociaux en ligne grâce au traitement et à la visualisation de données. Fruit d'une réflexion méthodologique, ce dispositif permet d'observer les relations entre les dimensions conversationnelles, sémantiques, temporelles et géographiques des actes de communication en ligne. Courts messages se propageant rapidement sur la Toile selon des modèles encore mal connus, les mèmes Internet comptent parmi les contenus les plus prisés sur les plate-formes web. Les mèmes Internet circulant sur le service de microblog chinois Sina Weibo articulent notamment discussions personnelles, débats sociétaux et vastes campagnes médiatiques. Mobilisant des méthodes issues de l'analyse des réseaux et du traitement automatisé de la langue chinoise, nous procédons à l'analyse d'un vaste corpus de 200 millions de messages représentant l'activité sur Sina Weibo durant l'année 2012. Notre première tâche consiste à identifier des mèmes dans ce large ensemble de données. L'identification de mèmes dans un ensemble de messages est notamment possible grâce à un algorithme de détection non supervisé. Néanmoins, le volume de calculs nécessaires pour obtenir des résultats fiables sur un large corpus nous amène à abandonner cette approche, montrant par là-même la complexité d'une définition intéressante de l'objet numérique composite mème. Notre seconde série d'analyses porte sur le volume de conversations entourant les hashtags du corpus. Les résultats montrent que les usages majoritaires de Sina Weibo sont similaires à ceux des médias traditionnels (publicité, divertissement, loisirs.). Néanmoins, nous écartons les hashtags comme représentants des mèmes Internet, artefacts d'usages commerciaux et stratégiques à la diffusion cadrée et planifiée. L'approche finalement retenue utilise la recherche par mots-clés pour constituer les corpus de messages décrivant une dizaine de mèmes sélectionnés dans la littérature académique et secondaire pour leurs intentions diverses : humour, actualité, scandale politique, faits divers et marketing promotionnel. S'inspirant de la critique des schémas théoriques de communication, une analyse des mots et des réseaux d'échanges entre utilisateurs met à jour les dynamiques discursives de chaque mème. L'organisation de ces informations selon un axe temporel dans un espace de visualisation interactif autorise une lecture détaillée de leur diffusion. La projection de ces réseaux conversationnels et lexicaux sur des cartes géographiques montre également les relations entre leurs aspects textuels et actuels. Les figures obtenues permettent d'ébaucher une typologie structurelle de la diffusion de ces contenus, montrant comment différents régimes d'expression cohabitent sur les réseaux sociaux. La tension entre énonciation et discours qui régit les plateformes Web se manifeste dans des motifs particuliers de circulation des contenus en ligne. Nous pouvons ainsi formuler des recommandations pour l'analyse et la conception de stratégies de communication en ligne d'organismes tant privés que publics. Néanmoins, le caractère exploratoire de cette étude et la difficulté de comprendre les actions humaines par une simple analyse de données nous invite à refuser une généralisation a priori des résultats, préférant considérer ce travail comme la première validation d'une méthodologie pouvant être étendue à d'autres formes de conversations en ligne.

We develop a data mining and visualisation toolkit to study how the information is shared on online social network services. This software allows to observe relationships between conversational, semantical, temporal and geographical dimensions of online communication acts. Internet memes are short messages that spread quickly through the Web. Following models that remain largely unknown, they articulate personal discussions, societal debates and large communication campaign. We analyse a set of Internet memes by using methods from social network analysis and Chinese natural language processing on a large corpus of 200 million tweets which represents/reflects the overall activity on the Chinese social network Sina Weibo in 2012. An interactive visualisation interface showing networks of words, user exchanges and their projections on geographical maps provides a detailed understanding of actual and textual aspects of each meme spread. An analysis of hashtags in the corpus shows that the main content from Sina Weibo is largely similar to the ones in traditional media (advertisement, entertainment, etc.). Therefore, we decided to not consider hashtags as memes representatives, being mostly byproducts of wellplanned strategic or marketingcampaigns. Our final approach studies a dozen of memes selected for the diversity of their topic: humor, political scandal, breaking news and marketing. ; Nous proposons de concevoir et développer un outil permettant d'analyser la diffusion d'information sur les services de réseaux sociaux en ligne grâce au traitement et à la visualisation de données. Fruit d'une réflexion méthodologique, ce dispositif permet d'observer les relations entre les dimensions conversationnelles, sémantiques, temporelles et géographiques des actes de communication en ligne. Courts messages se propageant rapidement sur la Toile selon des modèles encore mal connus, les mèmes Internet comptent parmi les contenus les plus prisés sur les plate-formes web. Les mèmes Internet circulant sur le service de microblog chinois Sina Weibo articulent notamment discussions personnelles, débats sociétaux et vastes campagnes médiatiques. Mobilisant des méthodes issues de l'analyse des réseaux et du traitement automatisé de la langue chinoise, nous procédons à l'analyse d'un vaste corpus de 200 millions de messages représentant l'activité sur Sina Weibo durant l'année 2012. Notre première tâche consiste à identifier des mèmes dans ce large ensemble de données. L'identification de mèmes dans un ensemble de messages est notamment possible grâce à un algorithme de détection non supervisé. Néanmoins, le volume de calculs nécessaires pour obtenir des résultats fiables sur un large corpus nous amène à abandonner cette approche, montrant par là-même la complexité d'une définition intéressante de l'objet numérique composite mème. Notre seconde série d'analyses porte sur le volume de conversations entourant les hashtags du corpus. Les résultats montrent que les usages majoritaires de Sina Weibo sont similaires à ceux des médias traditionnels (publicité, divertissement, loisirs.). Néanmoins, nous écartons les hashtags comme représentants des mèmes Internet, artefacts d'usages commerciaux et stratégiques à la diffusion cadrée et planifiée. L'approche finalement retenue utilise la recherche par mots-clés pour constituer les corpus de messages décrivant une dizaine de mèmes sélectionnés dans la littérature académique et secondaire pour leurs intentions diverses : humour, actualité, scandale politique, faits divers et marketing promotionnel. S'inspirant de la critique des schémas théoriques de communication, une analyse des mots et des réseaux d'échanges entre utilisateurs met à jour les dynamiques discursives de chaque mème. L'organisation de ces informations selon un axe temporel dans un espace de visualisation interactif autorise une lecture détaillée de leur diffusion. La projection de ces réseaux conversationnels et lexicaux sur des cartes géographiques montre également les relations entre leurs aspects textuels et actuels. Les figures obtenues permettent d'ébaucher une typologie structurelle de la diffusion de ces contenus, montrant comment différents régimes d'expression cohabitent sur les réseaux sociaux. La tension entre énonciation et discours qui régit les plateformes Web se manifeste dans des motifs particuliers de circulation des contenus en ligne. Nous pouvons ainsi formuler des recommandations pour l'analyse et la conception de stratégies de communication en ligne d'organismes tant privés que publics. Néanmoins, le caractère exploratoire de cette étude et la difficulté de comprendre les actions humaines par une simple analyse de données nous invite à refuser une généralisation a priori des résultats, préférant considérer ce travail comme la première validation d'une méthodologie pouvant être étendue à d'autres formes de conversations en ligne.

Данная статья посвящена рассмотрению динамики уровня жизни российского населения в постсоветский период, который измеряется системой показателей, характеризующих доходы, расходы и потребление домохозяйств. Анализ тенденций в изменении благосостояния домашних хозяйств базируется на двух источниках информации: данные официальной статистики, опубликованные в сборниках и на сайте Росстата; результаты репрезентативных выборочных обследований домашних хозяйств. Там, где это возможно, показатели, полученные на основе официальной статистики и микроданных, сопоставляются. Анализ уровня и структуры доходов позволяет сделать вывод о том, что за 20 лет постсоветского развития в среднем по всем семьям реальные душевые доходы увеличились в полтора раза. Это означает, что в настоящее время в секторе домохозяйств экономика имеет дело с качественно новым уровнем денежных ресурсов. Основные характеристики структуры расходов и потребления российских домохозяйств, индикаторы бедности указывают на то, что мы достаточно далеко продвинулись по пути формирования нового потребительского стандарта, в рамках которого появляются возможность для инвестирования ресурсов домохозяйств в повышение качества человеческого капитала и жизнесохраняющее поведение. Модель выживания перестала быть массовой. ; This paper analyses the dynamics of living standards of the Russian population in the post-Soviet period. It considers a comprehensive system of indicators of living standards, including cash income, expenditure and consumption measures. The data for the report comes from two sources – the national macro-statistics and independent sociological surveys. The government statistics and the microdata are compared whenever possible. The year 1991, the one that preceded the market transformation in Russia, was chosen as a starting point of analysis. Ideally the year 1990 – the last year of the Soviet state – should have been selected as the base year. Unfortunately, the statistical data on some key economic indicators for the year 1990 is not available. Noteworthy, several indicators were included in the national statistics even later (for example, the concept of poverty was introduced only in 1992). Therefore, some tables and figures in this report start from the later base year. For the last twenty years of post-Soviet era the income of the Russian population has increased by 50% in real terms. It means that by now the household sector of economy has accumulated substantial material resources. The growth dynamics of the main components of income resulted in a specific income model with the following features: a slow growth of pensions; a high importance of new income sources, such as income from property and entrepreneurial activities; a high share of non-observed earnings. Further economic development is compounded by high income inequality, especially by high regional disparities; the concentration of income from property and enterpreneural activity in small segments of the population, and the absence of an adequate social security system, which would enable the middle class to maintain their standard of living after retirement. However, with more people being involved in financial activities such as credit and savings behavior, there is a tendency of higher income stabilization along the lifecourse. The main characteristics of the structure of household income and consumption, as well as poverty indices, point out that Russia is on the way to formation of a new consumer standard. This new standard is characterized by a tendency to invest a bigger share of household resources in human capital in order to increase the life chances. The survival-oriented model ceased to be typical for most people. The share of food products in total household consumption has declined, while the share of services has doubled for the last twenty years. Even among the poor households (those with income below the subsistence minimum level) every second one has a personal computer and every third one – a personal car. Almost everyone has a cell phone. By now, all groups of Russian population have to pay a bigger share of their income for housing and utilities. More than a half of all households has shifted their consumer preferences to buying cars, paying for transport and communication services, as well as eating out, cultural activities, entertainment and travel. The most prosperous and well-educated people invest their resources into health care and further education, demanding services of higher quality. They also require higher transparency in provision of these services, which includes a responsibility of providers for poor quality.

The recent advancement in the field of high quality computer graphics and the capability of inexpensive computers to render realistic 3D scenes have made it possible to develop virtual environments where two or more users can co-exist and work collaboratively to achieve a common goal. Such environments are called Collaborative Virtual Environments (CVEs). The potential application domains of CVEs are many, such as military, medical, assembling, computer aided designing, teleoperation, education, games and social networks etc. One of the problems related to CVEs is the user's low level of awareness about the status, actions and intentions of his/her collaborator, which not only reduces users' performance but also leads to non satisfactory results. In addition, collaborative tasks without using any proper computer generated assistance are very dicult to perform and are more prone to errors. The basic theme of this thesis is to provide assistance in collaborative 3D interaction in CVEs. In this context, we study and develop the concept of multimodal (audio, visual and haptic) assistance of a user or group of users. Our study focuses on how we can assist users to collaboratively interact with the entities of CVEs. We propose here to study and analyze the contribution of multimodal assistance in collaborative (synchronous and asynchronous) interaction with objects in the virtual environment. Indeed, we propose and implement various multimodal virtual guides. These guides are evaluated through a series of experiments where selection/manipulation task is carried out by users both in synchronous and asynchronous mode. The experiments were carried out in LISA (Laboratoire d'Ingénierie et Systèmes Automatisés) lab at University of Angers and IBISC (Informatique, Biologie Integrative et Systemes Complexes) lab at University of Evry. In these experiments users were asked to perform a task under various conditions ( with and without guides). Analysis was done on the basis of task completion time, errors and users' learning. For subjective evaluations questionnaires were used. The ndings of this research work can contribute to the development of collaborative systems for teleoperation, assembly tasks, e-learning, rehabilitation, computer aided design and entertainment. ; Les progrès récents dans le domaine de l'infographie et la capacité des ordinateurs personnels de rendre les scènes 3D réalistes ont permis de développer des environnements virtuels dans lesquels plusieurs utilisateurs peuvent co-exister et travailler ensemble pour atteindre un objectif commun. Ces environnements sont appelés Environnements Virtuels Collaboratifs (EVCs). Les applications potentielles des EVCs sont dans les domaines militaire, medical, l'assemblage, la conception assistee par ordinateur, la teleoperation, l'éducation, les jeux et les réseaux sociaux. Un des problemes liés aux EVCs est la faible connaissance des utilisateurs concernant l'état, les actions et les intentions de leur(s) collaborateur(s). Ceci reduit non seulement la performance collective, mais conduit également à des résultats non satisfaisants. En outre, les tâches collaboratives ou coopératives réalisées sans aide ou assistance, sont plus difficiles et plus sujettes aux erreurs. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous étudions l'influence de guides multi-modaux sur la performance des utilisateurs lors de tâches collaboratives en environnement virtuel (EV). Nous proposons un certain nombre de guides basés sur les modalites visuelle, auditive et haptique. Dans ce contexte, nous étudions leur qualité de guidage et examinons leur influence sur l'awareness, la co-presence et la coordination des utilisateurs pendant la réalisation des tâches. A cette effet, nous avons développé une architecture logicielle qui permet la collaboration de deux (peut être étendue à plusieurs utiliateurs) utilisateurs (distribués ou co-localisés). En utilisant cette architecture, nous avons développé des applications qui non seulement permettent un travail collaboratif, mais fournissent aussi des assistances multi-modales aux utilisateurs. Le travail de collaboration soutenu par ces applications comprend des tâches de type "Peg-in-hole", de télé-manipulation coopérative via deux robots, de télé-guidage pour l'écriture ou le dessin. Afin d'évaluer la pertinence et l'influence des guides proposés, une série d'expériences a ete effectuée au LISA (Laboratoire d'Ingénierie et Systemes Automatisés) à l'Université d'Angers et au Laboratoire IBISC (Informatique, Biologie Integrative et Systemes Complexes) à l'Université d'Evry. Dans ces expériences, les utilisateurs ont été invités à effectuer des tâches variées, dans des conditions différentes (avec et sans guides). L'analyse a été effectuée sur la base du temps de réalisation des tâches, des erreurs et de l'apprentissage des utilisateurs. Pour les évaluations subjectives des questionnaires ont été utilisés. Ce travail contribue de manière signicative au développement de systèmes collaboratifs pour la téléoperation, la simulation d'assemblage, l'apprentissage de gestes techniques, la rééducation, la conception assistée par ordinateur et le divertissement.

In light of the existing copyright system and the latest developments of the law of the European Union (with a special focus on the authors' home country, Hungary) and the United States, the article tries to answer whether and how the phenomena of Web 2.0 and P2P ("peer-to-peer" filesharing), the digitization for cultural preservation, and several other special technologies affect the culture of our age. This article argues that the several different usages influence the culture in three main ways: it can improve, preserve or deteriorate the culture. Naturally, it is hard to determine, if a use is either right or wrong. For example, P2P filesharing services are generally used for illegal purposes, despite the fact that the technology has several positive effects. Vice versa: one example of Web 2.0, YouTube, collects millions of home videos created by "average users". However, episodes of copyrighted TV shows or sports events are also accessible on the YouTube servers. Similarly, the Google Books Project impressively aims to preserve and provide access to millions of books in digital form. However, the original plan to execute the project raised legitimate copyright and competition law concerns, and so it sheds another light on Google. To sum up: only time will tell, whether a technological innovation or use will result in the improvement of culture or contribute to the deterioration of it. Due to the technological revolution almost all areas of life have undergone a major transformation in the past few decades. Digital technologies earned a vital role in this reform, since they made time, space and energy saving activities possible through replacing analogue technologies.2 Digital technology heavily affected intellectual creative activity as well. The spread of digital technologies have had at least two important consequences: first, intellectual creations may be copied and changed without limitation and without changing the quality.3 Second, due to the evolution of digital networks the distribution of, access to, and the forming of an opinion on accessible works has changed too: it has become easier, faster and more effective – both in time and in place. The traditional forms of human communication have been generally changed as well. Nowadays, people cannot imagine their life without digital technologies. Social networking sites, chat rooms, blogs, podcasts, e-newspapers, or streaming of TV or radio programs are great examples. The evolution of an entirely new digital culture is apparent. Intellectual creative activity has become something of a norm in our everyday lives. It would appear that besides the traditional copyright paradigm a new copyright conception emerges, where the user-generated content earns great importance.4 Due to the mass creation of works of literature, musical and audiovisual works, and photographs the respect of copyright law and intellectual creativity has partially disappeared. The young digital generations – by lack of a better example – may feel that easier, faster and cheaper accessible materials do not have any monetary value. The article starts with an introduction that introduces three separate effects of digital technologies upon the improvement, preservation, and deterioration of digital culture. Part two discusses the phenomena of Web 2.0, i.e. the way internet users communicate via the World Wide Web and contribute to culture at the same time. This part makes it clear that the present copyright rules are capable of solving the legal controversies raised by Web 2.0. Part three reflects upon the controversial question of file sharing. The article concludes that though file sharing may have several positive effects, it is clear that it the application is generally used for illegal activities, and therefore has a remarkable negative effect upon the entertainment industry and culture. Part four introduces the topic of digitization of already existing works, and emphasizes that there are several major differences between the existing copyright regimes of the European Union, the United Kingdom, Hungary and the United States. The author proposes consideration on whether it is necessary to broaden current statutory rules on digitization by libraries, in order to allow for the much broader preservation and making available of the valuable cultural heritage of our world. Based upon this logical line of events the article will continue to introduce the main effects of digital technologies upon the culture: the improvement, the deterioration and the preservation of culture.

During the last ten years, the internet and the World‐Wide‐Web have fundamentally changed how the world works. Few decades ago, it took a mail three weeks for it to cross the Atlantic. Nowadays with the use of e‐mail, the mail is there in a fraction of a second, traveling at the speed of light. Information exchange and communication is almost instant from all corners of the world, dramatically shrinking the boundaries and limitations of the past, to an extent that some have started to call the world a 'global village'. The internet is the main driver of globalization, the integration of economic, political, cultural, religious, and social systems reaching the across world. This movement will only gain more momentum as more use people reach the web, and generation internet users approach work, learning and play in new ways. The internet has sweep across entire industries, and radically altered the way they do business. A good example is the book printing industry. In the past, printing a book was a risky proposition. Only a certain amount of books where printed. If they sold well, they quickly where out of stoke and if they didn't sell the publisher was stuck with many copies of the same book. Nowadays the books are printed on demand, only after a customer has ordered a book via online. This reduces the fixed production cost almost to zero. As a result, far more people are able to print and sell there books than ever before, and customers have a wider pallet of products. An other good example is the entertainment business. In the past, a large budget, studios, actors among others things where required to shoot a movie. Nowadays anyone with a camcorder can film something and post it online, reaching an audience far grater that was previously possible. On the other hand, there are certain industries have not been changed dramatically by the internet revolution. One of these industries is education. "In many ways education has lagged behind some of these trends and is just beginning to feel their wake." Terms as 'e‐learning' and 'computer based training' have been around for some time now, but where not able to find enough traction to have an impact on the landscape. But recently, the technology aspect as well as new pedagogic alternatives had caught up with e‐learning that have the potential of revolutionizing not only learning via the internet but learning as a whole. Since this market is still in the early stages, it is basically untapped. Organizations that take advantage of this an invest in e‐learning have the potential of being very successful. What is e‐learning? What benefits and disadvantages does it pose for the organization that wants start using this medium as a platform? What criteria is important when selecting the technology (LMS)? How should it be implemented? These questions are the backbone of this graduation thesis. They will be explained with a practical example, by implementing a LMS for a small American Company (E‐Hazwoper University), from start to finish. This document is divided into two parts: theoretical and practical segments. The theoretical segment starts with a general definition of what both E‐Learning and Learning Management System mean. Followed by discussion of the advantage, disadvantage and common misconceptions regarding e‐learning. Followed by a discussion talks about the 2.0 Generation, and how the landscape of the internet has been dramatically changing for the last few years. The last part of the theoretical segment provides a brief description of the general pedagogic philosophies that are relevant o the subject. The practical segment first discusses the Business Context. Here a general information about the host company is provided, followed by the project proposal. Next is the Design chapter, where detailed information about both the functional and technical requirements are defined and the different software alternaives are discussed and reviewed in order determine what alternative is better suited to meet all the business needs. Now with an alternative chosen, the Development phase follows. All required installation and addition configuration in order to have a functional service are described here. The last chapter is the Rollout, where the application itself is properly configured, tested and accommodated to the business standards.