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This paper examines how shocks to the net supply of government bonds affect the euro area term structure of interest rates and the wider macroeconomy. To measure net debt supply we construct a new free-float measure, which adjusts total government debt of the four largest euro area economies for foreign official holdings and the maturity of the outstanding stock of debt. Using a small macro-finance BVAR model, we estimate that the ECB's government bond purchases, as announced on 22 January 2015, reduced euro area 10-year bond yields, on average, by around 30bps in 2015 through the so-called duration channel. The impact on the output gap and inflation in 2016 is of the order of 0.2ppt and 0.3ppt respectively. Our estimates are likely to underestimate the overall impact of the ECB's purchases on interest rates and inflation, as they exclude effects on credit risk and monetary policy expectations that may have compressed interest rates even further.

International audience ; Le 22 avril 2016, 175 pays et l'Union européenne ont signé au siège des Nations Unies, à New York, l'Accord de Paris sur le climat. La vingtaine de pays absents à ce rendez-vous ont jusqu'au 21 avril 2017 pour y apposer leur signature. Il s'agit du premier accord universel sur le climat. Malgré le fossé entre les contributions annoncées par ces pays et l'objectif affiché d'une limitation de l'élévation de la température moyenne de la Planète bien en-dessous de 2°C, voire en-dessous de 1,5°C par rapport au niveau préindustriel, ce caractère universel justifie pleinement que la COP 21 soit considérée comme un succès. Cette réussite a été possible grâce à l'engagement et aux efforts conjugués d'une communauté scientifique quasi unanime dans son diagnostic, de décideurs politiques qui ont compris l'importance des enjeux et de nombreuses composantes de ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler la société civile. Nous analysons dans cet article la façon dont cette synergie s'est progressivement mise en place.

International audience ; Le 22 avril 2016, 175 pays et l'Union européenne ont signé au siège des Nations Unies, à New York, l'Accord de Paris sur le climat. La vingtaine de pays absents à ce rendez-vous ont jusqu'au 21 avril 2017 pour y apposer leur signature. Il s'agit du premier accord universel sur le climat. Malgré le fossé entre les contributions annoncées par ces pays et l'objectif affiché d'une limitation de l'élévation de la température moyenne de la Planète bien en-dessous de 2°C, voire en-dessous de 1,5°C par rapport au niveau préindustriel, ce caractère universel justifie pleinement que la COP 21 soit considérée comme un succès. Cette réussite a été possible grâce à l'engagement et aux efforts conjugués d'une communauté scientifique quasi unanime dans son diagnostic, de décideurs politiques qui ont compris l'importance des enjeux et de nombreuses composantes de ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler la société civile. Nous analysons dans cet article la façon dont cette synergie s'est progressivement mise en place.

© 2017 The Authors. Flexible and stretchable supercapacitors have a big potential of being used in portable and wearable electronics because of their high power density, high reversibility, fast charge/discharge rates and long life cycles. In this study, strip supercapacitors were fabricated by a blade coating process using low-cost materials. The electrochemical performance of the strip supercapacitors was studied under both static and dynamic tensile stress conditions in order to evaluate their suitability for use in wearable textiles. The results showed strip supercapacitors under static and dynamic mechanical tensile process worked well: the capacitance and specific capacitance for this strip supercapacitor sample with the static loading of 100 N or 200 N was bigger than that of this sample without loading, with an increase of 22% and 9%, respectively. The mechanical compression was applied vertically from the top of the strip supercapacitor sample to further investigate the reason for the capacitance increase under loading conditions. ; European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) grant agreement no. 281063.

Indonesia is a state law. This is clearly contained in the state constitution, namely article 1, paragraph (3) of the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Year 1945. Explanation of the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Year 1945 further mentioned State Indonesia based on the law (rechstaat), not by power sheer (machtsstaat). As a country which proclaimed itself as a country of law, then all aspects of national life must be based on law. The emergence of dual obligation is related to several articles, namely: (a). Article 2, paragraph (1), which puts the Attorney as government agencies which implies that the prosecutor's office is an agency under the executive, but the authority to implement state power in the prosecution of running the judiciary; and (b). Article 19 paragraph (2) and Article 22 of the Attorney General is appointed, dismissed and responsible to the president, it is structurally under the executive judiciary but functionally is that in carrying out its functions should remain in line with the government-run legal politics.

Background & Objectives: Anemia is a global health problem. About 40% of the world's population suffers from anemia and adolescence is one of the most vulnerable age group. Hence the objective of the study was to determine prevalence and distribution of anemia among adolescent girls in eastern part of Nepal.Materials & Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in a Government School of Dharan over a period of one year. There were total 433 participants, whose clinical and demographic profile were recorded and analyzed. Hemoglobin estimation was done by using cyanmethaemoglobin method and anemia was defined as per WHO cut-off.Results: The overall prevalence of anemia was found to be 51.3%. Prevalence was significantly more in pre-menarche age and undernourished girls (p<0.05). However factors like diet (vegetarian/non-vegetarian), worm infestation and parental education did not have a significant impact on occurrence of anemia.Conclusion: Anemia is the major health problem among adolescent girls in eastern part Nepal with high prevalence rate and nutrition is one of the leading causative factors for anemia.JCMS Nepal. 2016;12(1):19-22.

Published online before print 28 November 2014. ; The relationship between trust in representative political institutions and extra-representational participation (ERP) is contested. Generally, scholars have assumed that distrust is a major source of ERP. However, empirical studies have yielded inconclusive results. This article contributes to the debate by linking it to recent studies on how contextual factors affect the amount of ERP and interact with micro-level predictors. We take an innovative stance by conceptualizing the openness of political systems in both institutional and cultural terms, and by arguing that the negative micro-level relationship between political trust and ERP should be stronger in more open political systems. With a multi-level analysis of 22 European democracies, we show that citizens who distrust representative institutions are indeed more likely to engage in ERP. Most importantly, our findings indicate that the more open a political system in cultural terms, the stronger the negative micro-level relationship between political trust and ERP. ; ERC POLCON project funded.

Georgia, a former Soviet Union state, has undergone a lot of political, social, economic and of course educational changes. This article shows how Georgia's higher education system has developed after the collapse of the Soviet Union. As an independent country, Georgia has started developing a free nation with a new type of the education system. The government of Georgia chose the European system of higher education and their major aim was to become a part of the Bologna process. Reforms made in Georgian higher education system have been essential for the country and indeed a lot has changed since the starting period. Georgia managed to hold unified national entry exams and has implemented the ECTS system; there are modern curricula that meet the requirements of European standards. etc. But still, even though a lot is being done, a lack of funding, outdated teaching methods and old facilities in some universities are still unresolved problems. ; 38 ; 365 ; 376 ; 22 ; Studia Edukacyjne

With the rise in popularity of public social media and micro-blogging services, most notably Twitter, the people have found a venue to hear and be heard by their peers without an intermediary. As a consequence, and aided by the public nature of Twitter, political scientists now potentially have the means to analyse and understand the narratives that organically form, spread and decline among the public in a political campaign.However, the volume and diversity of the conversation on Twitter, combined with its noisy and idiosyncratic nature, make this a hard task. Thus, advanced data mining and language processing techniques are required to process and analyse the data. In this paper, we present and evaluate a technical framework, based on recent advances in deep neural networks, for identifying and analysing election-related conversation on Twitter on a continuous, longitudinal basis. Our models can detect election-related tweets with an F-score of 0.92 and can categorize these tweets into 22 topics with an F-score of 0.90.

A key aim of the European Citizens' Initiative (ECI) introduced in 2012 was to promote transnational discussion and deliberation, but there is relatively little analysis of the impact of this feature. We use primary and secondary data collection to examine the legacies left by almost 50 ECI campaigns at the conclusion of their official status, identifying mixed results. Using data drawn from interviews with 22 Citizen Committees, we identify and assess ECI campaigns which have disappeared with little trace of continued networks of communication, and at the other end of the spectrum, we find a notable reach of campaigns into some Central and East European countries, in which a young cohort of post-student campaigners attracted by the use of new technologies for campaigning feature prominently. In recognition of debates about the prospects for EU democratisation which transnational contestation might provide, we identify from continuing campaigns shared features which may provide clues as to the formation of political public spheres across national boundaries.

Workers with a college degree earn substantially more than workers with no such degree. Using recent data from 22 OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries, we estimate this college wage premium at 28 per cent for male full-time working employees, on average, ranging from 18 per cent in Sweden to 50 per cent in the Slovak Republic. This premium is largely explained by the higher skill levels of graduates from higher education combined with their use of these skills at work, as well as the match with job requirements for this skill proficiency and skill use. We find no effect of labour market institutions (e.g. the employment protection legislation or the coverage rate) on cross-country differences in the college wage premium. However, we find that cross-country variation in this premium is related to the relative supply of higher educated workers. Moreover, we find evidence that cross-country differences in the college wage premium are related to the degree to which educational credentials signal skills.

This research aims to explore the intersection of two factors, the positively regarded veteran and negatively viewed criminal. Through that exploration this research will look more deeply into the attitudes of professionals working with veterans that commit crimes and whether a criminal background affects VTC providers' perspectives of the veteran clients with whom they work. Utilizing a 22-question survey consisting of quantitative and qualitative items, respondents were asked questions focused on attitudes towards veterans, crime, veterans that commit crimes and punishment. In addition, this research examined the level of control each respondent felt in the admission and termination processes. Lastly, looking at program improvement, respondents were asked to identify one rule they would like to change in the VTC. This research determined that most decisions for both entry and termination are made utilizing a team approach, professionals thought highly of veterans, most believed that veterans deserve a second chance and that veterans have unique experiences, which justifies the development of a specialized court to meet their needs.

A study was carried on the public opinion against the banning of the use of AGP farms (antibiotics growth promotor) in feed, indicated in the Directorate General of Livestock Act of Animal Husbandry No 18 -2009 Article 22 verse 4C. Surveys with "purposive sampling" to the farming communities was implemented in June to November 2015. The results showed that the use of feed additive AGP in the feed industry is still not much known by respondents that were supposed to be harmful to human health. So, we need to do a socialization about the danger of AGP to all community. Most opinion of the Government and stakeholder agreed to prohibit the use of AGP in feed. It is recommended that the implementation of AGP banning is not done all in a sudden. Replacement materials of AGP in the form of herbal, probiotics and enzymes have been used by farmers, but it is still limited however they realized it is useful to increase health and the productivity of the animal.

The purposes of this study were: (1) to determine the implementation of participatory development; (2) to determine factors that affected people's level of participation in the development. The study was conducted at the village of Andowia, in the subdistrict of Andowia, North Konawe Regency, in November 2015. Informant were determined using a purposive random sampling technique, that is, by deliberately choosing 22 informants. Data were obtained using observation and interview, and were analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. Results of the study showed that overall the implementation of participatory development in the village of Andowia has been dissatisfactory, due to a lack of people's participation in meetings that discussed the process of development in the village of Andowia. Among the factors that affected the level of people's participation in the development of Andowia village were the supporting factors, which included awareness/willingness, people's participation, and supports from the government and the people, and the hindering factors which included low quality of education, low incomes, and limited employment in the village.

Statue no. 22/ 2001 on Oil and Gas. (Oil and Gas Law). Have reaped the problem, since the establishment, terms with the impact of globalization, as well as the world economic crisis. Therefore as new laws that regulate oil and gas, there has been a reform in the oil and gas law, as well as a variety of model settings. As is usually the administrative laws, tend to use the criminal provisions, in order to maintain, this thing is set, it can be done ideally, and improve the welfare of the people in business with the capital requirement migas.yang besar.Investasi multinational companies have long engaged in oil and gas, even since the colonial period, until today. Hence privatization of State-Owned Enterprises in the field of oil and gas business, must be strictly regulated, so that the model of economic democracy as provided for in the Constitution Article 33 of the Constitution of 1945, can be implemented with a high spirit of nationalism.