Following the issue of innovational potential of catching-up countries the authors consider the peculiarities of China, India and Brazil's institutions and culture. According to their opinion, these peculiarities can limit innovational development of the said countries. For each of them the limitations have their specifics, but when positive factors are exhausted they can become the brake to development. This issue is also important for Russia because it has its own limitations.
AbstractIt is manufactured exports rather than agriculture and primary products which arc the main targets of trade diversionary effects of 1992. Nevertheless, the Asian NICS, as the major exporters of manufactures from developing countries, might greatly benefit from the trade creation effects of the single market rather than being adversely affected by trade diversion.
This second issue of Al-Raida consists of papers that were presented at the international conference "Arab Countries in Transition: Gender Rights and Constitutional Reforms" held by the Institute for Women's Studies in the Arab World (IWSAW) at the Lebanese American University (LAU) in June 2014 and centering on human rights, women's bodies, power relations, violations and testimonials.
At head of title : Published by the Council of Ruskin college. ; Prefatory note. -- Proceedings at a national Conference of working-class associations held under the auspices of Ruskin College at Coventry on May 30th and 31st, 1919. -- The unit of organisation: branch versus workshop. By J. T. Murphy. -- Decentralisation and discipline. By John W. Muir. -- The value of political action. By William Graham. ; Mode of access: Internet.
The procyclicality of fiscal policy that is prevalent in developing countries and emerging markets is well known. Its explanation is less clear. Recently, social inequality and the combination of corruption and democracy have been suggested as alternatives to the traditional explanation of these countries' exposure to boom-bust cycles in international credit markets. Differences in methodological approach are also partly responsible for diverging empirical results. In this paper, competing hypotheses are tested on a comprehensive set of measures of the cyclicality of fiscal policy. The evidence for corruption and democracy is stronger than for social inequality or net foreign debt, but the interpretation of this result is less obvious, since the index of corruption is closely correlated with poor credit ratings. In OECD countries, by contrast, the cyclicality of fiscal policy largely reflects the strength of automatic stabilizers.
Electronic government, or, in short e-government, can contribute significantly to strengthening the efficiency, productivity, and transparency of government institutions. However, the potentials of the new information and communication technologies (ICT) are not always so easy to translate into practice. Rapid successes can be achieved above all in cases where a solid institutional base is already in place and good expert and infrastructural resources are available – a set of conditions not given in many developing countries.The aim of e-government is to open up new internal and external communications channels, to simplify administrative procedures, to improve the accessibility of public actors and services, and to enhance access to information. This often also means that these new technologies are vehicles of democratic, customer-oriented, and decentralized models of political decision-making and public administration. If these models are to be translated into practice, reforms must be embedded in an overall concept that takes account of both customer and target-group demand and the challenges posed by internal administrative cooperation and networking.In the foreseeable future it will be mainly industrialized and advanced developing countries that are in a position to draft and implement comprehensive strategies of this kind. But potential uses are also opening up for poorer countries. The obstacles to modernization of government institutions must often be sought less in financial or infrastructural bottlenecks than in blockades in the political sphere.Development cooperation (DC) can use e-government as a means of supporting partner countries in devising and implementing political and administrative reforms and in improving market-oriented frameworks. Beyond the immediate benefits of the new technologies, e-government should be taken as an instrument to promote good governance and to strengthen reform-oriented actors in politics and civil society.
This contribution places the provisions of the Treaty creating a free trade area and customs union between the Member States (Articles 28-31 TFEU) in their wider context. It then focuses on the interpretation of Article 30 in the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). Throughout, it casts sideways glances at corres
Las libertades de circulación de la Unión Europea son prerrogativas de los particulares frente al poder público estatal, dirigidas a impedir el fraccionamiento del mercado interior. Sin embargo, la jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Justicia ha admitido la posibilidad de invocar las libertades frente a particulares en casos muy específicos, pero cada vez más extensos. Asimismo, las normas de competencia han sido interpretadas de modo que admiten supuestos en los que el poder público queda sujeto al Derecho anti-trust. Esta tendencia inversa, reveladora de la maleabilidad de las normas de la Constitución Económica Europea, son objeto de estudio en este artículo ; The rules on free movement of the European Union are prerrogatives in the hand of individuals vis-à-vis national public authorities, with the aim to preclude the fragmentation of the internal market. However, the case-law of the Court of Justice has admitted the possibility of invoking free movement rules against private parties in specific cases that are, however, growingly frequent. Likewise, the rules on competition have been interpreted in such a way that they can be put public authorities subject to anti-trust law. This inverse tendency, revealing of the maleable nature of the rules of the European Economic Constitution, is the subject of the present article
Abstract The adoption of IFRS by the EU has raised issues about its economic consequences in terms of, among others, volatility of corporate profits, taxation of profit and distribution of dividends. Indeed, it has brought the interactions between legal rules for dividend distribution and accounting policies back into focus. The EU company and accounting regulations are based on capital maintenance rules that involve limitations on dividend distribution when certain accounting policies are implemented in individual financial statements under local GAAP. However, while a majority of member states permit IFRS for individual financial statements, the EU regulations are silent on this issue. In this article, we outline an in-depth analysis on legal dividend distribution rules interactions with accounting policies in European countries, whether local GAAP or IFRS are applied. We have selected nine cases of potential recognition of unrealised gains in individual financial statements under local GAAP and/or IFRS, some of which are already specified in the EU regulations. For each case, we have analysed the national accounting regulations and the corporate laws. Our analysis reveals that the limitations on dividend distributions recommended by the EU have been most largely implemented in the national regulations, but not in all countries. It also sheds light on potential loopholes in the current European regulation regarding unrealised gains that may be more systematically recognised under IFRS than under local GAAP: unrealised gains arising from the recognition of deferred tax assets and unrealised gains arising from benefit pensions plan. To fill these gaps in the national regulations and to harmonise the legal basis for dividend distribution better within the EU, we suggest including in the European regulation the concept of 'realised profits' and thus 'distributable profits' as a required basis for dividend distribution. It involves in the first place identifying relevant criteria that may enable disentangling realised and unrealised profits or losses.
