Suchergebnisse

Исследуется языковая ситуация в современной Великобритании. Даётся теоретическая выкладка о понятии и видах языковой ситуации. Анализируются различия между экзоглоссными и эндоглоссными, сбалансированными и несбланасированными языковыми ситуациями. Авторы рассматривают нынешнее состояние британского английского, региональных языков и языков иммигрантов. Также детально анализируется взаимодействие и взаимовлияние всех языков, имеющих хождение в Великобритании. ; Scientific and technologic advance created an opportunity to move fast from across the globe and to get in contact with friends and business partners all over the world. Compression of the space-time removed many barriers, which have hindered effective communication before. Some kind of linguistic space was required in order to understand each other and continue improving relationships. Eventually, English became 'lingua franca', that is why it is important to forecast possible changes in this language in Great Britain, where it emerged and developed. It is noteworthy, that condition of English should be examined before subsequent forecasting. The authors of the article attempt to analyze the linguistic situation in Great Britain on the ground of classification made by A. Shweizer and L. Nikolsky. The theoretical part of the article is devoted to the generally accepted definition of the term 'linguistic situation' and the correlation of the state of language in the United Kingdom with the classification. According to it, the linguistic situation in Great Britain is exoglossic and non-balanced. It means that several languages are widespread among the British, but they have not equal status. In addition, there is one language-macromediator, which is English, and it is used for the communication among different ethnic groups and many regional languages and languages of immigrants. All of them are analyzed in the article. English is traditionally accepted as an official language of the United Kingdom, but it is not stated in any law. Received Pronunciation (RP) faded into insignificance, while more democratic Estuary English, which is a mixture of RP and slang, became more common. It is highlighted that individuals often use standard norms of English or its dialects depending on the social situation. The authors mark that such kind of situation is called diglos-sia. Long-term presence of Scotland and Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom made possible an emergence of mixtures of English and regional languages. Thus, Scots and Hiberno-English have appeared. Welsh is peculiar among other regional languages due to actions of the Welsh government and public organizations on revival of this language. Welsh was the first regional language in Great Britain, which was given an equal status with English in Wales by The Welsh Language Act 1993. Census in 2001 and 2011 has shown certain increase of people speaking Welsh but it is not enough. Experts note that discrimination of Welsh in XIX century entailed loss of Welsh identity and national traditions. It is emphasized legislation itself cannot solve the majority of these deep problems. Nevertheless, Welsh continues to develop and spread in Wales. There is another situation with other two Celtic languages Scottish Gaelic and Irish Gaelic in Great Britain. Public organizations play a greater role in restoring these languages. Irish Gaelic was recognized only in Good Friday Agreement in 1998. Surveys show slow spread of this language because educated Irish prefer English to Gaelic in order to find a better place in the British society. Language performance of Scottish Gaelic has been decreasing for 200 years. However, tempo of reduction is rather slow. The first National Gaelic Language Plan was adopted in 2007 for 5 years. Now the National Gaelic Language Plan 2012-2017 is being implemented. It is quite early to estimate the results of this plan, but officials hope its effect will be seen in some years. It is important to note that the most widespread languages after English are not included in regional languages. They are Polish and languages of Indian people. 600 000 and 700 000 immigrants respectively speak these languages. This trend shows that regulations in the field of immigrant languages became more up-to-date for the government. Great influence of Hindi on English is observed. Experts claim that new form of English Hinglish, has emerged recent years. To conclude, this article deals with main characteristics of the linguistic situation in Great Britain and examines the interrelations of the languages spread in the United Kingdom.

У XXI столітті надмірна маса тіла і ожиріння стали однією з найбільш серйозних проблем суспільної охорони здоров'я в Європейському регіоні. Від надмірної маси тіла страждають 30-80 % дорослих; та близько 20 % дітей і підлітків а, у третини з них ожиріння. Наслідки для здоров'я включають збільшений ризик метаболічних відхилень, таких як діабет другого типу, і безалкогольний жировий метаморфоз печінки, порушення дихання пов'язані зі сном, такі як синдром обструктивного апное сну. Вважають також, що НМТ та ожиріння є вагомими чинниками ризику для стоматологічного здоров'я дітей. Проблема співвідношення ожиріння з метаболічними відхиленнями, які призводять до захворювань тканин пародонту, привертає увагу багатьох дослідників.В XXI веке избыточная масса тела и ожирение стали одной из наиболее серьезных проблем общественного здравоохранения в Европейском регионе. От избыточной массы тела страдают 30-80 % взрослых; и около 20 % детей и подростков, а у трети из них ожирение. Последствия для здоровья включают повышенный риск метаболических отклонений, таких как диабет второго типа, и безалкогольный жировой метаморфоз печени, нарушение дыхания связанные со сном, такие как синдром обструктивного апноэ сна. Считают также, что ИМТ и ожирение являются весомыми факторами риска для стоматологического здоровья детей. Проблема соотношения ожирения с метаболическими отклонениями, которые приводят к заболеваниям тканей пародонта, привлекает внимание многих исследователей. ; In the twenty-first century overweight and obesity have become one of the most serious public health problems in the European Region. Overweight affects 30-80 % of adults; and 20 % of children and adolescents and, a third of them is suffering from obesity. The prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents is particularly disturbing. The annual rate of increase in the prevalence of childhood obesity is constantly growing, and today it is 10 times higher than in the 1970s. This trend increases the epidemic of obesity in adults and makes growing health threat of the next generation. According to government statistics in Ukraine over the last 10 years the prevalence of obesity among adolescents (15-17 years) per 1000 child population increased 2.5 times. The prevalence of childhood obesity is growing rapidly, but its health consequences are probably not sufficiently considered. Health consequences include increased risk of metabolic abnormalities, such as diabetes type II, and non-alcoholic fatty metamorphosis of the liver, respiratory failure associated with sleep, such as obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. In addition, overweight adolescents, very likely, will come overweight in adulthood, and thus will experience greater social exceptional. Over 60 % of children, who weigh more the norm to puberty, will weigh more the norm in early adulthood. Factors which predetermine the development of overweight and obesity among preschool children are numerous and they are related to many spheres of life. The prevailing factors are the «parent» ones genetic, dietary habits in the family, the level of physical activity. An important role is played by birth weight, child's feeding (breast or artificial). As for factors of physical activity, the most influential is television viewing. As for obesity and overweight among adolescents aged 10-18 years, the risk factors are very similar to those in pre-school children. Among them there is the feeding behavior of children in the given age group, namely the use of sugary drinks and meals at fast food outlets. Consumption of fruits and vegetables, meat, dairy / calcium products are named as insignificant factors. As for physical activity, the significant factor is television watching; insignificant physical activity (including sport, activity during the day). Recent evidence is controversial because some clinical study shows that physical activity during normal body weight at 10 years of age is predictive to reduce the risk of increasing of BMI at 16 years of age. It is considered that overweight and obesity are important risk factors for dental health of children. Metabolic disturbances in the body during obesity belong to systemic causal factors of the development of the periodontal disease. It was established that increasing of body mass index, serum lipids, and blood glucose is associated with the risk of inflammatory changes in periodontal tissues. Recent evidence from Australia, Mexico, Denmark, Sweden noted a positive correlation between caries and body mass index (BMI), and showed that behavior that contributes to the development of obesity, namely snacking in early childhood, involves caries development in the later age. On the other hand, the pathogenetic mechanisms of formation of dental disease in overweight children are not enough clarified and that causes relevance and necessity of further research.

С 2011 года в Институте социально-экономического развития территорий РАН проводится исследование финансово-производственной деятельности крупнейших отечественных металлургических корпораций, базовые активы которых расположены в Вологодской, Липецкой и Челябинской областях. Предваряя оценку ситуации в корпорациях черной металлургии по итогам 2014 года, мы сочли необходимым проанализировать основные тенденции экономического и социального развития регионов с металлургической специализацией. Эта необходимость предопределяется общим ухудшением экономического положения в стране, вызванным ослаблением динамики всех макроэкономических показателей. В 2014 году прирост ВВП оказался минимальным после 2009 года, составив 0,6%. В половине субъектов РФ произошел спад инвестиций, внешнего и внутреннего спроса, на значительную динамику которого экономика могла рассчитывать в предыдущие годы. Внутренние проблемы страны и ее регионов осложнились внешними: воздействие санкций западных государств привело к девальвации, резкому ускорению инфляции и росту цен. В условиях экономической нестабильности усиливаются риски для монопрофильных металлургических регионов. Результаты исследований Института социально-экономического развития территорий РАН [1; 2] показали, что деятельность интегрированных в глобальный рынок крупнейших корпораций черной металлургии становится неуправляемой для региональных властей и все больше подчиняется интересам собственников, а не интересам регионального развития. Между тем никаких заметных прорывов в структурной перестройке экономики регионов-металлургов за последние годы не произошло. Следствием централизации власти, лежащей в основе региональной политики, стало игнорирование специфики субъектов РФ. В условиях острого дефицита финансовых ресурсов регионов Правительство РФ не предприняло никаких мер по расширению доходного потенциала территорий, поэтому все больше задач регионам приходится решать своими силами. Федеральный центр постепенно устраняется от соучастия в реализации инвестиционных проектов, что не позволит достичь долгосрочных целей регионального развития. Результаты анализа выявили сохранение признаков кризиса воспроизводственных процессов в регионах с металлургической специализацией. Несмотря на то что эти регионы характеризуются существенными, объединяющими их структурными особенностями, в территориальном разрезе полученные оценки неоднозначны. Вместе с тем главный обобщающий вывод заключается в необходимости новой стратегии региональной политики, способной стать ведущим фактором экономического развития России. ; Since 2011, the Institute of Socio-Economic Development of Territories of Russian Academy of Science carries out a research into financial and production activities of the largest domestic iron and steel corporations, the basic assets of which are located in the Vologda, Lipetsk and Chelyabinsk oblasts. Prior to assessing the situation in the ferrous metallurgy corporations as of the end of 2014, we thought it necessary to analyze main trends in economic and social development of the regions specialized in metallurgy. This necessity is predetermined by the overall worsening of economic situation in Russia which was caused by the weakening of the dynamics of all macroeconomic indicators. In 2014, GDP growth was 0.6% the lowest since 2009. Half of RF subjects experienced a decline in investments, and in external and internal demand, the economy could rely on significant dynamics of the latter in previous years. Internal problems of Russia and its regions were aggravated by external issues: the impact of the sanctions imposed by Western countries has led to devaluation, the sharp acceleration of inflation and rise in prices. In the conditions of economic instability, the risks for single-industry metallurgical regions increase. The findings of the research carried out at the Institute of Socio-Economic Development of Territories of RAS [1; 2] show that it becomes more and more difficult for regional authorities to manage the activities of major iron and steel corporations integrated in the global market; their activities serve the interests of their owners rather than the interests of regional development. Meanwhile, in the past years there were no significant breakthroughs in economic restructuring in the regions specialized in metallurgy. Centralization of power, which is the basis of regional policy, resulted in ignoring the specifics of RF subjects. In the conditions of acute shortage of regional financial resources, the RF Government has not taken any measures to expand the revenue potential of the territories; consequently, regions have to solve more and more tasks on their own. The federal center gradually withdraws from participation in the implementation of investment projects; this will prevent the regions from achieving long-term development goals. The results of the analysis show that there still exist the signs of the crisis of reproductive processes in the regions with metallurgic specialization. Despite the fact that these regions have specific structural features that unite them, the assessments for each territory are different. However, the main summarizing conclusion lies in the necessity to develop a new strategy for regional policy capable of becoming the leading factor in Russia's economic development.

Le prolusioni e i testi delle lezioni universitarie sono il punto di partenza della ricerca: tali scritti offrono una prospettiva privilegiata – all'interno del mondo giuridico subalpino prima e unitario poi – per valutare se e in che misura questi 'discorsi giuridici', per loro natura indirizzati a un pubblico di élite ma non limitato ai soli universitari, abbiano influito non solo sulla vita scientifica, accademica ma pure su quella culturale, politica ed istituzionale. La prima parte della tesi è dedicata ad un'analisi dettagliata del dibattito sull'istruzione legale a partire dalla 'Riforma Alfieri' del 1846: si è cercato di offrire un quadro della situazione didattica della Facoltà giuridica torinese nella seconda metà dell'Ottocento, attraverso le parole – ed in specie i testi di lezione – degli stessi protagonisti che si preoccuparono di migliorare la qualità e l'organizzazione dell'insegnamento. Tale cornice aiuta a comprendere meglio il clima e l'ambiente di convinta partecipazione al miglioramento della didattica giuridica in cui si inseriscono le prolusioni e i discorsi inaugurali, che a loro volta rispecchiano le problematiche e gli argomenti topici del periodo, e le lezioni dei docenti della Facoltà subalpina. In proposito emerge l'importante contributo di tre di essi, il Merlo, il Melegari e l'Albini: nella seconda parte della tesi è stato dedicato un capitolo a ciascuno di questi tre giuristi. La scelta è ricaduta su questi tre docenti perché, sebbene molto diversi per origine e percorso di formazione, hanno offerto un diretto contributo personale al miglioramento degli studi legali sia con la collaborazione fattiva ad un perfezionamento legislativo del cursus studiorum legale sia con i loro insegnamenti che erano significativi del nuovo percorso degli studi legali intrapreso dopo la riforma Alfieri del 1846. Il punto di incontro fra i tre studiosi si trova nel comune convinto e profondo interesse per il miglioramento degli studi legali. La lettura dei testi delle loro lezioni ha permesso di poter apprezzare tale sforzo, non solo dal punto di vista dell'impegno per il miglioramento della regolamentazione degli studi nella Facoltà legale, ma anche da quello del contenuto degli insegnamenti. ; The introducing lectures and the transcriptions of the University of Turin courses in law are the starting point of the research. These documents offer a privileged perspective on the law environment of the subalpine world, and subsequently of united Italy. They allow us to evaluate whether and how these discourses in law, addressed to a privileged public but not restricted to university circles, have had an influence not only on academia but also on the cultural, political and institutional life of the time. The first part of the thesis is dedicated to a detailed analysis of the debate on the structure of legal studies, starting from the 1846 "Alfieri reform". The goal is to delineate an outline of the situation of didactics of the Turin's Law School during the second half of the nineteenth century. This is accomplished through the words and the transcriptions of the courses of those same professors that were influential in improving the quality and organization of the teaching. Such analysis helps better understanding the environment of active participation to the amelioration of the didactics of law education in which the inaugural lectures are immersed, reflecting the problems and topics of the time. In the second part of the thesis, the contributions of Professors Merlo, Melegari and Albini are discussed, and a chapter is dedicated to each of them. The analysis of the work of these three scholars is particularly interesting as, even if very different for social origin and academic curriculum, they have offered an important personal input to the enrichment of the law education path, both with an effective collaboration in the legal definition of the cursus studiorum and with their teachings, providing significant examples of the new study path in law (post Alfieri reform). The meeting point between the three scholars is the common interest for the improvement of legal studies. The analysis of the texts of their lectures has allowed this effort to be appreciated, not only under the point of view of the legal definition of the cursus studiorum, but also under that of the contents of their teaching.

Актуальность и цели. В эпоху информационного общества огромную значимость приобретает имиджево-репутационная политика, выступающая неотъемлемым компонентом культурного пространства, а ее исследование приобретает все более актуальный характер. В статье рассмотрена эволюция научных взглядов на теории лидерства, позволившая выявить отличия традиционных теорий лидерства от современных. Сделан акцент на российском региональном политическом лидерстве, которое формировалось в довольно сложных условиях трансформации общества под влиянием большого количества факторов социально-политического формата, преобразовательных процессов общенационального и местного уровня. Цель работы заключается в исследовании проблемного пространства лидерства изменений. В целом статья посвящена исследованию проблемного пространства лидерства как источника конкурентного преимущества. Материалы и методы. Теоретической и методологической основой исследования явились фундаментальные положения теории менеджмента, а также труды отечественных и зарубежных ученых по проблемам лидерства и имиджево-репутационных преобразований. Исследование основано на методологии научного познания и системном подходе. При постановке и решении конкретных задач использовались широко известные и многократно апробированные методы сравнения, анализа, синтеза, аналогии, детализации, дедукции и др. Результаты. Опираясь на труды известных ученых в области теории менеджмента, к основным теориям лидерства следует отнести: теорию черт личности, ситуативную теорию, теорию определяющей роли последователей. Доказано, что во все более непредсказуемой и конкурентной современной динамичной экономике хозяйствующим субъектам требуется новая качественная форма лидерства (креативное, инновационное, результативное, проектное, трансформационное, ответственное, харизматическое, политическое и др.). В статье в контексте рассматриваемой тематики лидерство глав администрации субъектов Российской Федерации приобретает все большую актуальность и значимость в развитии современной теории управления. Это обусловило необходимость разработки авторами концепции политического лидерства и механизма формирования стратегии имиджево-репутационных преобразований территории. Выводы. Отмечая тесную связь репутации территории с ее имиджем и учитывая тот факт, что положительный имидж и положительная репутация становятся важным условием обеспечения устойчивого экономического успеха и повышения конкурентного преимущества, обоснованы необходимость и целесообразность формирования стратегии имиджево-репутационных преобразований территории. ; Background. In the information society age a great importance is gained by the image and reputation policy acting as an integral component of the cultural space, and its research gains a more actual character. The article considers the evolution of scientific views on the theory of leadership, which allows to reveal differences between traditional theories of leadership and the modern ones. The emphasis is placed on the Russian regional political leadership which was formed in quite difficult conditions of transformation of the society under the influence of a large number of social and political factors, converting processes of the national and local levels. The purpose of the work consists in researching the problem space of leadership of changes. In general, the article is devoted to the research of the problem space of leadership as a source of competitive advantages. Materials and methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research included fundamental provisions of the theory of management, and also works by Russian and foreign scientists on the problems of leadership and image and reputation transformations. The research was based on the methodology of scientific knowledge and the system approach. When setting and solving the specific tasks the authors used the generally recognized and repeatedly approved methods of comparison, analysis, synthesis, analogy, specification, deduction etc. Results. Relying on the works by famous scientists in the field of the theory of management, the main theories of leadership should include: the theory of lines of the personality, the situational theory, the theory of the defining role of followers. It is proved that in the more and more unpredictable and competitive modern dynamic economy the entities need a new qualitative form of leadership (creative, innovative, productive, design, transformational, responsible, charismatic, political, etc.). In terms of the subject area considered in the article, the leadership of heads of administration of the Russian Federation's subjects gains the increased relevance and importance in development of the modern theory of management. It caused a need to develop a concept of political leadership and a mechanism of formation of the strategy of image and reputation transformations in the territory. Conclusions. Noting a close connection of reputation of the territory with its image and considering the fact that a positive image and positive reputation become an important condition of ensuring a steady economic success and growth of competitive advantages, the authors substantiated the need and expediency of formation of the strategy of image and reputation transformations of the territory.

В настоящей статье обозначены рамки научного понимания термина «бюрократия». Проводится интерпретация сферы государственного управления в отечественной юриспруденции. Изучены существующие в государственно-правовой науке представления о системе органов государственной власти, о категориях: механизм государства, аппарат государства; об институте государственной службы. Проанализированы также теоретические взгляды на обусловленность управленческой сферы государственно-правовыми традициями. На основе имеющихся в отечественной юридической науке представлений внесены коррективы в научное понимание термина «государственная бюрократия», с целью адаптации его к юриспруденции. Обозначены теоретико-методологические подходы, позволяющие провести теоретический анализ становления правовых и политических основ российской бюрократии, объяснить проблемы правореализации в данной системе. Подобран теоретико-методологический комплекс, способствующий выявлению преемственности от присущих российской сфере государственного управления и государственной бюрократии характерных черт в контексте анализа самобытности государственности и правовой системы. В статье проводится анализ как юридических, так и общенаучных теоретико-методологических взглядов. Цель. На основе анализа положений социальных и юридических наук сформировать теоретико-методологический комплекс для объективного исследования государственного управления. Методы. Работа основана на базовых принципах теории государства и права, социологии, также применяется формально-логический метод теоретического анализа. Результаты. Приходим к выводу об отсутствии в юридической науке термина обозначающего всю систему государственного администрирования эквивалентного общенаучному понятию «государственная бюрократия». На основе теоретических положений юриспруденции общенаучный термин «государственная бюрократия» оптимизирован к государственно-правовой науке. Выявлена большая значимость для юриспруденции теории развития бюрократической организации, разработанной немецким социологом М. Вебером. Данная теоретическая концепция разрабатывает классическую модель развития, вместе с тем обладает потенциалом адаптации к самобытности государственности и правовой системы конкретного общества. Научная новизна. Существующее общенаучное определение понятия «государственная бюрократия» на основе теоретических представлений, действующих в юриспруденции, адаптируется к государственно-правовой науке. Выявляется эвристический потенциал теории М.Вебера для юридической науки как теоретической концепции способной исследовать специфику развития правовых основ государственной бюрократии на базе государственно-правовых традиций. ; This article provides a framework of scientific understanding of the term «bureaucracy». The authors introduce interpretation of public administration in domestic law. The authors study the existing state-legal scientific view on the system of public authorities, about categories: mechanism of the state, apparatus of the state, about the institute of the public service. Theoretical views on management of public-sphere conditionality legal traditions are analyzed. On the basis of existing views on domestic legal science the authors change scientific understanding of the term «state bureaucracy» aimed at adapting it to jurisprudence. The authors outline theoretical and methodological approaches that allow conducting a theoretical analysis of the formation of legal and political foundations of the Russian bureaucracy, explaining problems of enforcement of the right in the given system. The authors selected theoretical and methodological complex, which facilitates identification of continuity from the inherent limitations of the Russian public administration and state bureaucracy characteristic in the context of the analysis of the identity of the statehood and legal system. In the article, the authors analyze both legal and general theoretical and methodological perspectives. Purpose. To generate a theoretical-methodological complex for objective study of public administration using the analysis of social and legal sciences. Methods. The research is based on the basic principles of theory of state and law, sociology. The authors also applied a formal logical method for theoretical analysis. The results. The authors come to the conclusion about the absence of the term denoting the entire system of public administration and equivalent to the general scientific notion «state bureaucracy» in legal science. On the basis of theoretical jurisprudence provisions general scientific term «state bureaucracy» is optimized to legal science. The authors identified a large significance of the theory of bureaucracy development made by German sociologist M. Weber for the jurisprudence. This theoretical concept develops a classic model of development; however, it has some potential to adapt to the identity of state and the legal system of a particular society. Scientific novelty. The existing general scientific definition «state bureaucracy» on the basis of theoretical notions, existing in law, is adapted to the state and legal science. The authors identified heuristic potential of M. Weber's theory for legal science as a theoretical concept able to explore specificity of the development of the legal framework of state bureaucracy based on state-legal traditions.

National interests, traditionally expressed in terms of net balances, dominated the negotiations on the financial framework of the European Union for 2007–2013 and were crucial in determining only incremental reforms of the EU budget. Although the strategy based on maximising EU financial support enables Lithuania to receive significant financial allocations from the EU budget in 2007–2013, its size is expected to decrease during the period of next financial framework. In addition, the EU budget programmes unfit to the Lithuanian contexts might have negative repercussions to the economy of the country. These problems determine the necessity to discuss a different strategy for the EU budget review in 2008–2009 and the negotiations on next financial framework.In this article we raise a hypothesis that a more beneficial strategy for Lithuania would be to support EU policies and programmes which would bring the added value to the whole EU while also stressing the specific Lithuanian interests related to these policies and programmes. The conceptual framework used to check the hypothesis consists of two stages. First, the objectives of the EU budget and major tools to implement them were indicated drawing from provisions of the EU Treaties (in line with the changes introduced by the Lisbon Reform Treaty), preferences of EU citizens, the fiscal federalism theory and evaluations of EU policies and programmes. Second, the economic, social and political impact of the EU budget (reformed in the way described in the first stage of the analysis) on Lithuania was analysed.The findings of the article provide indefinite but clear support to the hypothesis. According to the political and economic criteria indicated above, the Common Agricultural Policy should seek to implement two goals, namely, increasing competitiveness of the EU agricultural sector and providing public goods (environment, landscape, animal welfare etc.). Such a reform would be more beneficial to Lithuania in comparison to the current policy, however, a specific interest of Lithuania is to assure that it is accompanied by strong rural development policy, which would assure financial support to rural areas during the period of re-structuring of the agricultural sector.The Cohesion policy should also be radically reformed by concentrating financial support only to the least developed regions and countries of the EU and making its connection to the objectives of the Lisbon Strategy looser. Again, such a reform would be beneficial to Lithuania, because it would allow putting the cohesion support more in line with national investment needs and priorities and enable developing national planning capacities.Finally, the funds saved as a consequence of the reforms of the CAP and Cohesion Policy should be allocated to four groups of priorities, namely, Lisbon Strategy goals, energy, climate change and environment, justice, liberty and security and external relations. Such re-allocation would serve Lithuanian interests well, provided that its specific interests – adequate funding to trans-European transport and energy infrastructure, external border protection and European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument as well as research and development programmes (including temporary preferential treatment of less developed Member States) – would be taken into consideration.In addition to the major objective of the article, the positions of other Member States as regards EU budget expenses and the impact of the own resources system on Lithuania were also examined in the article.The analysis of other Member States' positions on the EU budget resulted in rather mixed prospects for the reform described above. On the one hand, virtually all Member States support more funding for new priorities falling in the four categories indicated in this article. On the other hand, only a handful Member States endorse a necessary step into this direction – the reduction in the funding levels of the CAP and Cohesion policy. In the context of very unlikely increase in the total EU budget expenditure due to net payers' resistance, it is still to be seen whether the remaining Member States will decide to support the EU budget which promotes the objectives beneficial to the whole EU or they will remain strongly bound to their national interests on this issue.As concerns the impact of the own resources system on Lithuania, it is concluded that the introduction of the EU tax would not benefit Lithuania and the EU, because financial contributions from the Member States would vary a lot. However, the VAT resources and all corrections and rebates should be abolished.

The food security issue is becoming more and more centre-stage in the political and social debate. Especially after the world food crisis of 2007-2008 and the consequent price spikes, it reached the top of the international agenda. The problems of accessibility, disposability and utilization of food, both in developing and poor countries, now draws the attention of policymakers and researchers. Of course, this dynamic and complex problem is influenced and determined by many 'macro' factors, analyzed with a case-study econometric approach. The focus of this thesis is to test whether trade liberalization could have a role on the increasing, or decreasing, of the under five mortality rate (WDI, World Bank), used as a proxy for food security. The statistical sample considered is composed of 80 developing countries, 39 of which have experienced an episode of trade liberalization, between 1960 and 2010. The 41 residuals countries are included as a counterfactual in the econometric approach: the Synthetic Control Method (SCM). What was particularly challenging at the beginning of this investigation concerned the isolation of the effect of commercial liberalization on child mortality, and, as a consequence, on the level of food security in each country. As for the methodological approach, what was defined firstly were the covariates: the variables implemented for the synthetic control. They were chosen as a function of their influence on the outcome variable. Above all, we included the level of development and economic growth, the presence of wars or conflicts, the population growth, the percentage of rural population and food supply (measured as the amount of kilo calories available per capita). As already mentioned above with reference to the statistical and the econometric approach, it was developed by Abadie and Garzeabal (2003; 2010), and called SCM. The underlying hypothesis is that it is possible to construct a weighted combination of potential control countries – the synthetic control – that approximate the most relevant characteristics of the country affected by the intervention. In our study, the 'treated' country is the one which experienced a trade reform – 'treatment'. The situation which happened after the treatment (economic openness) can be estimated by the SCM. The SCM is able to calculate a counterfactual circumstance of the 'treated' country, in the absence of trade liberalization. The consequential result of the 'treatment' can be verified by looking at the outcome trend of the synthetic control. More precisely, the synthetic control algorithm estimates the missing counterfactual as a weighted average of the outcomes of potential controls. The weights are chosen so that the pretreatment outcome and the covariates of the synthetic control are, on average, very similar to those of the 'treated' country. Although this methodology is more flexible and transparent than others, there is a limitation regarding the inferential techniques. This is mainly due to the fact that the number of observations in the control pool and the number of periods covered by the sample are usually quite small in comparative case studies, like this. This is why, following the suggestions of the inventors, we implemented the placebo tests, based on permutation techniques. This means that the synthetic algorithm was sequentially applied to every country in the pool of potential controls and then used to compare the placebo with the baseline results. To sum up, we evaluated the dynamic of the under five mortality rate in a 'treated' country (which experienced an episode of trade liberalization in the decades considered), with the situation in a sample of control (the synthetic control), composed by a group of very similar countries to the one 'treated', but in which there was not any trade reform. It is important to notice that the synthetic control is chosen taking into account the covariates mentioned above; besides, the weight of each country of the synthetic control is selected in order to minimize the difference with the 'treated' country, in the pre-treatment period. With respect to the results, we decided to select a pre-treatment period of twenty years, and a post-treatment period of ten years. This is mainly because after a decade from the openness to trade, the effect of this phenomenon of child mortality tend to be very difficult to isolate and identify. The preliminary results obtained, show that the impacts of trade liberalization on under five mortality rate is, on average, positive. Moreover, in a few developing countries political and economic reforms happened simultaneously; so that, this overlapping may not permit the correct identification of the real effect of commercial openness on the outcome variable.

La ridefinizione della nozione di subordinazione nel diritto italiano Attraverso la ricostruzione del dibattito italiano intorno al concetto di subordinazione nel diritto del lavoro, la presente tesi di ricerca si propone di enucleare i diversi problemi davanti ai quali sia il legislatore sia l'interprete del diritto devono misurarsi nel tentativo di ridefinire l'area del lavoro dipendente nel nostro ordinamento. Questa esigenza di ridefinizione, richiamata da più voci, almeno a partire dagli anni Ottanta del secolo scorso, oggi sembra stentare a trovare una forma stabile sulla quale il diritto del lavoro possa svilupparsi negli anni a venire. Osservare con attenzione l'evoluzione del concetto di subordinazione, l'intenso dibattito dottrinale che introno a questa nozione si è sviluppato nel tempo, gli orientamenti della giurisprudenza, le soluzioni legislative attuate e anche quelle solo proposte, può fornire elementi preziosi per leggere criticamente lo stato attuale del dibattito in materia con l'obiettivo di ricercare le soluzioni più efficaci ad enucleare un concetto di lavoro dipendente capace di rispondere in maniera adeguata alle esigenze qualificatorie e di tutela dell'attuale mercato del lavoro. La tesi che in questo lavoro si intende sostenere è la seguente: una "equilibrata" definizione di subordinazione, capace di resistere alla "tempesta di interessi" che caratterizza il mercato del lavoro, non può poggiare esclusivamente su una valutazione tecnico-giuridica relativa alla scelta degli elementi definitori della fattispecie e al metodo adottato nella qualificazione del rapporto, ma deve tener conto delle conseguenze sociali ed economiche che produrrà nella sua applicazione. Solo attraverso questa valutazione socio-economica dell'impatto della ridefinizione della fattispecie sarà infatti possibile individuare una disciplina applicabile "sostenibile", ossia in grado di evitare nella propria applicazione effetti patologici come la "istituzionalizzazione" delle forme di lavoro precario o, peggio ancora, l'incentivazione del lavoro irregolare. Una ridefinizione del concetto di subordinazione che produca un'espansione dell'area della disciplina applicabile dovrà così confrontarsi con l'esigenza di rimodulare il sistema di protezione del lavoro dipendente, rendendolo più flessibile nel rapporto e più intenso nel mercato. Maggiori saranno gli elementi di contesto favorevoli al datore di lavoro, pensiamo alle azioni di semplificazione normativa o di riduzione della pressione fiscale da parte del legislatore, maggiore sarà la possibilità di rendere "economicamente compatibile" un'efficace assetto di tutele per il lavoratore. ; The redefinition of subordination's concept in Italian law Throughout the reconstruction of the Italian debate regarding the concept of subordination in labor law, this thesis research aims to identifying the various problems to be considered by the legislature and the interpreter when attempting to redefine the area of the dependent work in our system. This need for redefinition, called for by multiple voices, at least since the eighties of the last century, today hardly seems to find a stable basis on which the labor law can evolve in the coming years. Carefully looking the evolution of the concept of subordination - the intense doctrinal debate, that as evolved around this concept over time, the guidelines of the law, the legislative solutions implemented and also only those proposed - can provide valuable elements for critically reading of the current state of the debate on this subject, that aims to find a concept of depended work capable of responding adequately to the qualifiers and protection needs of the present labor market. The author's thesis is that a "balanced" definition of subordination, able to resist the "storm of interests" which characterizes the labor market, cannot be based solely on an assessment of technical legal aspects relating to the choice of the defining elements of the case and the method adopted in the qualification of the employment relationship, but must take into account the social and economic consequences it that will produce. Only through this socio-economic assessment of the redefinition of the case's impact it will be possible to identify a "sustainable" applicable discipline able to avoid pathological effects in its own application as the "institutionalization" of precarious forms of employment or, even worse, the encouragement of illegal labor. A redefinition of the concept of subordination that produces an expansion of the "protection area" will have to confront with the need to restructure the applicable rules of the dependent work, making it more flexible in the employment relationship and more intense in the market's protections. Greater will be the context items favourable to the employer – we think here about actions of regulatory simplification or reduction of the tax burden - the greater will be the possibility of making "economically acceptable" an effective framework of safeguards for employees.

There is actual problem in the modern world associated with competitive advantage, positioning the image of the state, its political system and separate territorial- administrative units (cities, regions, historical provinces) in the political environment as the direction of current foreign policy. Creating a positive image and brand is one of the key problems for every modern country. This process in the present conditions is becoming increasingly important. A positive image is an effective means of transformation, improving the status and prestige of the state and its investment attractiveness. Brand state promotion (creating a positive image) is significant issue for modern Ukraine and its regions with target to increase its competitiveness.Globalization and global integration increase the requirement for the use of interdisciplinary methodological approaches and methods for the analysis of modern politics. Especially - it concerns such thing as 'state branding', it is studied by specialists in public administration, marketing, political geography, regional studies, geopolitics and political science.The aim of the article is to summarize the essence of the concept of 'state branding' taking into consideration the different scientific approaches to the interpretation of the content of the concept .The term 'branding' came into political science from scientific research in the field of commercial marketing on creating a propitious image of the nation, the government, the states and this approach became widespread.The concept of 'brand' (from English word brand –'stamp, mark') is defined as a well-known name positively identified and perceived environment, and thus becomes more respected and popular. That is why branding is responsible for the process of creating, implementing and strengthening the brand. So branding - the process of forming and brand management, that is an activity aimed at creating sustainable ideas in the mind of the subject.At once after originated the business branding began the concept of state branding, according to Simon Anholt it is a systematic process of harmonizing the actions, behavior, innovation, investment, and the country's communications strategy for the successful implementation of competitive identity. An example is the cooperation of the government on borrowings and investments to the country. Thus state branding - the process of creation and promotion through international media brand to consumers and country counterparts.Broadly, 'state branding' consists of governmental and regions actions with aims to marketing areas and sectors they represent. The concept is associated with the policy of formulation and implementation of the state brand, as a combination of emotional and rational concepts, and therefore need of a harmonious combination of national and local (regional) features uniqueness, otherness and attractiveness.Branding states as 'political brand' is used in relation to political institutions, persons and events in the case of uniqueness, originality, awareness, recognition and high reputation.Thus, political science measurement concept 'branding state' leads to the following conclusions:Firstly 'state branding' - the process of positioning the country, creation, creation of 'brand state', and therefore directly linked to its national interests and based on clearly defined values, priorities, positioned in the political environment;Secondly 'state branding' - a state political activity with aims to provide its information in the presence of wide circles awareness through reflection in the mass consciousness of its exclusive local differences;Thirdly 'state branding' can provide the state and territory opportunity to become a force of influence, broadcast their own decisions and increase their tangible and intangible resources and consists of various components of economic, political, social and cultural character and is a combined measure of recognition and success of its actions on internationally, assessing foreign public opinion about the country;Fourthly its essence is to create a positive image of the country that displays originality, unique and original characteristics of the area and the communities that are well known and have received public recognition. ; В статье освещаются основные подходы к трактованию понятия «брендинг государства». Суть которых заключается в том, что «брендинг государства» – это процесс позиционирования страны, создание, формирование «бренда государства», а потому напрямую связанный с ее национальными интересами и основывается на четко определенных ценностях, приоритетах, которые позиционируются в политической среде. ; У статті висвітлено основні підходи до трактування поняття «брендинг держави», суть яких полягає в тому, що «брендинг держави» – це процес позиціонування країни, створення, формування «бренду держави», а тому напряму пов'язаний з її національними інтересами і ґрунтується на чітко визначених цінностях, пріоритетах, що позиціо-нуються в політичному середовищі.

Turbulent social and political circumstances in the Middle South Slavic language area caused the disintegration of Yugoslavia and the formation of new countries in the 1990s, and this of course was reflected in the demise of the prestigious Serbo-Croatian language and the emergence of new standard languages based on the Štokavian dialect (Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian and Montenegrin). The Yugoslav language policy advocated a polycentric model of linguistic unity that strived for equal representation of the languages of the peoples (Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian and Slovenian), ethnicities (ethnic minorities) and ethnic groups, as well as both scripts (Latin and Cyrillic). Serbo-Croatian, spoken by 73% of people in Yugoslavia, was divided into the eastern and the western variety and two standard language expressions: Bosnian and Montenegrin. One linguistic system had sociolinguistic subsystems or varieties which functioned and developed in different socio-political, historical, religious and other circumstances. With the disintegration of Yugoslavia, the aforementioned sociolinguistic subsystems became standard languages (one linguistic system brought forth four political languages). We will describe the linguistic circumstances of the newly formed countries after 1991 in Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro. We will show that language policies of the newly formed states of former Yugoslavia have encountered many problems, including some elementary issues of standardisation. Finally we conclude that the future will not bring convergence and that language policies will continue to depend on the general political situation in the region. 要旨 中央南スラヴ語圏における社会的・政治的混乱は、ユーゴスラビアの崩壊を招き、1990年代には各新国家が誕生した。結果は、信望の厚かったセルボ・クロアチア語の「死」と、シュト方言を基盤とする各標準語(ボスニア語、クロアチア語、セルビア語、モンテネグロ語)の出現であった。本稿は、歴史的および理論的枠組みの中で、言語統一の多中心的モデルである旧ユーゴスラビアの言語政策、そして諸民族の言語(セルボ・クロアチア語、マケドニア語、スロベニア語)、「民族性」(少数民族)、民族集団等の概念、さらにローマ字とキリル文字の両文字体系の使用を論じる。ユーゴスラビアの73%の人々が話すといわれたセルボ・クロアチア語は東と西のバラエティーと2種の標準方言、ボスニア語とマケドニア語に分割された。つまり、一つの言語体系が社会言語学的には下位体系または変種を持ち、それぞれが違った社会、政治、歴史、宗教などの状況により機能と発展を異にした。ユーゴスラビアの崩壊に伴い、社会言語学的下位体系が各標準語となり、一つの言語体系が四つの政治的言語を生むこととなった。ここではさらに、1991年以降に新しく形成された各国家、クロアチア、セルビア、ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ、モンテネグロにおける言語状況を描く。最後に、旧ユーゴ地域の諸国家の言語政策がそれぞれに問題を抱え、なかでも標準化に関する基本的な問題を持つことを指摘する。将来において、これら諸言語の近寄りは見込まれず、今後も言語政策は地域の政治情勢に左右されていくことであろう。

The article presents complex, systematic study of the political aspects of human trafficking. Today human trafficking gained the grand scale of its spreading and it has affected almost all European countries and their neighboring regions. Nowadays there are a lot of kinds and forms of human exploitation. Although slavery was abolished in 1957, today human exploitation is still widespread both in traditional form and in more modern ones. So «trading in personality» is the feature of the economy of the late XX century.The expediency of analysis of the negative impacts of globalization and illegal immigration in the context of the problem is identified. Globalization has engrossed almost all spheres of human life nowadays and has affected not only economic, political and social processes but also those ones which are connected with activity of criminal groups giving them transboundary nature.Very often human trafficking is confused with illegal migration since both phenomena are connected with shadow economy and they constantly fuel corruption, money laundering, hindering economic and democratic development of society. Human traffickers use illegal migration and people smuggling for providing more profits because they don't need to spend significant money on documents production, legalization, insurance and other items required by law.The negative international results of human trafficking are researched by the author. Namely, problems of governance organization that are created by powerful criminal groups of human traffickers and smugglers, mass stay of a significant number of non­citizens in the country; formation of the negative international image of the origin, destination or transit country as the state which is unable to counter effectively illegal migration and human trafficking. ; У статті здійснено комплексне дослідження політичних аспектів торгівлі людьми. Торгівля людьми сьогодні досягла грандіозних масштабів свого поширення і торкнулась майже всіх європейських країн та суміжних з ними регіонів. Сьогодні існує багато видів та форм експлуатації людей. І хоча рабство було скасоване ще в 1957 році, сьогодні все ще широко поширена експлуатація людей, як у традиційних формах, так і в більш сучасних. Таким чином, особливістю економіки кінця XX століття є «товаризація особистості».Визначено доцільність аналізу негативних наслідків глобалізації та нелегальної міграції в контексті досліджуваної проблеми. Адже глобалізація, яка сьогодні поглинула практично всі сфери життєдіяльності людства, зачепила не лише економічні, політичні та соціальні процеси, але й процеси пов'язані з діяльністю злочинних угруповань, наділивши їх транскордонним характером.У процесі торгівлі людьми значною є роль нелегальної міграції, яка стала надзвичайним феноменом періоду глобалізації і пов'язана з активізацією діяльності транснаціональних організованих злочинних угруповань, які забезпечують існування потужних мереж нелегальної міграції, контрабанди та трафікінгу людей.Торгівлю людьми досить часто плутають з незаконною міграцією. Оскільки обидва явища пов'язані з тіньовою економікою та постійно підживлюють корупцію, відмивання грошей, гальмують економічний і демократичний розвиток суспільства. Торговці людьми використовують нелегальну міграцію та контрабанду людей, забезпечуючи цим собі більші прибутки.Автором проаналізовано міжнародно­політичні наслідки торгівлі людьми. А саме: проблеми для організації державного управління, які створюються впливовими злочинними групами торгівців людьми та контрабандистів, масовим перебуванням в країні значної кількості негромадян країни; формування негативного міжнародного іміджу країни походження, призначення чи транзиту, як держави, нездатної ефективно протидіяти нелегальній міграції та торгівлі людьми. ; У статті здійснено комплексне дослідження політичних аспектів торгівлі людьми. Торгівля людьми сьогодні досягла грандіозних масштабів свого поширення і торкнулась майже всіх європейських країн та суміжних з ними регіонів. Сьогодні існує багато видів та форм експлуатації людей. І хоча рабство було скасоване ще в 1957 році, сьогодні все ще широко поширена експлуатація людей, як у традиційних формах, так і в більш сучасних. Таким чином, особливістю економіки кінця XX століття є «товаризація особистості».Визначено доцільність аналізу негативних наслідків глобалізації та нелегальної міграції в контексті досліджуваної проблеми. Адже глобалізація, яка сьогодні поглинула практично всі сфери життєдіяльності людства, зачепила не лише економічні, політичні та соціальні процеси, але й процеси пов'язані з діяльністю злочинних угруповань, наділивши їх транскордонним характером.У процесі торгівлі людьми значною є роль нелегальної міграції, яка стала надзвичайним феноменом періоду глобалізації і пов'язана з активізацією діяльності транснаціональних організованих злочинних угруповань, які забезпечують існування потужних мереж нелегальної міграції, контрабанди та трафікінгу людей.Торгівлю людьми досить часто плутають з незаконною міграцією. Оскільки обидва явища пов'язані з тіньовою економікою та постійно підживлюють корупцію, відмивання грошей, гальмують економічний і демократичний розвиток суспільства. Торговці людьми використовують нелегальну міграцію та контрабанду людей, забезпечуючи цим собі більші прибутки.Автором проаналізовано міжнародно­політичні наслідки торгівлі людьми. А саме: проблеми для організації державного управління, які створюються впливовими злочинними групами торгівців людьми та контрабандистів, масовим перебуванням в країні значної кількості негромадян країни; формування негативного міжнародного іміджу країни походження, призначення чи транзиту, як держави, нездатної ефективно протидіяти нелегальній міграції та торгівлі людьми.

Предметом статьи является деятельность органов власти и местного самоуправления по повышению качества государственных и муниципальных услуг. Цель статьи оценка усилий и результатов десяти лет административной реформы в Российской Федерации в части повышения качества и доступности государственных и муниципальных услуг, предоставляемых органами государственной власти и местного самоуправления. В статье систематизированы и оценены основные шаги, цели, ожидаемые результаты, усилия и достигнутые результаты работы по повышению качества указанных государственных и муниципальных услуг, предоставляемых органами государственной власти и местного самоуправления, предпринятые за десять лет административной реформы в Российской Федерации. Представлены и проанализированы данные о достигнутых результатах этого направления административной реформы, полученные в ходе социологических опросов, проведенных Российской академией народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте Российской Федерации (под руководством автора статьи) в 2011-2013 гг. Итоги опросов позволяют сделать вывод о в целом положительном эффекте системных усилий по повышению качества государственных и муниципальных услуг, предоставляемых органами власти и местного самоуправления, проявляющийся в конечном счете в росте удовлетворенности их получателей как в отношении старта административной реформы, так и в последние годы ее проведения. В опросе 2013 г. 77,7% респондентов оценили качество этих, полученных ими государственных и муниципальных услуг, как удовлетворительное (по результатам опросов 2011 г. 74,6%, 2012 г. 75,5%). Основные выводы статьи: а) за десять лет административной реформы в Российской Федерации были предприняты целенаправленные и системные усилия по повышению качества государственных и муниципальных услуг, предоставляемых органами государственной власти и местного самоуправления; б) системность этих усилий, несмотря на сохраняющиеся проблемы и недоработки, приносит ощутимые положительные результаты, повышая уровень удовлетворенности получателей этих услуг; в) для достижения установленных амбициозных целевых значений уровня удовлетворенности получателей этих услуг (90% к 2018 г.) необходимо продолжить усилия по повышению их качества в формате административной реформы, в том числе приняв дополнительные меры по обеспечению достижения этих целевых значений. Опыт административной реформы позволяет предположить, что аналогичные системные усилия могли бы быть полезны для повышения качества и других услуг, предоставляемых за счет государственных и муниципальных бюджетов и/или с их непосредственным участием, в том числе услуг, предоставляемых неопределенному кругу лиц, и социальных услуг. Такие усилия могут быть полезны и для повышения удовлетворенности граждан деятельностью органов государственной власти и местного самоуправления. ; The subject matter of the article is the measures taken by the public administration bodies and municipal authorities to improve the quality of public and municipal services. The goal of the article is to assess the government's efforts to increase the quality, accessibility of public services and the results of 10 years of the administrative reform in the Russian Federation. Conclusions are drawn on the results of sociological polls. The article systematizes the main steps, goals, expectations and efforts to increase the quality of public and municipal services that the bodies of public administration and self governance have made during 10 years of the administrative reform. The data of the sociological poll on the results of this work held by the Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation in 20112013 and headed by the author of the article, are analyzed and presented here. A positive result of the system efforts to increase the quality of public and municipal services can be ascertained on the basis of the research conclusions. It, in the long run, reveals itself in the growing satisfaction of recipients of the services both at the start and in the last years of the reform. Research of 2013 showed that 77.7% of the respondents estimated the quality of the services provided for them as satisfactory (74.6% in 2011; 75.5% in 2012). Conclusions: a) during 10 years of the administrative reform in the Russian Federation system and goal-oriented efforts to increase the quality of public and municipal services have been undertaken by the bodies of public administration and of local self governance; b) these efforts, despite some problems that still exist, give tangible positive results, thus increasing the level of citizens' satisfaction with the services they receive; c) to achieve the set ambitious satisfaction level goal of 90% by 2018, it is necessary to continue working hard within the framework of the administrative reform, including additional measures to achieve the goals. This experience suggests that analogous system efforts could be useful for making better other services, including social services, provided by the public and municipal administration bodies either under their control or with their direct participation. Such efforts could be useful for making citizens more satisfied with the performance of the public and local administration bodies as well.

В правовом государстве публичная власть обязана чтить и уважать решения судов и исполнять их наиболее быстрым образом. Отказ от исполнения судебных актов обязанными органами государственной власти грубо нарушает принцип верховенства права. Это положение касается и решений конституционных судов субъектов РФ, как региональных органов конституционного контроля. Однако случаи таких отказов нередко имеют место в российской правовой действительности. Для обеспечения исполнения решений региональных органов конституционного контроля отечественные правоведы уже выработали ряд подходов, однако из них законодателем воспринимаются в основном меры принуждения, эффективные не во всех случаях. Актуальность представленной статьи обусловлена поставленной автором задачей выработки эффективного механизма обеспечения исполнения решений региональных конституционных судов, путем использования комплекса мер, где наряду с принуждением присутствуют организационные, экономические и др. меры. Для решения указанной задачи автор использует эмпирические (наблюдение, сравнение) и теоретические (анализ, синтез, классификация, моделирование, дедукция) методы научного исследования. В представленной статье автор занимается поиском решения проблемы неисполнения решений конституционных (уставных) судов субъектов РФ. Автор рассматривает причины неисполнения решений органов конституционной юстиции, рассуждает о видах ответственности. Такие причины, по мнению автора, кроются прежде всего в несовершенстве законодательной базы, однако есть и причины финансово-экономического характера. В статье исследуется законодательство, регламентирующее порядок и особенности исполнения решений Конституционного Суда РФ, региональных органов конституционного контроля, взгляды ученых, занимающихся данной проблематикой, учтён положительный опыт по решению данной проблемы, посредством налаживания взаимодействия с органами прокуратуры. Также представлены конкретные предложения, направленные на обеспечение исполнения решений конституционных (уставных) судов. Выводы и предложения автора, приводимые в настоящей статье, достойны стать предметом дальнейшего обсуждения ведущими специалистами в сфере конституционного права и государственного управления. Практическая значимость данной статьи видится в реальной возможности создания условий, способствующих неуклонной реализации принципа общеобязательных судебных решений. Социальный результат данной статьи может быть выражен в повышении эффективности исполнения решений региональных конституционных судов. Данная статья представляет безусловную ценность для юридической науки, так как в ней реализован комплексный авторский подход к решению одной из первоочередных задач обеспечения эффективности взаимодействия различных ветвей власти - конституционного правосудия и исполнительной власти ; In a state of law, public authority is obliged to honor and respect the decisions of the courts, and do them in the fastest way. Refusal to perform judicial acts obliged public authorities violates the principle of the rule of law. This provision applies to the decisions of the constitutional courts of the subjects of the Russian Federation, as regional bodies of the constitutional control. However, cases of such failures often occur in the Russian legal reality. To ensure implementation of the decisions of the regional bodies of the constitutional control of domestic jurists have already developed a number of approaches, but one legislator perceived mainly coercive measures not effective in all cases. The relevance of the film due to the task set by the author develop an effective mechanism to ensure implementation of the decisions of regional constitutional courts, through the use of a set of measures, which, along with coercion present organizational, economic and others. Measures. To solve this problem by using empirical (observation, comparison) and theoretical (analysis, synthesis, classification, modeling, deduction) methods of scientific research. In the article the author is engaged in finding a solution to the problem of non-enforcement of constitutional (charter) courts of the subjects of the Russian Federation. The author examines the reasons for non-enforcement of constitutional justice, talks about the kinds of responsibility. These reasons, in my opinion, lie primarily in the imperfection of the legal framework, but there are reasons for the financial and economic problems. The paper investigates the laws governing the procedure and design characteristics of the Constitutional Court, the regional bodies of the constitutional control, the views of scientists active in this field, taken into account the positive experience to solve this problem, through networking with prosecutors. Also presented concrete proposals to ensure implementation of the decisions of the constitutional (charter) courts. Conclusions and suggestions to the author, presented in this article, worthy to become the subject of further discussion by leading experts in the field of constitutional law and public administration. The practical significance of this paper is seen as a real opportunity to create conditions conducive to the steady implementation of the principle of mandatory judicial decisions. Social result of this paper can be expressed in improving enforcement of regional constitutional courts. This paper presents a clear value for legal science, since it implemented an integrated architectural approach to solving one of the priority tasks of ensuring the effectiveness of interaction between different branches of government constitutional and executive powers.

Статья посвящена комплексным подходам к пониманию реализации принципов земельного права и законодательства, разработке путей достижения состояния надлежащего землепользования, экономическим и административным средствам, способам и приемам воздействия на участников земельных отношений. ; Problem setting. One of the main institutions of land rights, without a doubt, you should call the Institute of ownership. Domestic legislation is the implementation of land ownership as a set of powers considering the entity on the ownership, use and disposal of land. Out of these powers is particularly important use it. This is due primarily to the fact that the use of a removal of mineral properties directly from the land. That is, the implementation of the said powers may speak not only of ownership as a set of objective and subjective features, but also consider land as a specific resource. When talking specifically about the actual implementation of land use rights, the observance of public interest, which is to save the state of the area, the environment, ecosystems, etc., occupies an equal, if not a priority, a place in the system of interest with the private. Recent research and publications analysis. At different times, the problems of implementing the principles of land law to disclose how modern Ukrainian scientists and lawyers of other countries and times, including A. Getman, G. Bashmakov, I. Ikonytska, M. Krasnov, P. Kulinich, A. Miroshnichenko, N. Titova, S. Shemshuchenko, M. Shulha and many other scientists. Paper objective. Тhe separation criterion value principles of land law, public policy analysis in the field of purposeful and rational land use and development trends of the state's influence on social relations in order to create lawful behavior of land relations Paper main body. Тask of the state is the statutory principles of land law. In turn, the rights of owners and users of land considered to implement the removal of properties from the land so that in addition to satisfying their own interests, and there was also a strict observance of the laws of the land. However, not only the principles of statutory land law refers to national goals and qualitative monitoring their implementation. Again, given the provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine, which establishes a special significance in the system of national land values may be argued that the quality of this control should be maximum, since it deals with the main national wealth. Unfortunately, the existing system is currently monitoring the use and protection of land, perfect. This is perhaps also due to a large number of land offenses related to incompliance legislation ensuring the proper, efficient and effective use of land in Ukraine. Difficulties in controlling owners and users of land sufficient focus on this inappropriate. The main thing is, what should be emphasized is the inability of the state to ensure the proper use of all land. Thus, the state appears as a goal not only to exercise control over land use and protection, but also to ensure the proper use of land. Provision is, first and foremost, a normative character. And in this case we talk about failure that purpose, that is, the lack of regulatory consolidation responsibilities of owners and users of land, is not correct. The list of responsibilities which make land targeted, efficient and effective, available and one that meets the needs of today. But this raises the question of execution of these duties. Conclusions of the research. Еnsure compliance with state legislation aimed at implementing the principles of land law in the use of land by the respective subject is essential. Specifying the composition of such principles, narrowing their list to the principles of trust, rational, efficient use of land, priority requirements of environmental safety, economic pluralism, it should be noted that it is these principles is not given any advantage in the system of land law, this prioritization is impossible. The following specification is caused primarily by the fact that in this study are considered from principles whose implementation occurs when the use of land. But to reduce the importance of practical implementation of the aforementioned principles and should not be, because it is designed to provide a wide range of interests. In addition, as has been proven, these interests are significant not only for the state but for the whole of its population.