Suchergebnisse

Во многих работах, посвященных еврорегионам, прямо или косвенно фигурируют характеристики развития институтов – управленческих, гражданского общества и иных – как предпосылки или, напротив, ограничители развития самих еврорегионов. С исследовательской точки зрения представляется актуальным сравнительное изучение еврорегионов в различной институциональной среде. Яркий пример таких различий дают три группы границ: между старыми членами Европейского союза; между новыми членами ЕС (вступившими в его состав после 2003 г.) и членами СНГ; между членами СНГ. Данное исследование представляет собой сравнительное исследование развития еврорегионов в этих трех зонах соседства (Эресунн, Псков-Ливония и Днепр). Авторы рассматривали следующие аспекты кооперации в исследуемых регионах: расширение сотрудничества региональных властей и местного самоуправления, сохранение общего культурного наследия, организация культурного обмена, развитие сотрудничества в сферах образования, реализация совместных мер по охране природы приграничных территорий, разработка совместных проектов развития транспортной инфраструктуры, согласование планов развития регионов и разработка общих стратегий. При проведении сравнительного анализа использовался метод SWOT-анализа.По результатам сравнения трех кейсов авторы делают вывод о наличии системы специальных механизмов, обеспеченных долгосрочными крупными финансовыми вливаниями, отдача от которых часто оказывается отложенной во времени. Такие механизмы применяются внутри ЕС, отдельные механизмы (в частности программы Интеррег) точечно применяются на внешних границах ЕС со странами СНГ, одновременно они фактически отсутствуют внутри СНГ.Авторы демонстрируют, что на внутренних границах СНГ незначительно влияние бизнеса НКО и НГО в развитии еврорегионов, что связано с бюджетными проблемами и с особенностями институциональной среды. Сотрудничество в сфере инноваций и развития технологий не получает развития в связи с отсутствием запроса на всех уровнях. В рамках еврорегионов этой зоны приоритетными направлениями сотрудничества становятся образование и социокультурное развитие. ; The institutions development features are discussed in significant number of papers focused on the euroregions issue. There are three groups of borders with noticeable differences in the institutional conditions: the European Union internal state borders; the CIS internal state borders; and the borders between the EU and CIS members. The paper discusses a comparative case study of these three types of euroregions (Oresund, Pskov-Livonia and Dnieper). The authors look at the following aspects of the regions' collaboration: cooperation of regional authorities and local self-government, preservation of cultural heritage, cultural exchange, cooperation for education development, environmental protection, implementation of joint projects in transport infrastructure development, coordination of regional development programmes and developing joint strategies. SWOT analysis was used to conduct a comparative study. The case studies comparative analysis reveals the existence of special mechanisms that are supported by funds and generate delayed outcomes. Such mechanisms are used within the EU, some of them (particularly INTERREG) are limitedly applied within the EU and CIS borders but they are absent within CIS members borders. The authors demonstrate that business and NGO exert very limited influence within CIS internal borders. This could be explained by budget problems and the institutional environment peculiarities. Cooperation in innovations and technologies development is limited due to lack of demand in collaboration in this area. The priority areas of collaboration are cooperation in educational and socio-cultural development within this type of euroregions.

In Zacatecas, as in the rest of the country, at the end of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th, the government had an unwavering faith in education, in order to modernize its society and move towards progress, a condition that was considered essential to locate to the country in the concert of the prominent nations and which, moreover, was a longing from the early years of independent Mexico, which due to the marked political and economic ups and downs had not been able to materialize. In this sense, with the triumph of the Republic in 1867 and more specifically with the Porfirian regime, an educational project was articulated that included several guidelines, with the training of teachers coping with the pronounced illiteracy that existed. In this scenario, Zacatecas joined the federal call to form the magisterial cadres in the entity, a call that had some success, but that found obstacles in the face of a devastating economic reality and an incipient social awareness of education. All of these elements affected a precarious educational development in the state and uncertain or unfavorable conditions for the teaching community. The present work is an analysis of the labor reality that these Zacatecan teachers had at the end of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th. The investigation contemplates to retake the educational legislation of the time in the entity, as well as different primary sources that inform us about the daily educational practice that characterized them. ; En Zacatecas como en el resto del país, a finales del siglo XIX y primeros años del XX, el gobierno tuvo una fe inquebrantable en la educación, en aras de modernizar a su sociedad y transitar al progreso, condición que se consideró como indispensable para ubicar al país en el concierto de las naciones prominentes y que además, era un anhelo desde los primeros años del México independiente, el cual por los acentuados vaivenes políticos y económicos no se había podido materializar. En este sentido, con el triunfo de la República en 1867 y más específicamente con el régimen porfirista, se articuló un proyecto educativo que incluyó varios lineamientos, siendo medular en éste la formación de profesores y profesoras que hicieran frente al pronunciado analfabetismo que existía. En este escenario, Zacatecas se sumó a la convocatoria federal para formar los cuadros magisteriales en la entidad, llamado que tuvo cierto éxito, pero que encontró escollos frente a una realidad económica desoladora y a una incipiente concientización social por la instrucción. Todos estos elementos incidieron en un precario desarrollo educativo en el estado y condiciones inciertas o poco favorables para el colectivo magisterial. El presente trabajo es un análisis sobre la realidad laboral que tuvieron estos maestros y maestras zacatecanas a finales del siglo XIX y primeros años del XX. La investigación contempla retomar la legislación educativa de la época en la entidad, así como distintas fuentes primarias que nos informan sobre la práctica educativa cotidiana que les caracterizó.

Este trabajo se ocupa de la construcción institucional de imágenes de base nacional en Internet. En primer lugar, haremos un repaso por las disciplinas que se han encargado de estudiar el complejo fenómeno de las construcciones sociales, desde la historia de las mentalidades y las representaciones a los estudios sobre el imaginario, para situar nuestra investigación dentro de la historia sociocultural. Después nos acercaremos al estudio de las imágenes en un sentido amplio. Nuestro punto de partida es la Imagología de base literaria aunque integraremos también las aportaciones de los Visual Studies. Una vez sentadas las bases teóricas y metodológicas de este trabajo, abordaremos el proceso de composición y diseminación de los imaginarios nacionales, verdadero núcleo de la investigación. Para ello, atenderemos tanto a su configuración tradicional como a las nuevas herramientas de construcción identitaria que suponen el Nation Branding y la Diplomacia pública. En efecto, el proceso de globalización ha auspiciado un nuevo entorno en el que las naciones pasan a ser entendidas como un producto más que es necesario vender a un público internacional. A nosotros nos interesa, particularmente, esa creación de identidad de marca que llevan a cabo las instituciones nacionales en el mundo digital. Para ilustrar dicho proceso, nos serviremos de tres casos empíricos de diferente naturaleza: el caso catalán, el caso gallego y el caso extremeño. El análisis comparado de los imaginarios digitales de estas tres identidades colectivas nos ayudará a entender mejor uno de los nuevos mecanismos de configuración de imágenes de base nacional. ; This research deals with nationally based images and identities online as they are built and managed by governmental institutions. First, we provide a survey of some disciplines studying the complex issue of the social construction of reality, from the histoire des mentalités or the History of Representations to the histoire de l'imaginaire. It has to be said that our own perspective is that of the Social and Cultural History. Then, we try to face the study of images in a wide sense, on the grounds of literary Image Studies (Imagologie), Visual Studies and other disciplines. After having established our theoretical and methodological grounds, the research will try to face the contruction and spreading of national identities, the real core of our work. In order to do that, we shall take account both of traditional and new tools for constructing collective identities, as today Nation Branding or Public Diplomacy. In fact, globalization entails a new world setting where nations become a mere product to be sold to an international audience. The object of our interest is precisely this branding process put into action by national governments on the WWW. In order to describe this process, we have decided to study three different empirical cases in the Iberian field: Catalan, Galician and Extremenian. A comparative analysis of this three governmental digital images can help us to understand better one of the new mechanisms of national and symbolic identity building. ; Fundación Fernando Valhondo Calaff - Beca de postgrado ; Fundación Fernando Valhondo y Calaff (Beca)

Educators all over the world are facing the challenges brought by education reform. Schools need to become more aware how Knowledge Management (KM) can help them be more effective in leveraging organizational knowledge to improve organizational effectiveness to face the increasing requirements for school improvement. Although KM has been regarded as the advanced management strategy in the business world for leveraging their intellectual assets, few studies have been conducted in the school setting. The present study will shed light on how to implement KM in a school setting through the leadership provided by the principal. This study can be a model for those educators who would like to implement KM in their schools. Although KM researchers have identified that leadership is a critical factor in KM implementation, few studies have explored the actual impact of leadership in the process of KM implementation. Moreover, the literature review shows that leadership by the principal is the essential element for school success in KM. This study shows that a principal's leadership-driven approach is necessary for KM implementation and explores its impact on the process of KM implementation for school improvement. The study uses insider action research to explore how the principal's leadership can be incorporated into KM in a school environment and evaluate the effectiveness of this Leadership-Driven KM Implementation in a school setting, so that this study can offer practical advice and guidance to the principals who would like to try KM in their practice. In this study, KM was implemented in a school by starting with two basic approaches: Information-Based and People-/Interaction Based Approaches. The Principal's Knowledge Leadership was integrated with the two approaches to strengthen the implementation of the KM strategies. The principal acted as the knowledge leader with the roles of knowledge vision builder, knowledge enabler builder and knowledge role model. Under the strong leadership of the principal, both the Information-Based and People-/Interaction Based Approaches have been implemented with achievements in sharing information/knowledge and nurturing a sharing culture and trust. The principal assessed teacher' readiness, implemented Information-Based and People-/Interaction-Based approaches and strengthened knowledge leadership through the process. This study can serve as a model for implementing KM in schools. This study shows that the principal's leadership was the key driver for KM Implementation. The principal performed his leadership with clear direction and thoughtful procedures of implementing Information-Based and People-/Interaction-Based Approaches, thoughtful allocation of the school resources, and shaping learning for staff. As a result, the school developed a Knowledge Base and a Digital Archive as knowledge repositories and Lesson Study and Communities of Practice as platforms for knowledge sharing. The School's achievements in KM implementation were recognized through improvement in students' testing achievements, appreciation by KM practitioners, and recognition and awards from government examiners and experts. This study recommends that Leadership-Driven Knowledge Management is of value in the implementation of KM in schools to help schools become learning organizations so they can better face the challenges brought by waves of education reform and societal change. ; published_or_final_version ; Education ; Doctoral ; Doctor of Education

We investigate Lake Estanya's diatom and pollen records from the Late Glacial (LG) to the Early Holocene (EH), in order to compare limnological and vegetation responses to common climate forcing. The biotic changes recognized in this study largely agree with the hydrological evolution of the lake described previously for the same period. The diatom record shows high sensitivity to fluctuations in both lake level and salinity concentration as a consequence of climate shifts. In addition vegetation results indicate that the area could have played an important role as regional vegetation refuge. Shallow lake conditions during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) were punctuated by relatively deeper freshwaters between 19.3 and 18.6. cal. kyr BP and at 18.0. cal. kyr BP, as recorded by diatom shifts. A subsequent increasing aridity trend, coinciding with the Mystery Interval (MI), affected the diatom accumulation rates, which dropped to its minimum values between 17.2 and 14.7. cal. kyr BP. Particularly dry and cold conditions during the LGM and MI are supported by the largest values of steppic pollen taxa of the whole sequence, which account for up to 40%. However, relatively high values of Betula during the Heinrich Event 1 suggest a plausible regional vegetation refuge. Abrupt cooling and warming episodes within the LG triggered remarkable ecological threshold crossings in the diatom communities, especially during the stadial/interstadial episodes. At this point, the vegetation reflects the onset of warm conditions during the Bølling/Allerød with the partial substitution of Betula by Marcescent and Evergreen Quercus, which probably indicates the arrival of temperate taxa to the area and the likely migration of birch to higher altitudes. The Younger Dryas Stadial shows a complex ecological response. Diatoms are very poorly preserved, but aquatic taxa reach their highest values. An increase in Marcescent Quercus during this cold stage lends further support to the hypothesis that this is a regional vegetation refuge. Low lake levels recorded during the EH affected the development and preservation of diatom communities. A delay in the onset of humid conditions for the EH is also supported by the vegetation composition, characterized by the maximum expansion of Juniperus. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. ; This research has been funded through the projects LIMNOCLIBER (REN2003-09130-C02-02), IBERLIMNO (CGL2005-20236-E/ CLI), LIMNOCAL (CGL2006-13327-C04-01), PALEODIVERSITAS (CGL2006-02956/BOS), GLOBALKARST (CGL2009-08415), GRACCIE-CONSOLIDER (CSD2007-00067), DINAMO (CGL2009-07992), DINAMO2 (CGL2012-33063); provided by the Spanish Inter-Ministry Commission of Science and Technology (CICYT); and PIRINEOSABRUPT (PM073/2007), provided by the Diputación General de Aragón. Mario Morellón Marteles and Graciela Gil-Romera hold post-doctoral contacts funded by the "JAE-Doc/CSIC" ref.- and "Juan de la Cierva" (grant ref. JCI2009) programs respectively. Ana Pérez-Sanz has been supported by a PhD Fellowship provided by the Aragon Government. We also thank Beatriz Bueno and Aída Adsuar for lab assistance. Finally, we are grateful to Antonia Andrade Olalla for helping in initial pollen analyses and to Joan Gomà for assistance in diatom taxonomic determinations. Two referee's constructive criticism and suggestions helped improved a former version of this paper. ; Peer Reviewed

This paper addresses the issue of the urban obsolescence of public space of social housing neighbourhoods built during the post-war period in Great Britain. Great Britain has been chosen because of the active role played by modern architects in the construction of the welfare state advocated by post-war governments, which involved building large areas of social housing. The aims of this paper are to understand the context in which these neighbourhoods were built as well as their evolution and the complexity of their obsolescence. To achieve these objectives, it first looks at the causes that prompted the slum clearance process, at its implementation during the post-war reconstruction and at the effects that this process has had on contemporary cities. Secondly, it is illustrated through a detailed analysis of a case study, Loughborough Estate in Brixton, London, looking at the initial conditions of the council estate when it was built, investigating its evolution over the past five decades and factors that may have contributed to the obsolescence of its public space and to its social problems. The paper concludes with a warning that a generalist critique of modern architecture does not solve the problems of such neighbourhoods, but a substantial intervention on the public space is needed to bring them to life. These interventions should focus on the spatial configuration of public space and its design and maintenance. / Este artículo aborda la cuestión de la obsolescencia urbana del espacio público en las barriadas de viviendas sociales construidas durante el periodo de post-guerra en Gran Bretaña. Se ha escogido el caso de Gran Bretaña debido al papel tan activo que tuvieron los arquitectos del movimiento moderno en la construcción del estado del bienestar, por la que abogaron los gobiernos de post-guerra y la cual implicó la construcción de una gran cantidad de viviendas. Los objetivos de este artículo son comprender el contexto en el que se construyeron estas barriadas así como su evolución y la complejidad de su obsolescencia. Para alcanzar estos objetivos, primero se examinan las causas que dieron lugar al proceso de demolición de infraviviendas, su ejecución durante la reconstrucción de post-guerra y los efectos que este proceso ha tenido en las ciudades contemporáneas. En segundo lugar, esto se ilustra con un análisis detallado de un caso de estudio: Loughborough Estate en Brixton, Londres. Se examinan cuáles eran las condiciones iniciales de la barriada social y se investiga su evolución durante las cinco últimas décadas y los posibles factores que han contribuido a la obsolescencia del espacio público y a sus problemas sociales. El artículo concluye advirtiendo que una crítica generalista a la arquitectura moderna no resuelve los problemas de estas barriadas, sino que es necesaria una intervención sustancial en el espacio público para fomentar la vida urbana. Estas intervenciones deben actuar sobre la configuración espacial del espacio público y sobre su diseño y mantenimient.

The Sacramento River Valley (SRV), valued for its $2.5 billion agricultural production and its biodiversity, is the main supplier of California's water, servicing 25 million people. . Despite rapid changes to the region, little is known about the collective motivations and consequences of land and water use decisions, or the social and environmental vulnerability and resilience of the SRV. The overarching research goal is to examine whether the SRV can continue to supply clean water for California and accommodate agricultural production and biodiversity while coping with climate change and population growth. Without understanding these issues, the resources of the SRV face an uncertain future. The defining goal is to construct a framework that integrates cross-disciplinary and diverse stakeholder perspectives in order to develop a comprehensive understanding of how SRV stakeholders make land and water use decisions. Traditional approaches for modeling have failed to take into consideration multi-scale stakeholder input. Currently there is no effective method to facilitate producers and government agencies in developing a shared representation to address the issues that face the region. To address this gap, researchers and stakeholders are working together to collect and consolidate disconnected knowledge held by stakeholder groups (agencies, irrigation districts, and producers) into a holistic conceptual model of how stakeholders view and make decisions with land and water use under various management systems. Our approach integrates a top-down approach (agency stakeholders) for larger scale management decisions with a conceptual co-creation and data gathering bottom-up approach with local agricultural producer stakeholders for input water and landuse decisions. Land use change models that combine a top-down approach with a bottom-up stakeholder approach are rare and yet essential to understanding how the social process of land use change and ecosystem function are linked. Data gathered in a survey of agency stakeholder perspectives on how producers operate with respect to crop types, fallowing and water transfers, production components and land changes were compared with monitoring data (1990-2011) covering two drought emergency time periods in the state. Results show that a synthesis is required between top-down and bottom-up approaches to understand land-use dynamics, as decision makers had a limited understanding on water and land-use decisions by land owners at the farm level. A major goal is to create a high level of transparency and stakeholder buy-in by co-developing a model of the system. The approach captures context-based parcel level changes that include the range of variability in natural-human systems such as decisions stakeholders make during drought vs. non-drought years. These decisions are crucial to understanding the tensions that current and future land-use change dynamics will place on the vulnerable hydrological system of the SRV. Knowledge gained through this effort will provide a rigorous conceptual understanding of how the primary land and water stakeholders in the SRV obtain and use water to accommodate competing interests of local agricultural production and resilience, environmental management, and regional and state water needs.

We end the year one participating State stronger. and, as an organization,we remain as committed as ever to our founding principles. i am pleased to welcome Mongolia as the latest country to join our (now) 57-member strong community. this demonstrates the continuing relevance of the oSCE comprehensive approach to security and the viability of the organization as a forum where security issues can be discussed and solutions sought in an open and inclusive manner. We have another first this year: the transnational threats Department was established to provide co-ordination and cohesiveness to OSCE-wide activities. the new TNTD combines OSCE resources in policing, counter-terrorism, borders and cybersecurity, offering new opportunities for enhanced co-operation in an integrated way with many partner organizations, including NATO, the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the Council of Europe and the European Union. While participating States are clear in supporting a steady development of our activities to address tnts, we have seen that differences remain in other areas of our agenda. this has to do in part with the overall balance, both geopolitical and thematic, of our activities. But it also includes issues such as the QSCE role in working to resolve protracted conflicts, dealing with cybersecurity and addressing freedom of electronic media. This year I launched the first Security Days, an event which brought together prominent experts, members of think tanks, representatives of civil society and OSCE delegates, to discuss current challenges and the role of States and civil society in shaping a security community. More than 250 participants discussed Euro-Atlantic and Eurasian security last June, strengthening interaction between the OSCE and relevant partners. this is one effort to bring more balance to the agenda of the organization by building up and sharpening our focus and activities in the politico-military field. The OSCE has extensive experience in monitoring and organizing elections. Under the leadership of the Chairmanship-in-office, the OSCE also successfully assisted in organizing the Serbian presidential and parliamentary elections in Kosovo. Moreover, we do this with ever-shrinking resources during this worldwide financial crisis. these difficult financial times mean that OSCE must work even more efficiently. I have tried to achieve this by creating synergies with regional and international actors and with our partners for Co-operation. we have adopted the same strategy with think tanks, academic organizations and governments. I would like to take this opportunity to thank all of our partners who work diligently with us, sharing their ideas and displaying common commitment. My appreciation also goes to Tanaiste, Eamon Gilmore, for his excellent work as Chairperson in 2012. Assisted by a very committed team, he worked with strong determination throughout the year and was particularly successful in highlighting important issues like promoting progress towards conflict resolution, freedom of expression and good governance. I would also like to express my profound gratitude to the dedicated women and men who serve the OSCE in the Secretariat, the institutions, the Field operations and the Parliamentary Assembly.

El objetivo de este trabajo es ofrecer al lector un testimonio directo e inédito de lo acontecido en Madrid durante los dos grandes hitos históricos españoles de 1808: el Motín de Aranjuez y el Dos de Mayo. Para ello utilizaremos principalmente unas cartas de María Esclavitud Sarmiento, condesa viuda de Fernán Núñez, encontradas en los Archivos Nacionales de París. Esta dama de la alta nobleza reflejó en su correspondencia los miedos, esperanzas y especulaciones que asaltaron a la sociedad madrileña del momento. De esta manera podremos tomarle el pulso a la España del momento con un testigo presencial (femenino, lo que es aún más novedoso) que fue recogiendo las noticias y rumores que le llegaban, muchas veces obsoletos ya en la siguiente carta a causa del estado de ebullición política. Gracias a sus contactos con gente muy bien informada (como su hijo, el conde de Fernán Núñez, o miembros del gobierno, como Pedro Cevallos o Eusebio Bardaji), la condesa viuda nos ofrece interesante información sobre hechos y personajes fundamentales del momento: Fernando VII (su ascenso al trono o la gestación de su viaje a Bayona), Napoleón (su llegada a España y su reconocimiento o no del nuevo rey), Manuel Godoy (su prisión y su entrega a las autoridades francesas), Carlos IV (su renuncia al trono y la revocación de la misma) y María Luisa de Parma (con todas las intrigas típicas de su leyenda negra y su mala imagen ya entonces). ; This essay's objective is to analyse a direct and unpublished testimony of the two biggest Spanish historical events of 1808: the Mutiny of Aranjuez and Dos de Mayo Uprising. With this purpose we present to the public a collection of letters written by Maria Esclavitud Sarmiento, Countess of Fernan Nuñez, and found in the French National Archives of Paris. In this lady's correspondence we can appreciate the fears, the hopes and the speculations lived and suffered by the people from Madrid during this period. Thanks to this source we have access to the impressions of an eyewitness (a woman, something even more interesting and unusual) who was in constant relation with the current situation, gathering news and rumours, sometimes already obsolete in the next letter because of the frenetic political situation. By her contacts with well-informed people (such as her son, the count of Fernan Nuñez, or members of government like Pedro Cevallos or Eusebio Bardaji), the widow countess offers interesting information about the most important figures and events of this year: Ferdinand VII (his rise to the throne and the preparation for his trip to Bayonne), Napoleon (his arrival to Spain and his recognition, or not, of the new king), Manuel Godoy (his imprisonment and his delivery to French authorities), Charles IV (the renounce of his claim and his posterior regret) and Marie Louise of Parme (many rumours related to her dark legend). ; Proyecto de investigación I+D: «La Corona en la España del siglo XIX. Representaciones, legitimidad y búsqueda de una identidad colectiva» (HAR2008-04389).

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) are a fast growing technology that many governments and automobile manufacturers are investing in to provide not only safer and more secure roads, but also informational and entertainment-based applications for drivers. The applications developed for VANETs can be classified into multiple categories (safety, informational, entertainment). Most VANET applications, regardless of their category, depend on having certain vehicular data(vehicular speed, X position and Y position) available. Although these applications appear to use the same vehicular data, the characteristics of this data (i.e., amount, accuracy, and update rate) will vary based on the application category. For example, safety applications need an accurate version of the vehicular datawith high frequency, but over short distances. Informational applications relax the data frequency constraint as they need the vehicular data to be reasonably accurate with less frequency, but over longer distances. If each of these applications shares the vehicular data with only its peers using its own mechanism, this behavior will not only introduce redundant functionalities (sending, receiving, processing, etc.) for handling the same data, but also wastefully consume the bandwidth by broadcasting the same data multiple times. Despite the differences in the data characteristics needed by each application, this data can be still shared. Vehicular networks introduce the potential for many co-existing applications. If we do not address the problem of data redundancy early, it may hinder the deployment and usefulness of many of these applications. Therefore, we developed a framework, cluster-based accurate syntactic compression of aggregated data in VANETs (CASCADE), for efficiently aggregating and disseminating commonly-used vehicular data. CASCADE is architccted as a layer that provides applications with a customized version of the vehicular data, based on parameters that each application registers with CASCADE. Additionally, the framework performs the common data handling functionalities (sending, receiving, aggregating, etc.) needed by the applications. This dissertation makes the following contributions: (1) a lossless data compression technique based on differential coding that is tailored for the characteristics of vehicular data; (2) a syntactic data aggregation mechanism that can represent the vehicular data in a 1.5 km area in one IEEE 802.11 frame; (3) a light-weight position verification technique that quickly detects false data with very low false positives; (4) a probabilistic data dissemination technique that alleviates the spatial broadcast storm problem and effectively uses the bandwidth to disseminate data to distant areas in a short amount of time inaddition to having less redundancy and more coverage than other techniques. (5) a mechanism for recovering from the communication discontinuity problem inshort time based on the traffic density in the opposite direction; (6) an investigation of the possible data structures for representing the vehicular data in a searchable format; (7) a parametric mechanism for matching the vehicular data and providing a customized version of the data that satisfies certain characteristics based on the parameter value. CASCADE through its four major components, local view, extended view, data security and data dissemination, provides an efficient solution for the problem of scalability for VANET applications.

This study aims at identifying the dynamics of the innovation system for functional foods (FF) in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Functional food is any healthy food claimed to have a health-promoting or disease-preventing property beyond the basic function of supplying nutrients. Health has been named as the most significant trend and innovation driver in the global food and drinks market. Brazil is one of the leading countries in food production and consumption, and the market for functional foods have been growing 10% per year, three times more than the market for conventional foods. Although this food category is considered mature in some developed markets (such as in Japan, in the Nordic countries and in the U.S), it is still unknown for many consumers, especially those located in developing countries. On the other hand, functional foods has been attracting the attention of multinationals and local food industries, since innovation can significantly impact on their competitive advantages. Therefore, in this study, first we are going to investigate consumers' motivations, attitudes and intention to buy functional foods, since the market demands a better understanding of this trend. A survey with 450 consumers was conducted and provided quantitative insights. Secondly, we identified the availability of functional food products in the local retail market, through observation techniques. Our aim was to confront consumers' needs with local food companies' market supply. In a further stage, we are going to analyse the functioning of this innovation system, describing the agents involved in this context and their relations through in-depth interviews with local representatives (stakeholders). Innovation system is here understood as the set of distinct institutions which jointly and individually contribute to the development and diffusion of new technologies and which provides the framework within which governments form and implement policies to influence the innovation process. As such "it is a system of interconnected institutions to create, store and transfer the knowledge, skills and artefacts which define new technologies." (Metcalfe, 1995). Hence, we are investigating issues such as: Are local food companies ready to innovate in such a competitive and dynamic scenario? How can this system respond to consumers' demands? Are there conditions for an innovative food network in South Brazil? Our contributions help to shed light into these questions. Preliminary results indicate that the innovation system for functional foods in Rio Grande do Sul is incipient, but it is developing fast. Stronger governance and co-ordination strategies are needed. There are few local functional food products in the market, but those are attractive to consumers and indicate promising opportunities. The survey shows that interviewed consumers presented positive attitudes towards functional foods and enough purchasing power to buy it. Nutritionists and other health professionals have high credibility and could help inform consumers about the benefits of particular categories of functional foods. Food industry itself is not regarded as the most trustworthy source. Finally, this study shows that the understanding of Brazilian consumers is fundamental to help food companies define their strategies. To map the most accepted categories of functional foods is also important, aiming to avoid the "tentative and error" approach.

Demographic trends and other factors are expected to continue widening the gap between health care demands and available resources, especially in elder services. This growing imbalance signals a need for priority setting in health care. The literature has previously described problems in constructing useable means of priority setting, particularly when evidence is sparse, when patient groups are not satisfactorily defined, when interpretation of the term patient need is unclear, and when uncertainty prevails on how to weigh different ethical values. The chosen study object illustrates these problems. Moreover, the Swedish Government recently stated that care for elderly persons with complex health care needs remains underfunded. The general aim of this thesis is: to study micro-level priority setting for elderly heart patients with complex needs, as illustrated by those with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI); to relate the findings to evidence-based priority setting, e.g. guidelines for heart disease; and to analyse how complex needs could be appropriately categorised from a perspective of evidence-based priority setting. Paper I presents a register study that uses data from the Patient Register to describe inpatient care utilization, costs, and characteristics of elderly patients with multiple diseases. Paper II presents a confidential survey study from a random sample of 400 Swedish cardiologists. Paper III presents a prospective, clinical, observational multicentre-study of elderly patients with myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Paper IV presents a questionnaire study from a purposeful, stratified sample of Swedish cardiologists. The results from Paper I show that elderly patients with multiple diseases have extensive and complex needs, frequently manifesting chronic and intermittently acute disease and consuming health care at various levels. A large majority have manifested cardiovascular disease. Results from Paper II indicate that although 81% of cardiologists reported extensive use of national guidelines in their clinical decision-making generally, the individual clinician's personal clinical experience and the patient's views were used to a greater extent than national guidelines, when making decisions about elderly multiple-diseased patients. Many elderly heart disease patients with complex needs manifest severe, acute or chronic, comorbid conditions that constitute exclusion criteria in evidence-generating studies, thereby limiting the generalisability of evidence and applicability of guidelines for these patients. This was indicated in papers I-IV. Paper III reports that frailty is a strong independent risk factor for adverse, short-term, clinical outcomes, e.g. one-month mortality for elderly NSTEMI patients. Particularly frail patients with a high comorbidity burden manifested a markedly increased risk. In the future, prospective clinical studies and registries with few exclusion criteria should be conducted. Consensus-based judgments based on a framework for priority setting as regards elderly patients with complex needs may offer an alternative, estimating the benefitrisk ratio of an intervention and the time-frame of expected benefits in relation to expected life-time. Such a framework, which is tentatively outlined in this thesis, should take into account comorbidity, frailty, and disease-specific risk.

58gFeltranEste artigo descreve e analisa a operação de "tribunais do crime", implementados por facções criminosas nas periferias da cidade de São Paulo. Argumento que a disseminação desse dispositivo, hoje "institucionalizado" nos territórios estudados, somente se tornou possível depois de o "mundo do crime" ter ascendido à posição de instância normativa legítima entre parcela minoritária, mas relevante, dos moradores das periferias urbanas. Esse fenômeno remete, no mínimo, a três décadas de transformações ocorridas nas esferas do trabalho, da família, da religião e da ação coletiva, pilares da vida social das periferias urbanas. Mapeando essas transformações amparado por uma etnografia realizada entre 2005 e 2009, argumento que os dispositivos de regulação interna ao "mundo do crime" seriam os fatores explicativos centrais da queda das taxas de homicídio em São Paulo, notável nos anos 2000, e reivindicada publicamente por governos e polícias. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: periferia urbana, criminalidade, homicídio, PCC, São Paulo.CRIME AND PUNISHMENT IN THE CITY: the repertoires of justice and the question of murder on the outskirts of São Paulo Gabriel de Santis Feltran This paper describes and analyzes the operation of "crime courts" deployed by criminal gangs in the outskirts of São Paulo. I argue that the spread of this device, now "institutionalized" in the territories studied, only became possible after the "criminal world" had ascended to the position of legitimate legislative body among a minor, but relevant part of the residents of city suburbs. This phenomenon refers to at least three decades of changes occurring in work, family, religion and collective action spheres of, pillars of social life in the city suburbs. Mapping these changes and supported by an ethnography conducted between 2005 and 2009, I argue that the internal adjustment devices of the "criminal world" would be the central factors explaining the drop in homicide rates in São Paulo, notable in the decade of 2000, and claimed publicly by government and police. KEY WORDS: urban periphery, crime, murder, PCC, São Paulo.CRIME ET CHÂTIMENT DANS LA VILLE: les répertoires de la justice et la question des homicides dans les banlieues de São Paulo Gabriel de Santis Feltran Cet article décrit et analyse le fonctionnement des "tribunaux du crime" mis en oeuvre par des bandes criminelles dans les banlieues de Sao Paulo. L´argument avancé est que la dissémination de cet appareil, "institutionnalisé" de nos jours sur les territoires étudiés, n'est devenue possible qu´après la reconnaissance du "monde du crime" en tant qu´organe normatif légitime au sein de groupements minoritaires, mais de poids, formés par les résidents des banlieues de la ville. Ce phénomène remonte au moins à trois décennies de changements qui se produisirent dans les domaines du travail, de la famille, de la religion et des collectivités, piliers de la vie sociale dans les banlieues. La cartographie de ces changements, basée sur une ethnographie réalisée entre 2005 et 2009, permet d´affirmer que les dispositifs de réglementation interne du "monde du crime" seraient les principaux facteurs permettant d´expliquer la baisse du nombre d'homicides à Sao Paulo, notamment en 2000, phénomène revendiqué publiquement par les gouvernements et par la police. MOTS-CLÉS: Périphérie urbaine, banlieue, criminalité, homicides, PCC, Sao Paulo. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br

After several decades of systematic nature destruction, the discourse on biodiversity is the answer of what might be called "the irruption of the biological", i.e. the biotic issue surviving as the core issue of the modern order. In this regard, the biodiversity discourse declares itself the sponsor of saving nature from destructive practices and capable to institute a culture of conservation instead. Nevertheless, there remain gaps in the discourse, which have been intended to be fi lled with discussions addressing lately the relevance of the local knowledge, the ways of life –habits and customs– and the traditional production, within the frame that supports the meaning of biodiversity. On the one hand, for industrialized countries governments and international governmental institutions, traditional knowledge is an asset of the humankind, which improved becomes a technological innovation that may be subject to patent and fi nally traded, without any benefit to the owners of the basis knowledge. On the other hand, for peasants, intellectuals, and local knowledge activists, ways of life and tradicional production are the basis for rebuilding the peasants' and natives' territory, to strengthen the limited independence and self-suffi ciency they live with, but with their active involvement in the determination of everything that affects them. Based on these considerations, spaces are being built to provide an answer to privatization, an answer based on the concept of "the communal" (Grain, 2005). ; Después de una destrucción sistemática de la naturaleza durante varios decenios, el discurso de la biodiversidad es la réplica de lo que podría llamarse "la irrupción de lo biológico"; esto es, la supervivencia de lo biótico como problema central del orden moderno; en este sentido, el discurso de la biodiversidad se declara garante para salvar a la naturaleza de las prácticas destructoras y solvente para instituir en su lugar una cultura de la conservación. Sin embargo, el discurso aún tiene vacíos que se ha pretendido llenar a través de debates que últimamente han versado sobre la importancia que tiene el conocimiento local, las formas de vida —usos y costumbres— y la producción tradicional, dentro del andamiaje que soporta el signifi cado de la biodiversidad. Por una parte, para los gobiernos de los países industrializados y las instituciones gubernamentales internacionales el conocimiento tradicional es un bien de la humanidad que cuando es mejorado se convierte en una innovación tecnológica susceptible de ser patentada y fi nalmente comercializada, sin que los dueños del conocimiento base se beneficien en ningún momento. Por otro lado, para campesinos, intelectuales y activistas el conocimiento local, las formas de vida y la producción tradicional son la base para reconstruir el territorio de campesinos e indígenas, para fortalecer la cierta autonomía y autosufi ciencia en la que viven; pero con su participación activa en la defi nición de todo aquello que les impacte. A partir de estas refl exiones se están construyendo espacios que den respuesta a la privatización, respuesta fundamentada en el concepto de "lo comunal" (Grain, 2005).

After several decades of systematic nature destruction, the discourse on biodiversity is the answer of what might be called "the irruption of the biological", i.e. the biotic issue surviving as the core issue of the modern order. In this regard, the biodiversity discourse declares itself the sponsor of saving nature from destructive practices and capable to institute a culture of conservation instead. Nevertheless, there remain gaps in the discourse, which have been intended to be fi lled with discussions addressing lately the relevance of the local knowledge, the ways of life –habits and customs– and the traditional production, within the frame that supports the meaning of biodiversity. On the one hand, for industrialized countries governments and international governmental institutions, traditional knowledge is an asset of the humankind, which improved becomes a technological innovation that may be subject to patent and fi nally traded, without any benefit to the owners of the basis knowledge. On the other hand, for peasants, intellectuals, and local knowledge activists, ways of life and tradicional production are the basis for rebuilding the peasants' and natives' territory, to strengthen the limited independence and self-suffi ciency they live with, but with their active involvement in the determination of everything that affects them. Based on these considerations, spaces are being built to provide an answer to privatization, an answer based on the concept of "the communal" (Grain, 2005). ; Después de una destrucción sistemática de la naturaleza durante varios decenios, el discurso de la biodiversidad es la réplica de lo que podría llamarse "la irrupción de lo biológico"; esto es, la supervivencia de lo biótico como problema central del orden moderno; en este sentido, el discurso de la biodiversidad se declara garante para salvar a la naturaleza de las prácticas destructoras y solvente para instituir en su lugar una cultura de la conservación. Sin embargo, el discurso aún tiene vacíos que se ha pretendido llenar a través de debates que últimamente han versado sobre la importancia que tiene el conocimiento local, las formas de vida —usos y costumbres— y la producción tradicional, dentro del andamiaje que soporta el signifi cado de la biodiversidad. Por una parte, para los gobiernos de los países industrializados y las instituciones gubernamentales internacionales el conocimiento tradicional es un bien de la humanidad que cuando es mejorado se convierte en una innovación tecnológica susceptible de ser patentada y fi nalmente comercializada, sin que los dueños del conocimiento base se beneficien en ningún momento. Por otro lado, para campesinos, intelectuales y activistas el conocimiento local, las formas de vida y la producción tradicional son la base para reconstruir el territorio de campesinos e indígenas, para fortalecer la cierta autonomía y autosufi ciencia en la que viven; pero con su participación activa en la defi nición de todo aquello que les impacte. A partir de estas refl exiones se están construyendo espacios que den respuesta a la privatización, respuesta fundamentada en el concepto de "lo comunal" (Grain, 2005).