Suchergebnisse

Dar es Salaam Bus Rapid Transit (DBRT) is a high quality bus based transit system that delivers fast, comfortable, and affordable cost. It does this through the provision of dedicated bus lanes and iconic stations aligned to the center of the road, off-board fare collection and regular time schedule operations. For more than fifty years, residents of Dar-es-Salaam city faced public transport problems mainly delays to work due to congestions, frequent vehicle accidents resulting into death, injury, permanent disability and loss of properties. Since 1980s the government of Tanzania struggled to eliminate the transport problems in the city with little success. The DBRT system which started its operation in 2016 has been found to be an effective solution for urban transport problems in the city. This study used questionnaires and interviews to get and analyze responses from households and commuters for the purpose of investigating effectiveness of DBRT system in the city. The study investigated that waiting time for passengers at stations/terminals is reduced to more than 50%, delays in journey is reduced to 60% and savings of fare cost to passengers is 28% compared to previous daladala mode. In order for the DBRT system to be viable life cycle cost and sustainable project there should be connections between DBRT truck roads and arterial roads but also routes to remote areas should be established. In order to serve large group of people the fare price per trip should be adjusted to 77% of the current fare price.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can progress from simple steatosis (i.e., nonalcoholic fatty liver [NAFL]) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and cancer. Currently, the driver for this progression is not fully understood; in particular, it is not known how NAFLD and its early progression affects the distribution of lipids in the liver, producing lipotoxicity and inflammation. In this study, we used dietary and genetic mouse models of NAFL and NASH and translated the results to humans by correlating the spatial distribution of lipids in liver tissue with disease progression using advanced mass spectrometry imaging technology. We identified several lipids with distinct zonal distributions in control and NAFL samples and observed partial to complete loss of lipid zonation in NASH. In addition, we found increased hepatic expression of genes associated with remodeling the phospholipid membrane, release of arachidonic acid (AA) from the membrane, and production of eicosanoid species that promote inflammation and cell injury. The results of our immunohistochemistry analyses suggest that the zonal location of remodeling enzyme LPCAT2 plays a role in the change in spatial distribution for AA-containing lipids. This results in a cycle of AA-enrichment in pericentral hepatocytes, membrane release of AA, and generation of proinflammatory eicosanoids and may account for increased oxidative damage in pericentral regions in NASH. CONCLUSION: NAFLD is associated not only with lipid enrichment, but also with zonal changes of specific lipids and their associated metabolic pathways. This may play a role in the heterogeneous development of NAFLD. (Hepatology 2017;65:1165-1180). ; Medical Research Council (MRC). Horizon 2020 Framework Program of the European Union.

Purpose and Originality:The basic aim of the paper is to present the situation with the health and safety management systems into the industrial entities from Bitola, R. Macedonia, with a special overview to the injured persons into the time frame 1999 – 2015. To be more specific several years from the time frame were selected as key one's, and the same one's are the following 1999, 2008 and the frame 2012-2015. Method: There were several criteria's which were used while selecting the years. First of all the year 1999 was chosen due to the situation where we had a huge amount of injured persons in one year. On the other hand the year 2008 was chosen due to the issue that the year 2007 was the one in which the health and safety legislation into Macedonia began into law regulations who must be done by the entities, and it was expected to have a situation with reduced spotted injuries on year basis. The analyses were done systematically having in mind several key criteria's such as: the day of the week when the injury was spotted, the time frame of the day, gender of the injured person, spotted professional diseases, total amount of lost working days etc. Results: At this point it's more than relevant to say that the data presented into the paper are only a small part from a larger research done into the frame of years 2012-2016, a research that is still ongoing.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to present a preliminary psychometric evaluation of the electronic mobile shower commode assessment tool (eMAST) 1.0.


Design/methodology/approach
A cross-sectional validation study was undertaken with 32 adults with spinal cord injury (SCI), aged 18 years or older, who use mobile shower commodes for toileting and/or showering. The eMAST 1.0, Quebec user evaluation of satisfaction with assistive technology, Version 2.0 (QUEST 2.0), and modified system usability scale (SUS) were administered online via SurveyMonkey. The eMAST 1.0 was re-administered approximately seven days later. Psychometric properties of internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity were assessed.


Findings
As hypothesised, the eMAST 1.0 demonstrated strong internal consistency (Cronbach's α=0.73, N=32); acceptable test-retest reliability (intra-class coefficient (3, 1)=0.75 (0.53-0.88, 95 per cent confidence interval) (n=27)); and strong, positive correlations with the QUEST 2.0's devices subscale and modified SUS (Pearson's correlation coefficients 0.70 and 0.63, respectively).


Research limitations/implications
The sample was not fully representative of Australian data in terms of gender, or state of residence, but was representative in terms of SCI level. Age data were not assessed. The sample size was small but adequate for a preliminary psychometric evaluation.


Originality/value
The preliminary psychometric evaluation indicates the eMAST 1.0 is a valid and reliable instrument that measures usability of MSCs for adults with SCI. It may be useful for exploring relationships between usability and satisfaction of MSCs.

Purpose: To assess the impact of an early childhood obesity prevention intervention "Healthy Caregivers–Healthy Children" (HC2) on dietary patterns and body mass index percentile (PBMI) over 2 school years. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: Childcare centers. Participants: Low-income families. Intervention: Intervention centers (N = 12) received HC2 which consisted of (1) menu modifications, (2) a healthy eating and physical activity curriculum for children, and (3) a parent curriculum for healthy meal preparation, reinforced through a role-modeling curriculum. Control centers (N = 16) received an injury prevention/safety intervention. Measures: Child PBMI and parent report of child's consumption of fruits/vegetables and unhealthy food. Analysis: Confirmatory factor analysis verified the psychometric properties of factor scores for children's consumption of fruits/vegetables and unhealthy food. Growth curve analysis assessed the impact of HC2 on change in consumption of fruits/vegetables and unhealthy food and PBMI over 2 school years. Results: Children in the intervention group (n = 754) had a negative slope (β = −1.95, standard error [SE] = 0.97, P = .04), indicating less increase in PBMI versus control children (n = 457). Stratified analyses showed that obese children in the intervention arm had a significantly higher increase in fruit/vegetable consumption versus control group obese children (β = 0.24, SE = 0.08, P = .003). Conclusion: The HC2 intervention resulted in the maintenance of healthy PBMI over 2 preschool years among low-income multiethnic children. These findings support efforts to implement healthy weight programs in the childcare setting.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the selectivity of herbicides applied in post-emergence on Zoysia japonica Steud (Poaceae) and determine associations with the leaf anatomy of this grass. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications. The treatments were the application of the herbicides bentazon (720 g ha-1), nicosulfuron (50 g ha-1), halosulfuron (112.5 g ha-1), oxadiazon (875 g ha-1) and 2.4-D (698 g ha-1), plus a control treatment without herbicide application. Phytotoxicity was assessed every seven days after application (DAA) of the herbicides until the symptoms disappeared. Foliar anatomical analyses of the leaves in the collected grass were conducted until the 35th DAA. The quantitative characters of the keel and wing region of the blade of Z. japonica were assessed, as well as the biometric characters, which were submitted to an analysis of variance F test, and the averages were compared by Tukey's test at a probability of 5%. The values of the anatomical characters of the foliar blade were tested by cluster analysis. The application of herbicides did not negatively influence the height of the plants but did reduce their dry mass. Toxic symptoms disappeared after 21 DAA, with the only symptoms of injury observed in plants treated with the herbicides oxadiazon and nicosulfuron. In addition, the cluster analysis indicated the formation of a unique discriminatory group. Thus, the results show that the herbicides applied to Z. japonica were selective for the species.

The article deals with the "Quantum mind"hypothesis which has been elaborated in recent works of Alexander Wendt. It is ultimately significant to analyze this hypothesis and to expand on its difficulties and possible inconsistencies given Wendt's credentials in IR theorizing. It allows us to develop a new approach and promising research program on the basis of the hypothesis and its critical reflection. Wendt's quantum physicalism (or holism) implies serious philosophical injury and outstanding usage of different science disciplines' apparatus including physics, biology, and psychology. Thought-provoking approach of Wendt boosts researching efforts within the field of political philosophy, world politics and international relations. The main feature of the hypothesis is the idea of quantum nature in social and political processes which appears to be the consequence of epistemological authority of current science. Alexander Wendt proposes several explanations for quantum foundations within the political and social processes including wide-known "agent-structure" dilemma. According to him, invisibility of social structures does not lead to denial of its existence. Firstly, social structures emerge from the space of possibilities and are not directly dependant on material factors. Secondly, invisibility and its acceptance in different areas are parts of science clarification in many areas including quantum physics. The article discuses how quantum physics principles such as particle-wave dualism, superposition and size absoluteness can be useful in social and political studies. This allows us to demonstrate the given hypothesi' potential in research field of social sciences with regard to international relations and world politics.

524Claims — Evidence — Human rights claims — Admissibility of evidence — Burden of proof — European Court of Human Rights — Effect of role of the Court on approach to evidence — Absence of formal rules on admissibility of evidence — Circumstances in which burden of proof shifts to government — Injury and death in custodyHuman rights — Treaties — Scope of application — European Convention on Human Rights, Article 1 — Application during international armed conflict — Application to State in respect of events outside territory of that State — Relationship between Convention and international humanitarian law — Arrest and detention — Article 5 — Detention of prisoner of war under Third Geneva Convention, 1949 — Detention of civilian on security grounds under Fourth Geneva Convention, 1949 — Whether compatible with Article 5 — Article 2 — Extent of duty to investigate deathInternational tribunals — European Court of Human Rights — Role and function — Evidence — Burden of proofTreaties — Interpretation — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969, Article 31(3) — Human rights treaties — European Convention on Human Rights — Subsequent practice — Relevance of other rules of international law applicable between the parties — Relationship between Convention and rules of humanitarian law — Practice of States party to the European Convention involved in international armed conflict — Absence of derogations from the ConventionWar and armed conflict — International armed conflict — Relationship between international humanitarian law and human rights law — Prisoners of war — Civilians — Arrest and detention — Whether detention in accordance with Third Geneva Convention or Fourth Geneva Convention contrary to Article 5(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights

In modern warfare, fighting can frequently depart from traditional rules of engagement, thereby exposing greater numbers of theater veterans to morally ambiguous circumstances. Recent research has identified the potential moral and ethical implications of participating in modern warfare as possible contributors to readjustment difficulties among Iraq and Afghanistan combat veterans. Specifically, behavioral scientists have postulated that post-deployment risk-taking behaviors among veterans could be collateral signs of a moral injury (MI). Using the newly developed MI questionnaire – Military Version (MIQ-M; Currier, Holland, Drescher, & Foy, 2013), this study examined the impact of potentially morally injurious experiences (MIEs) on post-deployment recreational risk-taking behaviors in a sample of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans enrolled in a community college. In addition to the MIQ, participants completed a measure assessing a range of recreational harmful risk behaviors (e.g., substance misuse, dangerous driving habits, problematic sexual practices, physical altercations, unhealthy self-care practices, risky recreational activities, self-sabotaging behaviors at work or school) and several other theoretically relevant instruments for this population to assess combat exposure, depression, and posttraumatic stress. The author hypothesized that exposure to MIEs (higher MIQ scores) would uniquely predict post-deployment recreational risk-taking behaviors, even after controlling for general combat exposure and mental health variables. In general, results from this study do not support the hypothesis. However, findings do support and extend previous studies in a number of important ways and identify several public health problems related to this student veteran population that warrant further research considerations.

An association between combat exposure and postdeployment behavioral health problems has been demonstrated among U.S. military service members returning from Afghanistan or Iraq in predominantly male samples, yet few studies have focused on the experiences of women. Using data from the longitudinal, observational Substance Use and Psychological Injury Combat (SUPIC) study, this study explored the self-report of 4 combat exposure items and postdeployment behavioral health screening results for 42,397 Army enlisted women who returned from Afghanistan or Iraq from fiscal years 2008 through 2011. We ran multivariate logistic regression models to examine how a constructed composite combat exposure score (0, 1, 2, 3+) was associated with screening positive postdeployment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, or at-risk drinking among active duty (AD) and National Guard/Reserve (NG/R) women. AD and NG/R women commonly reported being wounded, injured, assaulted, or hurt (17.3% and 29.0%, respectively). In all 6 multivariate models, Army women with any report of combat exposure had increased odds of the behavioral health problem (i.e., PTSD, depression, or at-risk drinking). The magnitude of the association between combat exposure and PTSD was most striking, indicating increased odds of PTSD as combat exposure score increased. AD and NG/R women with a combat exposure score of 3+ had increased odds of PTSD, 20.7, 95% CI [17.0, 25.1] and 27.8, 95% CI [21.0, 36.9], respectively. Women who reported combat exposure may benefit from early prevention and confidential intervention to promote postdeployment health and reduce long-term behavioral health problems.

Oral care is a crucial routine for patients with dysphagia that, when completed routinely, can prevent the development of aspiration pneumonia. There is no standardised protocol for oral care within government hospitals in South Africa. This study aimed to investigate the outcome of an oral care protocol. Participants were patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia, with either stroke or traumatic brain injury as the underlying medical pathology, and nurses. All participants were recruited from one tertiary level government hospital in Gauteng, South Africa. 139 nurses participated in the study and received training on the oral care protocol. There were two groups of participants with oropharyngeal dysphagia. Group one (study group, n = 23) was recruited by consecutive sampling, received regular oral care and were not restricted from drinking water; however, all other liquids were restricted. Group two (comparison group, n = 23) was recruited via a retrospective record review, received inconsistent oral care and were placed on thickened liquids or liquid restricted diets. Results showed that a regimen of regular oral care and free water provision when combined with dysphagia intervention did prevent aspiration pneumonia in patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia. The article highlights two key findings: that regular and routine oral care is manageable within an acute government hospital context and a strict routine of oral care can reduce aspiration pneumonia in patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia. An implication from these findings is confirmation that teamwork in acute care settings in developing contexts must be prioritised to improve dysphagia management and patient prognosis.

BACKGROUND: Conventional management for concussion involves prescribed rest and progressive return to activity. Recent evidence challenges this notion and suggests that active approaches may be effective for some patients. Previous concussion consensus statements provide limited guidance regarding active treatment. OBJECTIVE: To describe the current landscape of treatment for concussion and to provide summary agreements related to treatment to assist clinicians in the treatment of concussion. METHODS: On October 14 to 16, 2015, the Targeted Evaluation and Active Management (TEAM) Approaches to Treating Concussion meeting was convened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Thirty-seven concussion experts from neuropsychology, neurology, neurosurgery, sports medicine, physical medicine and rehabilitation, physical therapy, athletic training, and research and 12 individuals representing sport, military, and public health organizations attended the meeting. The 37 experts indicated their agreement on a series of statements using an audience response system clicker device. RESULTS: A total of 16 statements of agreement were supported covering (1) Summary of the Current Approach to Treating Concussion, (2) Heterogeneity and Evolving Clinical Profiles of Concussion, (3) TEAM Approach to Concussion Treatment: Specific Strategies, and (4) Future Directions: A Call to Research. Support (ie, response of agree or somewhat agree) for the statements ranged from to 97% to 100%. CONCLUSION: Concussions are characterized by diverse symptoms and impairments and evolving clinical profiles; recovery varies on the basis of modifying factors, injury severity, and treatments. Active and targeted treatments may enhance recovery after concussion. Research is needed on concussion clinical profiles, biomarkers, and the effectiveness and timing of treatments.

Since the opening of forensic services at RSUP dr. Soeradji Tirtonegoro Klaten since 2014, many forensic cases were handled. Based on the type of case, in the death cases, there are traffic accidents, crime, and other deaths. While in life cases, there are sexual violence, physical violence, and psychiatry. Research on basic characteristic patients' are very important to do, especially for the police, government, hospital, and community. The purpose of this study was to determine the basic characteristic patients' of Visum et Repertum in RSUP dr. Soeradji Tirtonegoro Klaten 2014-2016. This research was a cross-sectional study, with a total sampling method. The data were taken from Visum et Repertum during 2014 - March 2016. There were 242 life cases (124 women, 118 men), and 23 death cases (6 women, 17 men). Most patients were productive age (22-40 years old), with 33.5% life cases and 30.4% death cases. The highest number of life cases was physical abuse (109 cases; 45%), then all of death cases was accident. The highest profession of patients were students (30.6% in life cases), while in the death cases were private (43.5%). Head trauma was the most common injury in patients (45.9% life cases and 82.6% death cases). Most of the perpetrators were unknown people (77.7% life cases, as well as 82.6% of death cases). From both cases, the patients were from productive age, distribution of fatal wound was in the head, and the prepetators were unknown. These data are very important in educational process of society.

The fraud crime, defined as a self-injury crime againstpatrimony, has been subject of several discussions, as much as indoctrine matters and in jurisprudence as well for the past years.Having no doubts towards what refers to the belonging of its typicaland traditional elements, this is, deceiving, error, patrimonialdisposition and harming, the last tendences that Criminal Lawexperiments in a matter of greater or smaller influence on the victimin the crime commission and from there, on imputation, has beenchanged its physiognomy and look, arising once again interestingdiscussions about it. In the current investigation, fraud is studied inthe national legislation and the already mentioned parts of the type,showing how the newer jurisprudence of our criminal tribunalsreceive these important influences. ; El delito de estafa, definido como un delito de autolesión contra el patrimonio, ha sido fruto de intensas discusiones tanto en la doctrina como en la jurisprudencia de los últimos años. Si bien no hay muchas dudas en torno a la permanencia de sus elementos típicos tradicionales, esto es, engaño, error, disposición patrimonial y perjuicio, las últimas tendencias que experimenta el Derecho Penal en torno a la mayor o menor influencia de la víctima en la comisión delictiva y, desde allí, en la imputación, le han cambiado su fisonomía y cariz, renaciendo interesantes discusiones al respecto. En la presente investigación se estudia la estafa en la legislación nacional, su bien jurídico protegido y los ya referidos elementos del tipo, mostrando cómo la jurisprudencia más moderna de nuestros tribunales penales recibe estas importantes influencias.

A cartel is a group of similar, independent companies which join together to fix prices, limit production or share markets or customers among themselves. The most significant feature of this anticompetitive activity is its restriction of competition between the parties involved in the arrangement. The objective of a cartel is to raise prices above competitive levels, which can result in injury to consumers and to the economy. This is why cartels are considered not only harmful for the economy as a whole but also, as a catalysing factor, destructive for the idealized approach of maintaining a level playing field in the market. Thus various jurisdictions, or rather almost all competition regimes, declare cartels an illegal activity subject to severe fines and penalties. But it is well known that the enforcement mechanisms of laws against cartels differ from country to country, and yet the striking similarity is that almost all competition authorities face the same uphill task of detecting and busting cartels in a manner that leads to efficient and desired prosecution.This paper focuses on an analysis of the newly introduced leniency regulations in India and the parameters of their effectiveness through a comparative analytical study of BRICS leniency regulations, specifically the experiences shared by South Africa, Brazil and Russia in the application of leniency tools and a marker system. The paper further considers the weaknesses of the existing leniency regulations in India and in BRICS and concludes by offering a future path for possible improvements in the form of certain recommendations.