Suchergebnisse

Defining and measuring fossil fuel subsidies / Doug Koplow -- Reforming fossil fuel subsidies: the art of the possible / Shelagh Whitley and Laurie van der Burg -- The political economy of incumbency: fossil fuel subsidies in global and historical context / Peter Newell and Phil Johnstone -- Fossil fuel subsidy reform: an international norm perspective / Thijs Van de Graaf and Mathieu Blondeel -- International push, domestic reform? The influence of international economic institutions on fossil fuel subsidy reform / Jakob Skovgaard -- Fossil fuel subsidies and the global trade regime / Ronald Steenblik, Jehan Sauvage and Christina Timiliotis -- Fossil fuel subsidies and the global climate regime / Harro van Asselt, Laura Merrill and Kati Kulovesi -- Anatomy of an international norm entrepreneur: the friends of fossil fuel subsidy reform / Vernon Rive -- The global subsidies initiative: catalytic actors and the politics of fossil fuel subsidy reform / Nathan Lemphers, Steven Bernstein and Matthew Hoffmann -- Fossil fuel subsidy reform in Indonesia: the struggle for successful reform / Kathryn Chelminski -- Lessons from the world's largest subsidy benefit transfer scheme: the case of liquefied petroleum gas subsidy reform in India / Abhishek Jain, Shalu Agrawal and Karthik Ganesan -- Sustaining carbon lock-in: fossil fuel subsidies in South Africa / Jesse Burton, Tawney Lott and Britta Rennkamp -- The politics of subsidies to coal extraction in Colombia / Claudia Strambo, Ana Carolina Gonzalez Espinosa, Angelica Puertas Velasco and Aaron Atteridge -- Reforming Egypt's fossil fuel subsidies in the context of a changing social contract / Tom S. H. Moerenhout -- Actors, frames and contexts in fossil fuel subsidy reform: the case of Trinidad and Tobago / Michelle Scobie

Since the beginning of the 2000s, the world has witnessed a craze for biofuels, as fossil fuel prices started to dangerously skyrocket. In this paper we analyse two major biofuel programs that will provide the reader with an overview of the issues at stake in current production of crop-based fuels. On the one hand, it will be analysed the Brazilian bioethanol program - whose inception dates back to 1975, the period when the world experienced its tirst oil crisis - and on the other hand its Indian biodiesel counterpart, created in 2003 as a response to current oil prices surge. Both programs had a common economic "raison d'être", as their main purpose was to curb national dependence on oil fuels, whereas concerns in the social and environmental fields have been subsidiary. The comparison between both programs will stress the extent to which classic (economic) but also more recent (environmental and social) world concerns have been addressed. At a moment when the debate on food security has reached its height, we will focus our analysis on the sustainability of both biofuel programs. To do so, this paper will analyse recent political discourses and national strategies in order to apprehend the underlying logic of both projects ; one can easily draw the conclusion that economic concerns very often prevailed in biofuel strategies, with little attention being paid to the potential impacts of the program on the society and on the environment - even though India's choice to grow jatropha as the main feedstock for its biofuel program relied on hopes that it would avoid conflict between fuel and foodstuff production. The comparison between both programs will also allow us to sketch a set of good management practices to be undertaken in the field of biofuels, which we will draw on from the analysis of the Brazilian "success story" and from its public policy choices. In the light of tbis experience, the Indian case can be regarded as a counter-example, but it highlights the difficulties that many biofuel newcomers will have to face. Good management is not the only key for a sustainable biofuel program, as social and environmental aspects (cf. land-availability, protection of forests) must be taken into account according to the specificities of each country. ; Depuis le début des années 2000, les biocarburants ont suscité dans le monde un grand intérêt, à un moment où les prix du pétrole ont commencé à sérieusement flamber. Dans ce mémoire, nous analyserons deux exemples de programmes nationaux que nous estimons représentatifs dans le domaine des biocarburants, afin de fournir au lecteur une vue d'ensemble des principaux enjeux existant autour de la production des biocarburants. D'une part, on analysera le programme d'éthanol Brésilien - créé en 1975, comme une réponse au premier choc pétrolier - et d'autre part, on s'attardera également sur le projet de biodiesel indien, crée en 2003 avec l'intention de répondre à la hausse préoccupante du prix du pétrole. Les deux programmes ont eu une même raison d'être, à savoir l'intention de fléchir la dépendance de chaque pays vis-à-vis de l'or noir. Cependant, en même temps, on pourra déplorer le peu d'attention portée sur les impacts directs que ces projets peuvent causer sur l'environnent et sur la société dans son ensemble (bien qu'on puisse avancer que l'intérêt indien pour le biodiesel de jatropha soit une réponse aux inquiétudes liées à un potentiel conflit entre la culture de biocarburants et celle d'aliments). Ainsi, la comparaison entre les deux programmes nous permettra de mieux savoir comment la production de biocarburants a visé à répondre à des préoccupations classiques (tournées vers l'économique) mais aussi à des enjeux plus contemporains (réchauffement climatique, exploitation humaine). À un moment où le débat sur la sécurité alimentaire mondiale atteint son paroxysme, nous allons axer notre analyse sur la soutenabilité des deux programmes de biocarburant. Pour ce faire, nous analyserons les discours politiques et les stratégies nationales afin de mieux appréhender les logiques qui sous-tendent les deux projets ; on pourra facilement tirer la conclusion que les préoccupations économiques ont prévalu, parfois sans même qu'une évaluation préalable des possibles impacts sur l'environnement et sur les hommes ne soit faite. La comparaison entre les deux programmes nous permettra également d'esquisser une série de bonnes pratiques de management qui pourraient être suivies dans le domaine des biocarburants ; le cas brésilien nous servira ici de référence, alors que le cas indien aura l'intérêt de souligner les possibles problèmes auxquels certains pays novices pourront se trouver confrontés. Mais une bonne gestion n'est pas le seul indicateur qui nous permettrait d'analyser la soutenabilité d'un programme de biocarburant, vu que des aspects sociaux et environnementaux (cf. disponibilité de terres arables, protection des forêts) sont aussi à être pris en compte selon les spécificités de chaque pays.

Since the beginning of the 2000s, the world has witnessed a craze for biofuels, as fossil fuel prices started to dangerously skyrocket. In this paper we analyse two major biofuel programs that will provide the reader with an overview of the issues at stake in current production of crop-based fuels. On the one hand, it will be analysed the Brazilian bioethanol program - whose inception dates back to 1975, the period when the world experienced its tirst oil crisis - and on the other hand its Indian biodiesel counterpart, created in 2003 as a response to current oil prices surge. Both programs had a common economic "raison d'être", as their main purpose was to curb national dependence on oil fuels, whereas concerns in the social and environmental fields have been subsidiary. The comparison between both programs will stress the extent to which classic (economic) but also more recent (environmental and social) world concerns have been addressed. At a moment when the debate on food security has reached its height, we will focus our analysis on the sustainability of both biofuel programs. To do so, this paper will analyse recent political discourses and national strategies in order to apprehend the underlying logic of both projects ; one can easily draw the conclusion that economic concerns very often prevailed in biofuel strategies, with little attention being paid to the potential impacts of the program on the society and on the environment - even though India's choice to grow jatropha as the main feedstock for its biofuel program relied on hopes that it would avoid conflict between fuel and foodstuff production. The comparison between both programs will also allow us to sketch a set of good management practices to be undertaken in the field of biofuels, which we will draw on from the analysis of the Brazilian "success story" and from its public policy choices. In the light of tbis experience, the Indian case can be regarded as a counter-example, but it highlights the difficulties that many biofuel newcomers will have to face. Good management is not the only key for a sustainable biofuel program, as social and environmental aspects (cf. land-availability, protection of forests) must be taken into account according to the specificities of each country. ; Depuis le début des années 2000, les biocarburants ont suscité dans le monde un grand intérêt, à un moment où les prix du pétrole ont commencé à sérieusement flamber. Dans ce mémoire, nous analyserons deux exemples de programmes nationaux que nous estimons représentatifs dans le domaine des biocarburants, afin de fournir au lecteur une vue d'ensemble des principaux enjeux existant autour de la production des biocarburants. D'une part, on analysera le programme d'éthanol Brésilien - créé en 1975, comme une réponse au premier choc pétrolier - et d'autre part, on s'attardera également sur le projet de biodiesel indien, crée en 2003 avec l'intention de répondre à la hausse préoccupante du prix du pétrole. Les deux programmes ont eu une même raison d'être, à savoir l'intention de fléchir la dépendance de chaque pays vis-à-vis de l'or noir. Cependant, en même temps, on pourra déplorer le peu d'attention portée sur les impacts directs que ces projets peuvent causer sur l'environnent et sur la société dans son ensemble (bien qu'on puisse avancer que l'intérêt indien pour le biodiesel de jatropha soit une réponse aux inquiétudes liées à un potentiel conflit entre la culture de biocarburants et celle d'aliments). Ainsi, la comparaison entre les deux programmes nous permettra de mieux savoir comment la production de biocarburants a visé à répondre à des préoccupations classiques (tournées vers l'économique) mais aussi à des enjeux plus contemporains (réchauffement climatique, exploitation humaine). À un moment où le débat sur la sécurité alimentaire mondiale atteint son paroxysme, nous allons axer notre analyse sur la soutenabilité des deux programmes de biocarburant. Pour ce faire, nous analyserons les discours politiques et les stratégies nationales afin de mieux appréhender les logiques qui sous-tendent les deux projets ; on pourra facilement tirer la conclusion que les préoccupations économiques ont prévalu, parfois sans même qu'une évaluation préalable des possibles impacts sur l'environnement et sur les hommes ne soit faite. La comparaison entre les deux programmes nous permettra également d'esquisser une série de bonnes pratiques de management qui pourraient être suivies dans le domaine des biocarburants ; le cas brésilien nous servira ici de référence, alors que le cas indien aura l'intérêt de souligner les possibles problèmes auxquels certains pays novices pourront se trouver confrontés. Mais une bonne gestion n'est pas le seul indicateur qui nous permettrait d'analyser la soutenabilité d'un programme de biocarburant, vu que des aspects sociaux et environnementaux (cf. disponibilité de terres arables, protection des forêts) sont aussi à être pris en compte selon les spécificités de chaque pays.

"This edited collection is a concise authoritative volume covering the practical, doctrinal, legal, and policy aspects of the new regime of ASEAN Law and its consequences for realizing rule of law-based development in Southeast Asia's emerging single market and production base. Drawing together contributions from a range of key thinkers in the field, the editors present the legal and policy-making issues implicated in the practical implementation of Southeast Asia's single market and its regime for the free movement of goods, services, foreign investment, and cross-border labor. The book also examines the nature of regional law-making under ASEAN before and after the commencement of regional integration in 2015, the nature of ASEAN's economic regulators, as well as the evolving structure for enforcement and harmonization of 'ASEAN Law' through the array of Southeast Asian national courts, arbitral tribunals, and incipient mechanisms for inter-State, intra-regional, and individual-State conflict management and dispute resolution"--

International audience ; This paper explores the ways in which adopting national health policy initiatives might appeal to the interest patterns of political leaders. It first introduces a theoretical framework that bridges the concepts of office-keeping and office-seeking to blame avoidance and credit claiming, starting from the assumption that elected officials are systematically interested in the former and therefore conform to the latter. It then applies this framework to national cancer control programmes in England, France and the United States.The wider aim of the paper is to reflect on the theoretical and methodological aspects of political interests for policy analysis, starting with the background assumption that policy-making is not conducted disinterestedly. Policy-makers respond to incentives and act along motives that are apt candidates for hypothesis generation and empirical verification. This paper thus intends to substantiate and operationalise the notion of political interests in policy-making.

International audience ; This paper explores the ways in which adopting national health policy initiatives might appeal to the interest patterns of political leaders. It first introduces a theoretical framework that bridges the concepts of office-keeping and office-seeking to blame avoidance and credit claiming, starting from the assumption that elected officials are systematically interested in the former and therefore conform to the latter. It then applies this framework to national cancer control programmes in England, France and the United States.The wider aim of the paper is to reflect on the theoretical and methodological aspects of political interests for policy analysis, starting with the background assumption that policy-making is not conducted disinterestedly. Policy-makers respond to incentives and act along motives that are apt candidates for hypothesis generation and empirical verification. This paper thus intends to substantiate and operationalise the notion of political interests in policy-making.

Defining luxury in the watch industry: exploring the gestalt of Swiss luxury watches -- Trends and challenges in the Swiss luxury watch industry: insights from an expert survey -- Luxury watches and ethical hubris: a comparative overview of illustrative cases -- Gestalt-switch of luxury products: exploring pitfalls of inconsistent value expressions in conspicuous consumption -- "Some of my customers [...] take off their Rolex prior to a client meeting" luxury display at work and the social (re)construction of the organizational image -- The transitory Janus-face of surveillance: studying blockchain-based product identifiers in the Swiss luxury watch industry -- Censored and sensored luxury: a new theory, combining retouching of public luxury display and digital product identifiers -- Future outlook: how cutting-edge technologies and new consumer generations reshape the luxury environment.

Cohousing and cooperative building offer new solutions to contemporary housing challenges. For years, building collectives and housing projects in many countries have gained experience in cooperative planning, developed new forms of housing, and experimented with unconventional forms of communal housing. Housing initiatives, in particular, make use of cooperative planning processes, non-profit oriented management, and collective responsibility in developing and implementing new forms of cohousing. This publication seeks to show how niches within the capitalist system can be utilized and what alternative approaches exist. For this reason, in addition to contributions on the topics of housing and building, contributions relating to commons, solidarity economies, property, decommodification, and alternative funding methods are also included. This publication arose within a TU Wien fellowship on the topic of "New Social Housing"

1 Introduction: Towards an anthropology of the umwelt; Part 1 Humans and the wild śakti of deities; 2 The land of paddy fields, forests, and deities; 3 The būta shrine and deities in Perar; 4 Pāḍdana: The oral epics of deities; 5 Dances, oracles, and blessings in the ritual; 6 The transaction of wild śakti; 7 Playing with perspectives; Part 2 Social transformations and the emergence of a new umwelt; 8 Būta's agency in conflicts over the village shrine; 9 Historical changes in land tenure in South Kanara; 10 Modern law, customary law, and the reflexive imagination; 11 Land reforms and deities as the 'owners of land'; 12 Būtas in the midst of the development project; 13 The new umwelt in the industrial plant; 14 Conclusion: Being, pathos, and the umwelt

"Art and the Global Economy analyzes major changes in the global art world that have emerged in the last twenty years including structural shifts in the global art market; the proliferation of international art fairs, biennials and blockbuster exhibitions; and the internationalization of the scope of contemporary art. John Zarobell explores the economic and social transformations in the cultural sphere, the results of greater access to information about art, exhibitions, and markets around the world, as well as the increasing interpenetration of formerly distinct geographical domains. By considering a variety of locations--both long-standing art capitals and up-and-coming centers of the future--Art and the Global Economy facilitates a deeper understanding of how globalization affects the domain of the visual arts in the twenty-first century"--Provided by publisher

The results of the Programme for International Students Assessment (PISA) survey published by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) show that Indonesia is still a country with low mathematical literacy skills. The ability of mathematical literacy is closely related to interpreting contextual problems into mathematical language. In modern times like today, what is needed is not only mathematics as arithmetic, but also mathematical literacy is needed related to mathematical reasoning and problem solving. The government has included contextual aspects of the curriculum applied in schools. However, in reality many schools still do not have contextual abilities that are in line with the still low literacy abilities of students in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to describe the mathematical literacy process in senior high schools which in this study were students with majoring in science and students with majoring in social studies. This type of research is descriptive qualitative research. The research subjects were grade X students majoring in science and majoring in social studies. The instruments used in this study were the authors themselves, math literacy questions sheets, and interview guidelines. The results showed that the mathematics literacy process of high school students obtained was both students with majoring in Natural Sciences and students with majoring in Social Sciences are 1) The social science students have been able to reasoning and planning to solve the problem well, even though there still mistakes. The natural science students well in calculation and use formula. However, the natural science students are unable not to argue mathematically and express opinions. 2) the social science students are not good at reasoning and planning to solve the problem, however well in express what students thought verbally. For diagrams translate and solve to math language, the students from social science still difficult. Use of formula in natural science students still not right.

A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the Sars-CoV-2 pandemic, verifying evidence of Misthanasia, even in territories with no lack of human and economic resources, due to the prioritizing of economic stabilization and the naturalization of deaths within the national public policies. As an observational territory, the United Kingdom has had its data produced and communicated in an official manner, in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic, analyzed according to analog and comparative criteria. It was possible to follow the pandemic phenomenon's evolution through time, in virtue of regular collecting and executed under relatively standardized conditions, which allowed us to create an in-panel analytical exposition, having as a comparative model the data collected in Germany, during the same period. The origin of the data sources produced come from the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME); Worldometer Coronavirus. Therefore, it concludes that Misthanasia characterized the course of public policies and the attitudes of the UK's government in sight of the Sars-CoV-2 contamination, exposing citizens to the risks of a disease that shows no class predilections and disrespects estates, and has a strong impact on those who are vulnerable. The naturalization of death configures itself on the primordial aspect of necropolitics and necropower, placing economy over health in different States, in the pandemic phenomenon of global scale. ; Un análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo de la pandemia Sars-CoV-2, verificando evidencias de Misthanasia, incluso en territorios sin escasez de recursos humanos y económicos, debido a la priorización de la estabilización económica y la naturalización de las muertes dentro de las políticas públicas nacionales. . Como territorio de observación, el Reino Unido ha tenido sus datos producidos y comunicados de manera oficial, en relación con la pandemia COVID-19, analizados según criterios analógicos y comparativos. Fue posible seguir la evolución del fenómeno pandémico en el tiempo, en ...

Between 1823 and 1861, 300,000 Russian subjects were deported to Siberia. The tsarist government not only perpetuated an already two centuries' long tradition of using Siberia as an enormous prison, but expanded upon it. Why it did so, despite numerous reports that exile was proving disastrous to this increasingly important region, is explained here. Half of those deported were removed by administrative procedures that bypassed the judiciary. Serf owners as well as peasant assemblies used exile to rid themselves of the elderly and the mentally and physically disabled, to the extent that Siberia also became an enormous almshouse. Furthermore, it served as destination for Russia's fledgling number of political dissidents most notably the Decembrists, Petrashevists, and Polish nationalists. Theirs and others' stories of physical and psychological suffering, which nonetheless often involved heroism and personal resurrection, are recounted in this all-embracing political, social, and cultural history of tsarist Siberian exile.

This study investigated how active mediation employed by three key socialization agents—parents, peers, and school teachers—is associated with teenagers' engagement in online risks. A survey with 746 students aged 12–18 years found that different socialization agents focus on different aspects of the Internet when they engage in active mediation. Parents and teachers focus more on making instructive remarks whereas peers are more likely to engage in neutral facets of active mediation (e.g. helping or recommending). However, parental mediation tends to diminish whereas peer mediation tends to escalate with age among teens. The findings also suggest that school teachers' Internet-related discussions can reduce teens' potential exposure to online risks while peer interactions may increase teens' vulnerability to online risks.

A new and original history of the forces that shaped the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.We thought we knew the story of the twentieth century. For many in the West, after the two world conflicts and the long cold war, the verdict was clear: democratic values had prevailed over dictatorship. But if the twentieth century meant the triumph of liberalism, as many intellectuals proclaimed, why have the era's darker impulses—ethnic nationalism, racist violence, and populist authoritarianism—revived?The Project-State and Its Rivals offers a radical alternative interpretation that takes us from the transforming challenges of the world wars to our own time. Instead of the traditional narrative of domestic politics and international relations, Charles S. Maier looks to the political and economic impulses that propelled societies through a century when territorial states and transnational forces both claimed power, engaging sometimes as rivals and sometimes as allies. Maier focuses on recurring institutional constellations: project-states including both democracies and dictatorships that sought not just to retain power but to transform their societies; new forms of imperial domination; global networks of finance; and the international associations, foundations, and NGOs that tried to shape public life through allegedly apolitical appeals to science and ethics.In this account, which draws on the author's studies over half a century, Maier invites a rethinking of the long twentieth century. His history of state entanglements with capital, the decline of public projects, and the fragility of governance explains the fraying of our own civic culture—but also allows hope for its recovery