Suchergebnisse

Durante su rol de oidor y justicia en el Charcas colonial (1561-1579), Juan de Matienzo compuso y remitió a la Corona un vasto corpus documental, constituido por cartas, informes y un tratado jurídico de gran espesor, titulado Gobierno del Perú (1567). Más allá de sus agudas apreciaciones jurídicas -de gran valor para la historia del derecho indiano- y de sus disposiciones político-tributarias, este último texto contiene una discursividad sobre el indio que cabe en la lógica de una protoetnografía que fue instrumental al proyecto colonial de sujeción laboral en la agitada década de 1560-70. Analizamos, a partir de algunos fragmentos textuales contenidos en la primera parte de esta obra capital, las clasificaciones de identidad sobre la población indígena y su estrecha relación con el determinismo laboral de aquellos. Postulamos que dicha naturalización antropológica fue el antecedente discursivo para la legitimidad de un orden clasificatorio, funcional al colonialismo peninsular de fines del siglo XVI. Además, ponemos en evidencia el hecho de que la autoridad de sus descripciones sobre la alteridad se sostuvo sobre la declaración de un conocimiento generado in situ y, al unísono, de los usos estratégicos que le dio a la tradición clásica (con énfasis en Aristóteles y Platón). ; While acting as a judge in colonial Charcas (1561-1579), Juan de Matienzo wrote and dispatched to the Crown a vast corpus of documents, integrated by letters, reports and a thick treaty entitled Gobierno del Perú (1567). Beyond his sharp legal observations –highly valuable for the history of indigenous rights– and his political and tax provisions, the treaty also contains a discourse on indigenous peoples that fits in the logic of a protoethnography that was instrumental in the colonial project of labor subjugation in the turbulent decades of 1560-70. Based on textual fragments contained in the first part of this seminal work, we analyze the mutual relationship between identity classifications of indigenous people and its close relation with their labor determinism. We argue that this anthropological naturalization was the discursive precedent for legitimizing a classificatory order, which was functional to peninsular colonialism of late 16th century. Furthermore, we reveal how the authority of Juan de Matienzo's descriptions of otherness was sustained by the declaration of an in situ knowledge, as well as the strategic uses he granted to the classical tradition (with emphasis on Artistotle and Plato).

[spa] El antifranquismo como conglomerado de movimientos sociales de resistencia goza de una atención historiográfica abundante. Las compartimentaciones partidistas, las controversias ideológicas y las lógicas y dinámicas políticas que permitían diferenciar etapas han sido ampliamente estudiadas y reconocidas. Esta preocupación generalizada por tratar el antifranquismo como parte de la historia de las instituciones políticas, ha tenido como consecuencia una falta de atención a la forma en que toda esta actividad se llevaba a cabo, es decir, el reconocimiento de las dimensiones más oscuras de la actividad clandestina. Las técnicas concretas de ocultación, las estrategias de camuflaje, las competencias para lograr la invisibilidad, las redes de contacto que funcionaron a partir de las necesidades cotidianas, de los sentimientos compartidos, los afectos resentidos, todo lo que conformaría la capa freática de la que alimentaría cualquier cristalización posterior pero de la que dependía en última instancia. Atender a esta dimensión oculta de la vida social en la lucha contra la dictadura en Catalunya constituye el argumento principal de esta investigación. La aplicación de enfoques específicamente antropológicos ha permitido enfatizar tanto la dimensión tecnologicomaterial -las maneras de luchar, el "cómo" de la lucha- y la comparación intercultural, asociada en este caso al secreto como recurso y código culturalmente pautados. ; [eng] The antifranquismo as a conglomerate of social resistance movements have so many historiographical attention. The different political points of view, ideological disputes and logical and dynamic policies that allowed different moments and positions, have been widely studied and recognized. This general concern about treating antifranquismo as part of the history of political institutions, has resulted in a lack of attention to how all this activity was carried out, as a recognition of the darkest dimensions of the clandestine activity. Specific concealment techniques, camouflage strategies and skills to achieve invisibility, the networks that activated from the diary needs of shared feelings, resentful feelings, as a kind of underworld focused on making possible the real materialization of that context, and from everything settle the water table from which ultimately depended. To take care of this hidden dimension of social life in the struggle against the dictatorship in Catalonia is the main argument of this research. The application of anthropological approaches allowed to emphasize both the technologic-material dimension -the ways to fight the "how" of the struggle- and cross-cultural comparison, associated in this case to the secret code as a resource and cultural pattern.

Taxes have been in force since antiquity as the Estate needs them to meet the requirements of society, generating a direct link between citizens and government. From History, Economy, Politics and Society, several important events have been described, being taxation the main tool used in order to achieve strategies and measures to get improvements in the economic model of the states. To implement improvements about tax tools, Ecuador and other countries have based their experience on the nearest countries or regions. That is why in 1997, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has been created, changing the taxation system in Ecuador, implementing a set of legal reforms and tax regulations; technological improvements, transparency campaigns aimed to control, eradicate fraud, evasion and avoidance of taxes. It is considered as tax evasion, the use of legal means in order to avoid and minimize tax payments. Tax avoidance stops the objectives fulfillment of the Tax Administration, decreasing State revenues and reducing equity in paying taxes. This research work done in Chimborazo Province, is aimed to the gap accuracy of the 1% payment on the domain transfer of used vehicles. ; La exigencia de tributos está vigente desde la antigüedad ya que la hacienda necesita de ello para cubrir las necesidades de la sociedad, generándose un vínculo directo entre los ciudadanos y el gobierno. Desde la historia, la economía, la política y la sociedad, se han descrito acontecimientos importantes siendo la tributación la principal herramienta utilizada para conseguir estrategias y medidas aplicadas para conseguir mejoras en el modelo económico de los estados. El Ecuador y otros países, se basan en la experiencia obtenida de los países más cercanos o de la región para implementar mejoras en sus herramientas tributarias. En el año 1997, se crea el Servicio de Rentas Internas, institución que genera un cambio en la tributación del Ecuador implementando un conjunto de reformas legales y reglamentos tributarios; mejoras tecnológicas, campañas de transparencia encaminadas al control; erradicar el fraude, la evasión y elusión fiscal. Se considera como elusión fiscal a la acción, en la utilización de vías legales que persigue evitar y minimizar el pago de tributos. La elusión fiscal, impide que se cumplan los objetivos de la administración tributaria, disminuyendo los ingresos del Estado y reduciendo la equidad en la contribución. El presente trabajo de investigación está dirigido a la brecha de veracidad en el valor de pago del impuesto al 1% de la transferencia de dominio de vehículos usados, tomando como referencia a la provincia de Chimborazo.

[English]: The Neapolitan Society of Homeland History was created in 1875 through the will of some Neapolitan politicians and scholars, who borrowed its structure from previously established historical societies. Like the other Italian institutions, the Neapolitan association was also primarily interested in the publication of sources, the defense of autonomy, and the attempt to reconcile the smaller and the larger nation. The objective was twofold: to reinforce the ties between the local people and the Savoy dynasty, and to underline, through historical memory, the local contribution made to the process of nation building. Through the biographical reconstruction of some members of the Neapolitan historical society, it is well understood that nothing that happened in the city took place far from the institution; from the control of public instruction to the protection of monuments, to the administration of charity organizations. Although there were already some prestigious cultural associations, the historical society knew how to create a wide network of relationships, thanks to the policy of open membership and a fairly accessible membership fee. The events which took place at this institution, reconstructed here from its founding to 1946, through previously unpublished documentary sources and a full bibliography, are thus useful for those who wish to learn about the cultural dynamics of southern continental Italy and the period following the Unification / [Italiano]: La Società Napoletana di Storia Patria fu creata nel 1875 per volontà di alcuni politici e studiosi napoletani, mutuando la sua struttura dalle società storiche già sorte. Come gli altri istituti italiani, anche il sodalizio napoletano ebbe come primari interessi l'edizione di fonti, la difesa della propria autonomia, il tentativo di conciliare piccola e grande patria. Lo scopo era duplice: rafforzare il legame tra la popolazione e la dinastia sabauda ed evidenziare, tramite le memorie locali, il contributo dato al processo di nation building. Attraverso la ricostruzione biografica di alcuni membri della società storica napoletana, si comprende bene che nulla di ciò che accadeva in città era lontano dall'istituto: dal controllo dell'istruzione pubblica alla tutela dei monumenti, all'amministrazione degli enti di beneficenza. Pur essendoci già prestigiosi cenacoli culturali, la società storica seppe creare infatti un'ampia rete di rapporti, grazie anche al numero aperto delle iscrizioni e a una quota associativa tutto sommato accessibile. Le vicende di questo istituto, qui ricostruite dall'anno di fondazione al 1946 attraverso fonti documentarie inedite e una ricca bibliografia, si rivelano pertanto utili per chi voglia conoscere da vicino le dinamiche culturali del Mezzogiorno continentale all'indomani dell'Unità.

Investigated the history of creation, establishment and main stages of activity one of the first social democratic structures that appeared in Ukraine in the first years of independence – the United Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (USDPU). Despite the high authority of social democratic ideology in the world, its popularity in most European countries, there is little interest in native historians to study the social democratic movement in Ukraine in general and in particular USDPU. Affluent society, largely, associated with social democracy the economic prosperity, political and social stability, equality and mutual respect between people, the activity of integration processes and their progress. Social Democracy is the ideology of the people of wage labor, which is majority in any state. The main values of any progressive society are the ideals of freedom, justice and solidarity. Therefore, it is quite important to observe the experience of activity of Ukrainian and European Social Democrats. It is an urgent need for Ukraine to reform the system of government, strengthening civil society and joining Euro Atlantic community. In addition, the experience of Social Democrats would be very useful. In the same time, for modern local historians, it would be important to understand why the Social Democratic party of Ukraine is not influential political force in the country. Perhaps the answer for this question is lying on the first steps of unsuccessful party building? It is a challenge for Ukrainian politicians to find the compromises. Therefore, special attention focused on the ability of Ukrainian social democrats in 1992–1993 to find the understanding to reach the main goals. ; Исследована история создания, становления и основные этапы деятельности одной из первых социал- демократических структур, что возникли в Украине в первые годы независимости – Объединенной социал- демократической партии Украины (ОСДПУ). Несмотря на высокий авторитет социал-демократической идеологии в мире, еѐ популярность в большинстве ведущих европейских государств, отмечается незначи- тельный интерес отечественных историков к изучению социал-демократического движения Украины в целом и ОСДПУ в отдельности. Акцентируется внимание на способности украинских эсдэков находить взаимо- понимание во имя достижения своих главных целей ; Досліджено історію створення, становлення та основні етапи діяльності однієї з перших соціал-демократичних структур, що з'явилися в Україні в перші роки незалеж- ності – Об'єднаної соціал-демократичної партії України (ОСДПУ). Незважаючи на високий авторитет соціал-демократичної ідеології у світі, її популярність у більшості євро- пейських держав, відзначається незначний інтерес вітчизняних істориків до вивчення соціал-демократичного руху України загалом й ОСДПУ зокрема. Акцентується увага на здатності українських есдеків знаходити порозуміння задля досягнення своїх головних цілей

Accurate measures of nematode fecundity can provide important information for investigating parasite life history evolution, transmission potential, and effects on host health. Understanding differences among fecundity assessment protocols and standardizing methods, where possible, will enable comparisons across different studies and host and parasite species and systems. Using the trichostrongyle nematode Cooperia fuelleborni isolated from wild African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), we compared egg recovery and enumeration between two methods for measuring the fecundity of female worms. The first method, in utero egg count, involves visual enumeration of the eggs via microscopic inspection of the uterine system. The second method, ex utero egg count, involves dissolving the same specimens from above in a sodium chloride solution to release the eggs from the female's uterus, then enumeration under an inverted microscope. On average, the ex utero method resulted in 34% more eggs than the in utero method. However, results indicate that the two methods used to quantify parasitic nematode fecundity are highly correlated. Thus, while both methods are viable options for estimating relative nematode fecundity, we recommend caution in undertaking comparative studies that utilize egg count data collected using different methods. ; National Science Foundation Ecology of Infectious Diseases Grant [DEB-1102493, EF-0723928]; Georgia Museum of Natural History's Joshua Laerm Academic Support Award for Undergraduate Research; NSFNational Science Foundation (NSF) [DEB-1102493]; NSF Population of Infectious Diseases REU Program at the University of Georgia [DBI-1156707] ; Many thanks to South Africa National Parks Veterinary Services for assistance with the animal capture operations. We thank R. Spaan, J. Spaan, A. Majewska, J. Alagappan, C. Becker, B. Beechler, E. Belinfante, E. Gorsich, C. Gondhalekar, C. Hebbale, T. Lavelle, L. Leathers, L. Megow, T. Mowla, A. Petrelli, K. Raum, N. Rogers, K. Sakamoto, P. Snyder, and M. Smith for invaluable assistance in the field and in the lab. All animal protocols were approved by the UGA Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (AUP#: A2013 08-017-Y1-A0; AUP#: A2010 10-190-Y3-A5). This work was funded by the National Science Foundation Ecology of Infectious Diseases Grant to VOE and AEJ (DEB-1102493, EF-0723928). LVA was supported by a Georgia Museum of Natural History's Joshua Laerm Academic Support Award for Undergraduate Research and an NSF REU supplement to DEB-1102493; JR was supported by the NSF Population of Infectious Diseases REU Program at the University of Georgia (DBI-1156707). ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

The history of the development of the Ukrainian medical education and the influence of various historical events on this process are studied. The historical stages in the reform of higher medical education have been established. The peculiarities of the organization of the educational process in various medical schools at each stage of the state development and educational policy are highlighted, which makes it possible to properly assess the positive and negative trends in the formation of experience in all areas of state policy for the creation of modern, progressive models for the functioning of Ukraine and national education. The organization and formation of medical education in Ukraine as an indispensable component in the development of a progressive, qualified and healthy society is analyzed. ; L'histoire du développement de l'éducation médicale ukrainienne et l'influence de divers événements historiques sur ce processus sont étudiés. Les étapes historiques de la réforme de l'enseignement supérieur médical ont été établies. Il met en évidence les caractéristiques de l'organisation du processus éducatif dans diverses écoles de médecine à tous les stades de développement de l'État et de la politique d'éducation qui permet d'évaluer correctement les tendances positives et négatives dans la formation de l'expérience dans tous les domaines de la politique publique pour créer un modèle moderne et progressiste du fonctionnement de l'Ukraine et de l'éducation nationale. L'organisation et la formation de l'enseignement médical en Ukraine en tant qu'élément indispensable au développement d'une société progressiste, qualifiée et en bonne santé sont analysées. ; Исследовано историю становления развития украинского медицинского образования и влияние на этот процес различных исторических событий. Встановлены исторические этапы в реформировании высшего медицинского образования. Освещены особенности организации учебного процесса в различных медицинских учебных заведениях на каждом этапе развития государства и образовательной политики, что дает возможность правильно оценивать позитивные и негативные тенденции формирования опыта во всех областях государственной политики для создания современных, прогрессивных моделей функционирования Украины и национального образования. Проанализировано организацию и становлениее медицинского образования в Украине как необходимого компонента в развитии прогрессивного, квалифицированого и здорового общества. ; Досліджено історію становлення розвитку української медичної освіти та вплив на цей процес різних історичних подій. Встановлено історичні етапи в реформуванні вищої медичної освіти. Висвітлено особливості організації навчального процесу в різних медичних навчальних закладах на кожному етапі розвитку держави і освітньої політики, що дає можливість правильно оцінювати позитивні і негативні тенденції формування досвіду у всіх областях державної політики для створення сучасних, прогресивних моделей функціонування України і національної освіти. Проаналізовано організацію та становлення медичної освіти в Україні як необхідного компонента в розвитку прогресивного, кваліфікованість і здорового суспільства.

Great challenges come for the world. Climatic change, clean energy, petroleum, politic points of view using science for their own benefit. During the last months, the catastrophes have been in the spotlight, not only for those who work on the sciences side to relieve the pain caused or avoid the consequences, but also those states' managers trying to reach political objectives as the earth stills moving, the water continues running through streets and housings; when the forest fires are not completely extinguished, some people is looking for economic or ideology tributes. It's part of our history. From the character Rhett Butler in Gone with the wind, the inspiring American novel, who made a vast fortune with the war, toward the contractors around the world drying public budgets as they explain the "risk management" concept. But science and politic are not going hand-in-hand.Recently, the Andean Region in South America has been the scenery of record-breaking floods and landslides; Peru was hit by heavy rains causing damages in the capital city Lima and the northern part of the country. In Colombia, the same heavy rains caused by El Niño climate cycle destroyed two neighborhoods in Mocoa, southern city capital of a department, state equivalent. Three hundreds of people died. At the same time, Bolivia is struggling with the drought consequences of climatic change. Country by country in this subcontinent the landscape is similar. A political earthquake was the recent marches celebrated around the globe claiming for respect and support for the science. "We are marching today to remind people everywhere, our lawmakers especially, of the significance of science for our health and prosperity," said in Washington Bill Nye, a science educator with the fame of a rock star. People knows the solution for a better future is in the hands of our politicians; their decisions will allow the development or the constraint of the science. "Science, not silence," "Oceans are rising, and so are we," "Fund Science = Fun Future," "Policy without science is a Biohazard," "Science is not a partisan issue, it is the foundation of our society," "Science is NOT an opinion," were some of the messages exhibited by demonstrators in their marches.Humbly, from the Earth Sciences Research Journal, we want to adhere the same message: "It's not magic, it's science!" We present to you this new volume, is not so so much, but we hope every little bit helps.

The article is devoted to the main questions of folk-instrumental performance such as a pedagogical problem in the historic context of professional training of Music art teacher. The text reveals the global historic stages of the development of music-instrumental performance in the conditions of Ukrainian state.In the context of the article the main groups of musical instruments in historic aspect of their origin, such as: percussion instruments, wind- instruments and stringed instruments have been considered. The aim of this article is to research and determine common ways which are related to the problem of professional training of future Music art teachers to instrumental-performing activity, according to the conditions of historic formation of musical folkinstrumental performance. The subject-matter of the paper is to present the importance and necessity of mastering certain theoretical base of knowledge relating to the history of the origin of folk-instruments and problem of performance on these music instruments also. The article starts with a short discussion of global questions, which relate to the problem of professional training of future Music ar teachers to instrumental-performing activity in the conditions of modern society. The author of this paper uses the following methods of studying, which are needed for the effectiveness of pedagogical process: comparison, generalization, classification, analysis, illustration and others. In his text the author references to the research works of well-known researchers who studied this problem of the historic development of folk-instrumental performance. It must emphasized that problem of the development of Ukrainian folkinstrumental performance was connected with common historic events of Ukrainian government system. The author shows an analogy of the development between instrumental-performing activity in the conditions of professional training of concert instrumental performers in the system of special musical education and professional training of future Music art teacher in the system of music-pedagogic education also. The final paragraph describes the basic dates of the formation of musicpedagogic faculties in the system of Ukrainian state pedagogical institutions. The conclusion of this article emphasizes to necessity of studying of folkinstrumental performance. ; Стаття присвячена основним питанням історії народноінструментального виконавства як педагогічної проблеми. Мета статтіполягає в дослідженні та визначенні загальноісторичних аспектів розвиткународного інструментального виконавства при професійній підготовцімайбутніх учителів музичного мистецтва. Предметом статті є визначення таоволодіння необхідними теоретичними знаннями щодо історії народноінструментального виконавства. У статті автор використовує різноманітніметоди науково-педагогічного дослідження, а також надає класифікаціюетапів ставлення української музично-педагогічної освіти.

The article deals with the problem of defining the role of education in theformation and development of Ukrainian Kozakdom. There are describedpolitical, socio-economic, cultural and religious conditions of the development ofUkrainian society in the 16-18 centuries. It is noted that after the Union of Lublinin 1569 Ukrainian society suffered from offensive of Catholicism, spreading ofserfdom and Polonization. The answer of the Ukrainian people was the growth ofthe authority and role of Cossacks – the only capable force that can put an end tothe assimilation of the Ukrainian nation. The article examines the concepts ofUkrainian Cossacks and investigates the causes of activation of educationalpolicy in Ukrainian society in the last quarter of the 16th century. These reasonswere destructive educational activities of the Jesuits, renegacy of Ukrainian elite,urgent need to protect the natural rights of the Ukrainian eople. It is found thateducation contributed to the formation of Kozakdom as a powerful military andpolitical force of Ukrainian society, due to education there appeared real leadersamong the Cossacks, endowed with well-developed intellect, moral virtues,military capabilities. In this research there was elicited a link between the spreadof education and the development of Ukrainian Cossacks, there were givenhistorical examples of prominent representatives of Cossack elders and found thereasons for their success in the context of the education they had received. Theinformation of the article proves that the education was very popular amongdifferent classes of Ukrainian society in the 17-18th centuries, it allowed to createthe best examples of a democratic social order of the Zaporozhian Sich Republic.In the future it made possible to establish a network of schools in Zaporizhzhyawhere future Cossacks were taught to read, write, count, music, poetry; studentsachieved significant success in physical training, military and sports training,mastered the basics of traditional medicine and astronomy.The result of acombination of military valor and educational training was the development ofthe chivalric code, which the Cossacks guided in everyday life. The UkrainianCossacks in their history constantly demonstrated the benefits of education andthus achieved significant diplomatic successes and victories over enemies. ; У статті розглянуто проблему визначення ролі освіти у становленні йрозвитку українського козацтва. Схарактеризовано політичні, соціальноекономічній культурно-релігійні умови розвитку українського суспільствау 16-18 століттях, проаналізовано концепції виникнення феноменаукраїнського козацтва та причини активізації освітньої політики вукраїнському суспільстві в останній чверті 16 століття. Цим дослідженнямвстановлено зв'язок між поширенням освіти і розвитком українськогокозацтва, наведено історичні приклади видатних представників козацькоїстаршини і з'ясовано причини їх успіхів у контексті отриманої ними освіти.

Although most political historians presumably acknowledge the vital importance of ideas in politics, the relation between political ideas and power relations remains a remarkably neglected topic in political history. This article assesses the role of political ideas in times of deep political crisis, focusing on the Dutch neoliberals, who fiercely opposed the emerging welfare state in the aftermath of the SecondWorld War. As the early neoliberals did not establish parties of their own, political historians have overlooked this particular political movement. Nevertheless, the early neoliberals provide a fascinating departure point for a closer examination of the political power of ideas.As this article demonstrates, neoliberals departed from social liberalism and classical liberalism in the late 1930s, and established an influential, transnational political network. After the Second World War, they managed to gain substantial publicity for their 'battle of ideas' against social security, without establishing parties of their own. Due to their fierce opposition to social democrats, neoliberals would play a fundamental role in the establishment of a new left-right division in Dutch politics. In doing so, they caused an internal division of the mainstream Christian democratic parties over socio-economic issues and delayed the development of the Dutch welfare state. Hoewel de meeste politiek historici het belang van ideeën in de politiek niet zullen ontkennen, is de invloed van ideeën op politieke machtsvorming nauwelijks onderzocht. Dit artikel behandelt de rol van politieke ideeën in crisistijd, en vestigt daarbij de aandacht op de Nederlandse neoliberalen. Kort na de Tweede Wereldoorlog voerden zij een felle ideeënstrijd tegen de oprukkende verzorgingsstaat. Omdat deze neoliberalen geen eigen partijen oprichtten, maarstreefden naar invloed binnen gevestigde partijen, zijn zij in de politiekegeschiedschrijving tot nu toe onopgemerkt gebleven. Juist door hun afwijkende organisatievorm bieden zij echter een interessant aanknopingspunt om de relatie tussen ideeën en politieke machtsvorming nader te onderzoeken.Uit de analyse blijkt dat de neoliberalen, die zich sinds het late interbellum afkeerden van het sociaal-liberalisme én het klassiek-liberalisme, na de beurskrach van 1929 een invloedrijk, internationaal netwerk opbouwden. Na de oorlog zochten zij de publiciteit met hun felle ideeënstrijd tegen sociale zekerheid, zonder daarbij tot partijvorming over te gaan. Met hun strijd tegen de sociaaldemocraten stonden de neoliberalen aan de basis van de naoorlogse links-rechtstegenstelling in de Nederlandse politiek, die de confessionele middenpartijen ernstig zou verdelen op sociaaleconomisch terrein. De verzorgingsstaat kon in Nederland dan ook pas worden opgebouwd nadat deze neoliberale weerstand in de jaren vijftig werd gebroken.

The synthesis and systematization of the literature on the history of modern economic reform, accumulated over more than twenty years, allow us to streamline the existing ideas about the processes occurring in the framework of transformations and to set a new vector for comprehending the socio-economic development of Russia in the last decade of the 20th century and the first decades of the 21st century. A step in this direction is the analysis of publications reflecting the preparation, progress and results of state and municipal property privatization in the 1990s. The historiographical review includes monographs and articles written by both the apologists of accelerated privatization, and their opponents and critics. The review of this literature reveals a range of opinions on the preferences for the denationalizing Russian economy, evaluation of the results of privatization by the end of the 1990s, and the possibility of alternative ways to improve the efficiency of domestic enterprises. In particular, it is noted that the apologists of accelerated privatization (E. T. Gaidar, A. B. Chubais) focus on the quantitative indicators of State and municipal property transfer into private ownership. Critics of the Government's privatization option prefer talking about qualitative implications of "property revolution", including reducing the efficiency of privatized enterprises, falling living standards, deteriorating the legal status of employees. In the first part of the article, the author analyses the publications dedicated to the study of the foreign experience of privatization preceding the preparations for the reform of the property relations in Russia and to the evaluation of the process and results of the accelerated privatization from the position of Government supporters of the course of market reforms in the domestic economy. ; Представлен историографический обзор монографий и статей, отражающие подготовку, цели, ход и результаты приватизации. Раскрыт спектр мнений по вопросам предпочтения вариантов разгосударствления российской экономики, оценки итогов приватизации к концу 1990-х годов и возможности альтернативных путей повышения эффективности отечественных предприятий. Проанализированы публикации, посвященные изучению зарубежного опыта приватизации при подготовке к реформе отношений собственности в России и оценке хода и результатов ускоренной приватизации с критических позиций правительственного курса рыночных преобразований в отечественной экономике. ; The article is prepared according to the plan of research and development of the Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, the Number of Subject 0404-2015-0011 in the Information System of Government Procurement of the Fede

"1989 Göçü" olarak bilinen Bulgaristan Türklerinin son göçü, sayısız yazı, söyleşi, öykü, şiir, kitap ve hatta dergi ve süreli yayınlarda konu edilmiştir. Bu yayınlardan bir tanesi de Tuna dergisidir. Tuna dergisi, kendisi de bir Bulgaristan göçmeni ve aynı zamanda yazar ve şair olan Mehmet Çavuş tarafından 1996 yılında kurulmuş, edebiyat, sanat, kültür, eğitim ile ilgili sorunları müzakere ve değerlendirme alanı sunmuştur. Dergi, Bulgaristan'da yetişmiş kalem ustalarına sahip çıkmış, göçmen yazarlara özgürce yazı olanağı yaratmıştır. Dergide yazar ve şair tanıtımlarından, araştırma, eleştiri, söyleşi, deneme yazıları olduğu gibi, kısa öykü, hikâye, anı, şiir ve hatta fıkralara da yer verilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Tuna dergisinde neşredilmiş göç temalı şiirler tespit edilerek, göçmenlerin göç olayına bakışları irdelenmiştir. Araştırma, Bulgaristan'dan göç etmiş yazarlar ordusu tarafından kaleme alınmış bu şiirleri, göçün çağrıştırdığı duygu ve düşüncelere göre kategorilere ayırarak, oluşan göç algısını bulmayı amaçlamıştır. 1989 yılında Bulgaristan'dan göç etmiş bu yazarların gözünden göç nasıl yansıtıldı, göçmenlerin hangi hislerine ayna tuttu ve bunlarla birlikte okuyuculara verilmek istenilen mesajlar incelenmiştir. ABSTRACT IN ENGLISHMigration Poems in Tuna Journal: "1989 Migration"AbstractThe last migration of the Bulgarian Turks, known as the "Migration of the 1989", represents the subject matter of numerous articles, interviews, stories, poems, books, and even whole journals and magazines. One of these publications is "Tuna Journal". Tuna Journal was founded by Mehmet Çavuş, also an immigrant from Bulgaria as well as an author and poet, in 1996. During its history between 1996 and 2009, the Journal offered discussion and consideration field for problems about literature, art, culture, and education. The Journal supported the pen experts grown up in Bulgaria and created independent writing opportunity for the immigrant writers. The Journal included introductions of authors and poets, surveys, criticisms, interviews, essays as well as short stories, anecdotes, memoirs and even jokes. The aim of the present paper is to scan and analyze the poems focused thematically on "migration" and published in Tuna Journal, and to determine the viewpoints of immigrants on migration issue. It is also aimed to find out the created migration perception by categorizing these poems which were written by an army of writers migrated from Bulgaria with regard to feelings and thoughts created by migration. Our study also deals with questions such as how the migration was reflected through the eyes of these writers migrated from Bulgaria in the 1989 and what feelings of the migrants the Journal mirrored along with the messages which it transmitted to the readers.

Purpose
The paper aims to analyze actual issues of the corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices in monofunctional towns in Russia, Slovakia and Poland. The process of social investment restructuring is obviously under way in these countries. However, there can be identified a few examples where the dominant employer with the long tradition (from the soviet period, even longer) has initiated and directly influenced by the social policy the local and regional development. The paper analyzes their development during the past decades, with the special emphasis on social issues. It identifies its strengths and weaknesses and defines future research areas.


Design/methodology/approach
The first part of the paper defines the CSR with focus on the social sphere and relationships between local dominant employer, local government and community. Refer to the theory, the paper adopts a case study methodology to explore the specifics of CSR with a focus on monotowns, especially the role of local dominant employer and its relationship with local government and community in three selected post-communist nations – Russia, Slovakia and Poland. The research uses also the secondary data (the strategic documents, statistical data) and own observation during the study visits to the selected cities. The authors analyze the town's development during the past decades, with the special emphasis on the social issues.


Findings
It is shown that maintenance and development of essential living conditions in many monofunctional towns depends upon the direct participation of large dominating companies. The paper argues that there is a principal difference between the current social policy conducted by these dominant local employers and the policy that was conducted in the past. What is more, most of the engagement of large in the social affairs in monotowns refers to the CSR concept. The paper summarizes the common features and differences in functioning monotowns in selected states, from the perspective of social responsible behaviors of dominant companies, suggests the practical implications and identifies future research areas.


Originality/value
The paper maps the specific kind of social responsibility interconnected with the issue of local and regional development – monotowns in Russia, Poland and Slovakia – in the countries with common political and social history. It brings in the form of case studies the detailed overview of the selected examples from Russia, Ukraine and Poland dealing with the CSR. Based on the collected data, it summarizes the advantages and disadvantage of these towns and opens the new research areas.

As reflexões sobre o olhar estrangeiro têm sido frequentes nas últimas décadas, principalmente a partir da crítica à formação de um imaginário repleto de exotismo e sensualidade associado aos trópicos. Não é, portanto, exagero afirmar que o problema das representações, usos e abusos da imagem dos afrodescendentes no Brasil, ao longo dos séculos, permanece como foco importante para se entender a história das relações raciais no país. Nem sempre, contudo, procura-se o exótico nos trópicos. Este artigo procura analisar o impacto do olhar de Pierre Verger sobre a construção do legado africano no Brasil. Palavras-chave: Pierre Verger. Afrodescendentes. Relações raciais. ONE VERGER, TWO LOOKS: the construction of Brazilian africanity by a foreigner Maurício Barros de Castro Myrian Sepúlveda dos Santos Over the last decades a reflection upon the foreign look has become frequent, mainly from the point of view of critics to the creation of an imaginary filled with exoticism and sensuality associated to the tropics. So it is not an exaggeration to state that the problems with the representations, uses and overuses of the image of Brazilian afro-descendants throughout the centuries is still an important focus for understanding the history of racial relations in the country. However, it is not always that the exotic is sought in the tropics. This article analyzes the impact of the look of Pierre Verger on the construction of the African legacy in Brazil. Keywords: Pierre Verger. Afro-descendants. Racial relationships. UN PIERRE VERGER, DEUX REGARDS: la construction de l'africanité brésilienne par un étranger Maurício Barros de Castro Myrian Sepúlveda dos Santos Les réflexions faites sur le regard étranger ont été fréquentes au cours des dernières décennies, surtout si l'on prend en considération les critiques sur la formation d'un imaginaire rempli d'exotisme et de sensualité associé aux tropiques. Il n'est donc pas exagéré de dire que le problème des représentations, de l'utilisation et des abus faits de l'image des descendants africains au Brésil, tout au long des siècles, constitue toujours un élément important pour la compréhension de l'histoire des relations raciales dans le pays. On n'est cependant pas toujours à la recherche de l'exotisme sous les tropiques. Cet article essaie d'analyser l'impact du regard de Pierre Verger sur la construction de l'héritage africain au Brésil. Mots-clés: Pierre Verger. Ascendance/Descendance africaine. Relations raciales. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH no Scielo: http://www.scielo.br/ccrh Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br