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This paper addresses two empirical questions. Is fiscal policy affected by upcoming elections? If so, do election-motivated fiscal policies enhance the probability of re-election of the incumbent? Employing data for 65 democratic countries over 1975-2005 in a semi-pooled panel model, we find that in most countries fiscal policy is hardly affected by elections. The countries for which we find a significant political budget cycle are very diverse. They include 'young' democracies but also 'established' democracies. In countries with a political budget cycle, election-motivated fiscal policies have a significant positive (but fairly small) effect on the electoral support for the political parties in government.

The aim of this article is to look at the political implications of identity patterns in one case that is of exceptional interest, that of Spain. It begins by looking at the nature of identity, and the challenges it poses in the contemporary world. This is followed by a section examining the issue of collective identity in the Spanish context, exploring variation in forms of regional identity and relating this to new political structures in the regions. The two last sections look respectively at the manner in which the regional party systems reflect diverse patterns of identity and the challenges posed by these patterns for the system of government. Adapted from the source document.

This paper is an empirical analysis of the likelihood of failure of inflation stabilization programs. Logit models are estimated on a dataset of 39 programs implemented in 10 countries since the late 1950s, in order to determine which economic and political variables affect the probability of failure of stabilizations. Besides the well-known effects of real exchange rate appreciation, decreasing foreign reserves, budget deficits and slower GDP growth, I find that political instability, party fractionalization, less pluralism or democracy (greater autocracy), longer time in office and leftist incumbents also increase the probability of failure of inflation stabilization plans. ; Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) - Programa Operacional Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação ...

An exploration of political parties in India looks at the impact of federalism & a first-past-the-post electoral system; changes from a one-party-dominant system to moderate pluralism; & characteristics of the major parties. An overview of India's social pluralism & main cleavages is followed by a discussion of why India's majoritarian first-past-the-post electoral system has not led to a two-party system in accordance with Duverger's law. Changes within the party system are examined, along with the evolution, character, ideology, social base, & organizational features of the Congress Party; the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP); the Janata family of parties; & the communist Left. The Congress Party has been the primary ruling party since 1947, but the BJP became the largest party in the last half of the 1990s. It is contended that the degree of political significance of current cleavages will determine whether India will gravitate toward a two-party system or extreme pluralism. Here, moderate pluralism is seen as the more likely long-term scenario. 5 Tables. J. Lindroth

"Im Herbst 1992 wurde im WZB ein Expertenworkshop zum Thema 'Public Health und Pflege - zwei neue gesundheitswissenschaftliche Disziplinen' durchgeführt (vgl. Doris Schaeffer, Martin Moers, Rolf Rosenbrock (Hg.): Public Health und Pflege - zwei neue gesundheitswissenschaftliche Disziplinen, Berlin: Ed. Sigma 1994, 297 S., 2. Aufl. 2004). Zu diesem Zeitpunkt hatte die staatliche Förderung der Forschung und des Aufbaus von Studiengängen an deutschen Hochschulen gerade begonnen. Knapp 18 Jahre später untersuchen die Autoren - Protagonisten des damaligen Aufbruchs -, was aus den Hoffnungen, Befürchtungen und Prognosen geworden ist. Sie skizzieren die seither eingetretenen Entwicklungen im Hinblick auf Forschung, Ausbildung, Strukturentwicklung und Berufspraxis. Im Ergebnis konstatieren sie zum Teil bemerkenswerte Erfolge, aber auch Enttäuschungen und Entwicklungshemmnisse. So hat die Ansiedlung der Pflegewissenschaften überwiegend an Fachhochschulen den Akademisierungsprozess der Pflege behindert. Public Health stößt als Multidisziplin auf Akzeptanzprobleme im Wissenschaftssystem und konnte sich auch nicht hinreichend von der Medizin emanzipieren. Die Autoren sprechen sich für ein Bündnis von Pflegewissenschaft und Public Health unter einem gemeinsamen Dach als neue 'health sciences and health professions' aus." (Autorenreferat)

PROBLEMS OF SCARCITY GENERATE CRITICAL POLITICAL ISSUES AS ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES SHIFT AWAY FROM GROWTHORIENTED ECONOMIES. THE ANALYSIS RECOMMENDS SUBSTITUTING MORE ABUNDANT POLITICAL RESOURCES FOR SCARCE ECONOMIC ONES. APPROPRIATE SCENARIOS RESULTING FROM THESE SUBSTITUTIONS ARE SUBJECTED TO SPECULATIVE ANALYSIS.

AbstractTraditional distinctions of mass political violence (i.e., interstate war, civil war, and genocide) seem to insufficiently capture underlying causal mechanisms. In order to better capture these mechanisms, this paper provides an innovative typology of mass political violence. By introducing mass violence as a product of between-group as opposed to within-group competition, this paper arrives at four observably distinct types of political violence. The paper demonstrates that episodes of mass political violence that at first glance seem to be similar are actually very different and should be treated as such.

"Kim offers an accessible, interdisciplinary textbook using systems theory as a framework to stimulate discussion about how the social sciences develop understanding of society and its evolution. It promotes an integrated view of the social sciences by proposing politics, economics, administration, and community as the core areas of society, and explains their characteristics, how they are moved by what kind of systems, and how they have evolved through their interrelationships. This book explains how the major areas of operate on certain structures and principles, and how they have developed while maintaining certain relationships with each other. The beauty of the entire field of social sciences lies in understanding society and social sciences as a whole and the relationships that intertwines it. It is unique in that it approaches social science from an Eastern perspective, using traditional Eastern thought and social phenomena as examples in its explanations and proposes a methodology for understanding society that's different to traditional social science textbooks, which use the application of natural science methodology and statistics to understand society. Designed for a wide range of students in sociology, politics and economics, encouraging interdisciplinary thinking and understanding. It is written with citations of classical writings by social scientists, including Locke, Rousseau, Hobbes, Mill, Marx, Engels, Proudhon, Smith, Weber, Durkheim, Buber, Myrdal, Habermas, Popper, Hayek, Putnam, and others. Through this book, readers can gain panoramic insights into how the works of these social scientists are interconnected"--

A review essay on a book by Harold H. Saunders, Politics Is about Relationship: A Blueprint for the Citizens' Century (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005). References.

This article examines Luhmann's contributions to contemporary political theory from a different light than has been made available thus far in Anglo-American political theory. More specifically, I argue that social systems theory makes a provoking and productive intervention in the ongoing debate on competing conceptions of 'critique' and normativity. I first compare Luhmann's approach with that of Foucault's and show that systems theory powerfully interrogates the sociological validity of the structure of normativity often found in the currently prominent liberal-universalist political theory. Later in the article, however, I identify a central theoretical problem in Luhmann's brand of systems theory – namely a highly constricted notion of politics. This, I argue, stems from a strong apolitical structure of its overarching concept, the social. I trace this problem by analyzing the peculiar character of Luhmann's normativism, or what I call 'reluctant normativism', and then by putting his central concepts alongside the recent developments in the theories of 'the political'. ; OAIID:oai:osos.snu.ac.kr:snu2014-01/102/2015000705/3 ; ADJUST_YN:N ; EMP_ID:A079983 ; DEPT_CD:216 ; CITE_RATE:.367 ; DEPT_NM:정치외교학부 ; EMAIL:joohyung@snu.ac.kr ; SCOPUS_YN:Y ; CONFIRM:Y

This paper reviewed Benon C. Basheka book's chapter on the Science of Public Procurement and Administration published by International Public Procurement Conference in 2013. The objective of the review was to expand on the origin of procurement, highlight the areas that make public procurement discipline to be an art or science and make recommendations for policy makers and researchers. The author found that public procurement is still at its infant stage with little known theory though it has a close relationship with public administration. Although public procurement has existed from the time man started trade, procurement was chaotic and disorganized since there was nothing unethical or illegal about receiving kickbacks from contractors. The author also found that, procurement had no regulations until 1792 when US Congress passed procurement legislation. The major procurement between 300 B.C-3000 B.C was construction of roads, bridges, railway networks and supplies of foodstuffs, army uniforms and fighting equipments. The study also reveals procurement as a blend of art and science because it is both a theoretical field and an area of practice. The theoretical field (art) is concerned with the teaching or academic study while the practice (science) deals with the day to day activities of procuring and disposing entities. The author, therefore recommends scholars to conduct empirical studies among procurement researchers, lecturers and practitioners in relation to the field procurement should belong to so as to have consensus on procurement field/discipline as it was done with procurement meaning. Finally, since there is no consensus between public and private procurement agenda; it means procurement is not a pure science but it is an art and science.