Suchergebnisse

A la dècada dels setanta assistirem a la majoria dels països europeus a un creixement del sector públic com a conseqüència del desenvolupament de l'Estat de benestar. En els anys vuitanta es començà a qüestionar la dimensió i l'activitat del sector públic, com a conseqüència de la necessitat d'acomodar-se a les profundes transformacions de la societat. Això va dur a redefinir la prestació del conjunt dels serveis públics, entre ells l'activitat física i l'esport. El sistema esportiu espanyol ha evolucionat enormement en els últims anys. Des dels inicis de la transició democràtica espanyola l'esport va passar a ser atès pels poders públics. Després d'una primera fase basada en un fort desplegament d'equipaments esportius públics, es va arribar a la fi de la dècada dels noranta a una preocupació per l'eficàcia i l'eficiència de les organitzacions gestores. S'iniciava el procés de modernització a l'administració pública espanyola. La transformació de l'esport en un producte de consum, la diversificació de les pràctiques esportives, els canvis en els gustos i la evolució de la demanda d'activitat física han tingut un paper primordial en l'expansió d'una de les modalitats de privatització del sector públic: la gestió indirecta de serveis esportius. En el present treball es compara l'oferta (preus i programes) de les piscines cobertes municipals a Catalunya, segons es gestionin de manera directa o indirecta, així com la regulació de l'accés a la pràctica esportiva quan es subcontrata la gestió. S'han utilitzat instruments de recollida i d'anàlisi de dades quantitatives (anàlisi de la publicitat i qüestionari amb tractament estadístic a una mostra de 75 piscines) i qualitatius (anàlisi de contingut de 26 plecs de condicions). Els resultats obtinguts mostren que les piscines de gestió indirecta ofereixen preus significativament més cars i orienten l'oferta a un tipus de públic concret. Es fomenten aquelles modalitats d'accés que generen majors ingressos, entre les quals destaca la figura de l'abonat, les activitats gimnàstiques i els serveis complementaris orientats a la salut. L'oferta de les piscines cobertes municipals reprodueix les desigualtats en quan a edat i a classe social, i la gestió indirecta accentua aquestes diferències. Encara així, existeix una gran dispersió i variabilitat en el grup de piscines gestionades de manera indirecta. També s'observa que els Ajuntaments defineixen vagament les condicions que els adjudicataris han de seguir pel que fa a l'oferta de serveis. Es prioritza la regulació d'aspectes econòmics i d'eficiència del servei abans que l'exigència d'una oferta que atengui a la diversitat de la població. Les conclusions obtingudes poden ajudar a reflexionar als Ajuntaments sobre el paper a desenvolupar en la promoció l'esport quan és un tercer qui gestiona el servei públic; la responsabilitat municipal va més enllà de la titularitat del servei. ; En la década de los setenta asistimos en la mayoría de los países europeos a un crecimiento del sector público como consecuencia del desarrollo del Estado de bienestar. En los años ochenta se empieza a cuestionar la dimensión y la actividad del sector público, derivado de una necesidad de acomodarse a las profundas transformaciones de la sociedad. Ello llevó a redefinir la prestación del conjunto de los servicios públicos, entre ellos la actividad física y el deporte. El sistema deportivo español ha evolucionado enormemente en los últimos años. Desde los inicios de la transición democrática española el deporte pasó a ser atendido por los poderes públicos. Tras una primera fase basada en un fuerte despliegue de equipamientos deportivos públicos, se llegó a finales de la década de los noventa a una preocupación por la eficacia y la eficiencia de las organizaciones gestoras. Se iniciaba el proceso de modernización en la Administración pública española. La transformación del deporte en un producto de consumo, la diversificación de las prácticas deportivas, los cambios en los gustos y la evolución de la demanda de actividad física han tenido un papel primordial en la expansión de una de las modalidades de privatización del sector público: la gestión indirecta de servicios deportivos. En el presente trabajo se compara la oferta (precios y programas) de las piscinas cubiertas municipales en Cataluña, según se gestionen de manera directa o indirecta, así como la regulación del acceso a la práctica deportiva cuando se subcontrata la gestión. Para ello, se han utilizado instrumentos de recogida y de análisis de datos cuantitativos (análisis de la publicidad y cuestionario con tratamiento estadístico en una muestra de 75 piscinas) y cualitativos (análisis de contenido de 26 pliegos de condiciones). Los resultados obtenidos muestran que las piscinas de gestión indirecta ofrecen precios significativamente más caros y orientan la oferta a un tipo de público concreto. Se fomentan aquellas modalidades de acceso que generan mayores ingresos, entre las que destaca la figura del abonado, las actividades gimnásticas y los servicios complementarios orientados a la salud. La oferta de las piscinas cubiertas municipales reproduce la desigualdad en cuanto a edad y a clase social, y la gestión indirecta acentúa estas diferencias. Aún así, señalamos que existe una gran dispersión y variabilidad en el grupo de piscinas gestionadas de manera indirecta. También se observa que los Ayuntamientos definen vagamente las condiciones que los adjudicatarios deben seguir con respecto a la oferta de servicios. Se prioriza la regulación de aspectos económicos y de eficiencia del servicio antes que la exigencia de una oferta que atienda a la diversidad de la población. Las conclusiones obtenidas pueden ayudar a reflexionar a los Ayuntamientos sobre el papel a desarrollar en la promoción el deporte cuando es un tercero el que gestiona el servicio público; la responsabilidad municipal va más allá de la titularidad del servicio. ; During the 70s, the public sector rose sharply in most European countries as a consequence of the development of the welfare state. During the 80s, due to the significant changes in society, the dimension and activity of the public sector was questioned and the whole public services supplied, such as physical activity and sport, had to be redefined. The Spanish sport system has developed tremendously in recent years. At the beginning of the Spanish democratic transition, public authorities started to take charge of sport. The first stage, based on a large expansion of sport public facilities, led to constant worries about the efficiency and effectiveness of their managing organizations in the late 90s. The Spanish public administration was undergoing a process of modernization. Sport has become a consumer good, sport practices have diversified, taste in relation with it have changed and the demand of the physical activity has evolved. All these factors have played a key role in the spread of the indirect management of sport services, one of the methods of privatization of the public sector. I n this research, we have compared the supply (prices and programmes) of the local indoor swimming pools in Catalonia according to the way they are managed: direct or indirectly, and also the regulation to access the sport practices when management is subcontracted. For these, I have used different instruments of collection and testing of both quantitative data (analysis and surveys of the publicity and questionnaires of 75 swimming pools) and qualitative (analysis of the contents of 26 legal specifications). The results show that the swimming pools managed indirectly are significantly more expensive, and point their supply at a particular target. Moreover, they also boost the modalities of access which generate more revenue: membership, gymnastic activities and complementary health-related services stand out among others. The supply of the municipal indoor swimming pools reproduces the inequality as for age and to social class, and the indirect management accentuates these differences. Even though, we can state there is great dispersion and variability in the group of swimming pools managed indirectly. We have also noticed that local councils hardly define the conditions related to the supply of services for the bidders to be followed. They give priority to the control of economic aspects and the efficiency of the service itself rather than control the fact that supply takes into consideration the diversity of the population. The conclusions reached may help local councils to reflect on the role they should play when promoting sport in the case that a third party manages the public services. The responsibility of the local government is not limited to the holder of the service, but it has to go much further ; Aux années soixante-dix on assiste dans la plupart des pays européens à une croissance du secteur public conséquence du développement de l'Etat du bien-être. Vers les années 80 on commence à questionner la dimension et l'activité du secteur public, dérivées du besoin de s'accommoder aux profondes transformations de la société. Cela comporta à redéfinir la prestation de l'ensemble des services publics, parmi lesquels l'activité physique et le sport. Le système sportif espagnol a évolué énormément aux dernières années. Dès le début de la transition démocratique espagnole le sport a passé à être assuré par les pouvoirs publics. Après une première phase basé en un fort déploiement d'équipements sportifs publics, on arrive à la fin de la décade des années quatre-vingt dix à une préoccupation par l'efficacité et l'efficience des démarcheurs. C'est ainsi que le procès de modernisation dans l'administration publique espagnole a commencé. La transformation du sport dans un produit de consommation, la diversification des pratiques sportives, les changements des goûts et l'évolution de la demande d'activité physique a eu un rôle essentiel dans l'expansion d'une des modalités de privatisation du secteur publique: la gestion indirecte des services sportifs. Dans ce travail on compare l'offre (prix et programmes) des piscines couvertes municipales en Catalogne, selon on traite de façon directe ou indirecte, ainsi comme la régulation de l'accès à la pratique sportive quand on sous-traite la gestion. Pour ceci, on a utilisé des instruments de ramassage et d'analyse de donnés quantitatifs (analyse de la publicité et questionnaire avec traitement statistique parmi une montre de 75 piscines) et qualitatifs (analyse du contenu de 26 plies de conditions). Les résultats obtenus nous montrent que les piscines de gestion indirecte offrent des prix significativement plus chers et elles orientent l'offre à un type de public concret. On fomente les modalités d'accès qui génèrent les plus grands revenus, parmi lesquelles on détache la figure de l'abonné, les activités gymnastiques et les services complémentaires orientés a la santé. L'offre des piscines couvertes municipales reproduit l'inégalité quant à l'âge et à la classe sociale, et la gestion indirecte accentue ces différences. Malgré tout, on signale qu'il existe une grande dispersion et variabilité dans le groupe de piscines démarchées de façon indirecte. On observe aussi que les Mairies définissent vaguement les conditions que les adjudicataires doivent suivre par rapport à l'offre de services. On priorise la régulation des aspects économiques et d'efficience du service avant que l'exigence d'une offre qui s'occupe de la diversité de la population. Les conclusions obtenues peuvent aider à réfléchir aux mairies sur le rôle à développer dans la promotion du sport quand c'est un troisième qui traite le service public; la responsabilité municipale va plus loin de la titularisation du service.

Dottorato di ricerca in Storia d'Europa: società, istituzioni e sistemi politici europei,19.-20. secolo ; Per comprendere appieno come sia nata la proposta francese di una Comunità Europea di Difesa (CED) rivolta ai paesi dell'Europa occidentale, è necessario ricostruire il quadro storico alla fine della seconda guerra mondiale, con particolare riferimento ai rapporti tra le potenze alleate e al nuovo assetto territoriale della Germania. Il primo capitolo analizza le decisioni del secondo dopoguerra (a partire dall'accordo franco-sovietico di Mosca del dicembre 1944 in funzione anti-tedesca) tese a garantire la demilitarizzazione tedesca fino al mutamento strategico conseguente alla contrapposizione tra il blocco occidentale e l'Unione sovietica: lo scopo centrale di questa parte del testo è di analizzarne il punto di svolta, con l'inversione dell'atteggiamento alleato nei riguardi della Germania sconfitta. L'intera ricerca si poggia su un'analisi di tipo storiografico, sia di storia delle istituzioni che delle relazioni internazionali, che vuole mettere alla prova comparata delle fonti d'archivio americane e francesi (con particolare riferimento ai fondi transalpini solo ora disponibili alla consultazione, a 60 anni dalla conclusione della vicenda CED) le principali tesi prodotte dalla letteratura sul riarmo della Germania e sull'esercito europeo. Si descrive quindi il processo decisionale che autorizzò, da parte degli Stati Uniti, della Francia e della Gran Bretagna durante la Conferenza di Londra, l'utilizzo delle risorse economiche e industriali della Germania occidentale occupata per il consolidamento dello sforzo difensivo atlantico; attraverso l'esame di fonti primarie transalpine è stata inoltre analizzata la percezione, da parte francese, del contrasto in atto tra i due dicasteri americani degli Esteri e della Difesa in merito al possibile concorso tedesco alle forze di difesa, con le proposte che filtravano dall'alto commissario statunitense Mc Cloy e dal suo staff. Le proposte lanciate dalla tribuna dell'Assemblea consultiva del Consiglio d'Europa, prima da Bidault e poi da Churchill in merito alla necessità di creare un esercito europeo, mettevano quindi in luce un cambiamento decisivo negli obiettivi strategici delle potenze occidentali: fino allo scoppio della guerra di Corea la preoccupazione maggiore nello scacchiere europeo era d'impedire che la Germania potesse riguadagnare uno status tale da minacciare la pace nel mondo; dopo l'apertura delle ostilità nel lontano continente asiatico, l'attenzione dei governi 2 dell'alleanza atlantica si era focalizzata sulle modalità per accrescere l'apparato difensivo atlantico nell'Europa continentale, per far fronte alla minaccia sovietica. Alcuni Stati, come la Francia e gli altri paesi occidentali che avevano subito in passato le invasioni delle armate tedesche, continuavano però a percepire come maggiormente attuale il pericolo di una rinascita della potenza militare ed economica della Germania, se pur divisa: queste le due visioni destinate a determinare un confronto molto aspro tra i principali alleati atlantici durante l'estate e l'autunno del 1950, che portò alla formulazione di due distinti e contrapposti piani di riarmo della Germania Occidentale. Nel secondo e nel terzo capitolo si descrivono conseguentemente, anche mediante una revisione completa e approfondita della letteratura scientifica al riguardo, i due distinti piani di riarmo, successivi cronologicamente e legati da un rapporto di causa ed effetto: l'evoluzione della posizione dell'amministrazione Truman, a partire dalle due diverse proposte del Pentagono e della Segreteria di Stato sulla politica nei confronti della Germania, per arrivare poi alla decisione finale di presentare un piano denominato "one package" agli alleati francesi e inglesi a New York il 12 settembre 1950; questa proposta del segretario di Stato Acheson ebbe come conseguenza un periodo di profonda riflessione nell'esecutivo francese, che portò alla formulazione del "piano Pleven" per la creazione di un esercito europeo. L'obiettivo di questi due capitoli centrali è quindi di mostrare prima come le mutate condizioni strategiche avessero condotto l'amministrazione Truman a chiedere agli alleati atlantici un poderoso rafforzamento del dispositivo militare in Europa che comprendesse anche forze militari tedesche e poi evidenziare che solo in reazione a questo piano americano, non quindi per un'autonoma volontà politica, il governo francese avesse elaborato una contro-proposta, che sarebbe stata la base da cui elaborare l'esercito europeo e la sovrastruttura istituzionale destinata a garantirne il funzionamento, la Comunità europea di Difesa. Il quarto e ultimo capitolo è dedicato interamente alla ricostruzione delle trattative diplomatiche che portarono alla firma del trattato CED, mediante il confronto sistematico dei principali fondi francesi e americani: partendo dall'analisi dei rigurgiti isolazionisti negli USA, si descrivono prima i lavori della Conferenza di Parigi con la stesura del Rapport Intérimaire e poi le attività della Conferenza per l'organizzazione di una Comunità europea di Difesa fino alla firma del trattato CED del 27 maggio 1952; la stesura del capitolo rende conto anche dell'importanza di alcune figure fondamentali (come i diplomatici McCloy e Bruce o come Eisenhower, nella duplice veste di Comandante supremo atlantico e poi di presidente) o di alcuni snodi determinanti, come la svolta federalista della delegazione italiana alla Conferenza. 3 Questo lavoro di ricerca sulla Comunità europea di Difesa vuole quindi ripercorrere una vicenda fondamentale per la nascita delle istituzioni europee, dalle sue origini radicate al termine del secondo conflitto mondiale e fino alla firma del trattato di Parigi, che sembra di profonda attualità nell'attuale dibattito sulla cessione di sovranità dagli Stati nazionali all'Unione europea, nel campo della Difesa e della politica estera. Il confronto tra i fondi americani e francesi, in particolare quelli di recente apertura alla consultazione dei ricercatori, ha permesso di aggiungere alcuni elementi di originalità alla descrizione del processo di riarmo della Germania e delle trattative tra gli alleati per la nascita dell'esercito europeo. ; The Second World War ended with an onerous legacy for the European Continent: the conflict has brought damage, poverty and the spectre of a new fight between Western countries and the Soviet Union. In that period, the USSR maintained the mobilization of the Armed Forces while the Russian soldiers were settled in Germany. This opposition has divided post-war Europe into two different blocs or coalitions: on the one hand Western Europe countries, which were starting a difficult recovery assisted by American aid, and on the other hand Eastern Europe under Soviet hegemony. In this complex scenario, the German role became increasingly central. Within this historical background, the first important attempt to build a European policy was focused on common defence, through the Treaty instituting the European Defence Community (EDC). In the light of this premise, the EDC affair seems paradigmatic for the analysis of the European dawn: on one side the founding fathers have looked for a solution to the divisions in the continent, but on the other side national self-interests have affected the path for ratifying the EDC Treaty, till the French refusal to ratify, by the French Assembly on 1954, August 30th. The aim of my Doctoral Research Thesis is divided in four different chapters: - in the first one, the object is related to the study and the description of the German role in post-war Europe and its rearmament, from the end of WWII to the mid 1950s, when the United States urged Western allies to use the German industrial and military potential; - secondly, the American proposal called 'one package', presented by Acheson on September 1950, is illustrated with regard to the existing international literature and primary sources; 2 - the third chapter deals with the French proposal to control German rearmament, the 'Pleven Plan', and the Petersberg talks; - finally, the agenda and the deliberations of the Paris Conference regarding the EDC, which started the 15th February 1951 up to 27th May 1952, when the EDC Treaty was signed. I am also researching an original aspect in my thesis, with regard to the state of the art in EDC studies: a synchronic comparison of EDC events in France and the USA based on the original documents preserved in different Archives in the United States and in France: in the recent past, 60 years after the "defeat" of the EDC, other primary sources were declassified, mostly in Paris. The research has focused on the studies that put this issue in the perspective of historiography. Several French works about the EDC could be cited, such as the texts by Clesse A.(Le projet de C.E.D. du Plan Pleven au "crime du 30 août. Histoire d'un malentendu européen, 1989), by Aron R., Lerner D. eds. (La querelle de la C.E.D. essais d'analyse sociologique, 1956), by Moch J. (Histoire du réarmement allemand depuis 1950, 1965), by Fabre-Luce A. (Lettre sur la CED, 1954) and the essays by Vial P. (Redécouvrir la CED, 1992), by Poidevin R. (La France devant le problème de la CED: incidences nationales et internationales - été 1951 à été 1953, 1983), by Guillen P. (Les chefs militaires français, le réarmement de l'Allemagne et la CED 1950-1954, 1983), by Vaïsse M. (Le général de Gaulle et la défense de l'Europe, 1947-1958, 1992), by Rioux J. P. (L'opinion publique française et la CED: querelle partisane ou bataille de la mémoire?, 1994). With regard to Italian works, studies which stand out for their significance are the studies by Preda D. (Storia di una speranza: la battaglia per la CED e la Federazione europea nelle carte della Delegazione italiana 1950-1952, 1990), by Preda D. (Sulla soglia dell'Unione: la vicenda della Comunità Politica Europea 1952-1954, 1994), by Ballini P. L. ed. (La Comunità Europea di Difesa (CED), 2009), by Bertozzi S. (La Comunità Europea di Difesa. Profili storici, istituzionali e giuridici, 2003), by Caviglia D., Gionfrida A. (Un'occasione da perdere. Le Forze Armate italiane e la Comunità Europea di Difesa 1950-54, 2009). Finally, a series of American and British studies concerning the European Defence Community and the "German question" were appraised, such as the works by Fursdon E. (The European Defence Community: a history, 1980), by Ruane K. (The Rise and Fall of the European Defence Community, Anglo-American Relations and the crisis of European Defence 1950-55, 2000), by Lundestad G. (Empire by integration: The U.S. and European Integration, 1945-1997, 1998) by Armitage D. T. jr. (A comparative analysis of U.S. policy toward European defense autonomy. Enduring 3 Dilemmas in Transatlantic Relations, 2008), by Risso L. (Divided we stand: the French and Italian political parties and the rearmament of West Germany 1949-1955, 2007), by Hunter R. E. (The European Security and Defence Policy, NATO's Companion – or Competitor?, 2002), by Hitchcock, W. I. (France restored: Cold War diplomacy and the quest for leadership in Europe, 1944-1954, 1998), by McAllister, J. (No Exit: America and the German problem, 1943-1954, 2002). With regards to the methodology, the research has been conducted following the comparative approach as described by Bloch M. (Pour une histoire comparée des sociétés européennes, 1923), by Braudel F. (Civiltà e imperi del Mediterraneo nell'età di Filippo II, 1976), by Haupt H. G. (European History as Comparative History, 2004 and Comparative History – a Contested Method, 2007).

Madagascar is one of the richest countries when it comes to natural and mineral resources. As is the case in many tropical countries, however, this wealth is bluntly coupled with an ever increasing poverty, where more than 92 % of the 21 million inhabitants are living below $US2 a day. Madagascar has received international aid and conservation interests for years, as part of which, millions of dollars have been donated to the country, but with very little to show for it (Horning 2008). When Madagascar appeared to hit rock bottom in 2009, a political coup d'état took place which led to the international donor community curtailing financial support (Randrianja 2012). During the following years, the transitional government did not receive the international support that the previous government had benefitted from. Here we will analyze the pattern of two cases of natural resource governance, both coinciding with a political event.Case 1 pertains to rosewood: Since 2009, illegal logging and exporting of rosewood has reached unprecedented levels in Madagascar (Schuurman and Lowry 2009, Innes 2010, Randriamalala and Liu 2010) affecting the entire east coast, with highest intensity of pillage in the national parks of Masoala and Marojejy. In 2011, reportedly over 500,000 tons of rosewood were in stocks; discussions among experts at the global table revolved around a solution finding to best deal with these stocks (Randriamalala et al. 2011). However, the issue then went mysteriously silent to a remarkable degree for almost two years. In the meantime, the African Union supported by the international community pushed the current government to organize presidential elections with a first round on 25 October 2013, and the second and final round scheduled for 20 December 2013. Coincidently, in mid 2013 the World Bank requested a "Study to Assess the Options of Disposal of the Illicit Stocks of Rosewood and Ebony"1 issued 31 July 2013 with a deadline for the expressions of interest fixed at 13 August 2013.During the last year, a new phenomenon has emerged: inventoried rosewood logs have slowly but regularly been ferreted out of the depots they were stored in. During the early months of 2013, traffickers from Maroantsetra visited the Masoala peninsula and generously offered 1 million MGA per household to turn a blind eye regarding any rosewood. Simultaneously, large vessels positioned just too far to be seen from any shore, were collecting logs transferred to them at night in smaller boats. Encouraged by the incredulous ineptitude on the part of the local legal authorities, this process has been ongoing, even during daylight hours, with the 'mother ships' eventually even clearly visible from the shores. The timber stocks in the known depots have almost been completely cleared out by now. At the end of September 2013 a petition was suddenly circulated by EIA (Environmental Investigation Agency) bearing the message "Urgent Sign - on To Stop Madagascar Illegal Sale of Massive Stockpiles of Rosewood and Ebony" that many people and international and national NGOs have signed2. Interestingly, the concerns revolved around the estimated value of stocks, whether they were worth US$5 billion or only US$600 million. The question which goes begging is, why is the World Bank suddenly trying to find a legal solution for the stocks, when they de facto have already been removed from Madagascar and transported to Asia? We propose the following hypotheses as some food for thought: (i) There is insufficient information to assess the quantity and value of the remaining stocks. If any stock does indeed remain, it does represent a threat to the natural resources, and in principle, conservation NGOs cannot support the legalizing of the sale of such stocks. This implies that in the past, the legalizing and therefore selling of timber held in stocks represented a threat to the remaining precious trees, i.e., it has led to further illegal logging (Randriamalala and Liu 2010). (ii) The stockpiled timber has already steadily and consistently been exported to China: the government, the conservation community, and the public are all cognizant of this. There is a complex financial arrangement proposed by the international funding agencies and promoters of democracy, to appease all the parties involved in the case of dealing in illegally-felled rosewood3.Hypothesis 1 appears naïve and almost unrealistic, given that the case is well known by all the parties involved. Hypothesis 2 requires a deeper understanding of the financial, legal, and institutional mechanisms involved, since international funding agencies and the World Bank are not allowed to support an illegitimate government (i.e., one which assumed power through a coup d'état). The question which remains alludes to a problem which may be described as "wicked", for lack of a better prescriptive (cf. Rittel and Webber 1973): how can someone make more money from a product which has already been sold?We will try to shed some light by performing a reductio ad absurdum, which entails a step - by - step hypothetical appeasing of every party or individual involved in the rosewood traf­ficking process. To begin with, we ask the question: where do the interests of the various actors, really lie? This may be answered as follows: (i) Some, such as international funding agencies and NGOs seek a 'green' image. (ii) Others wish to be seen as promoters of democracy (western countries). (iii) Some are in a position of being in dire need of funding: they include certain NGOs and the Malagasy government. (iv) Some are lenders of money: these are the funding agencies and foreign governments. (v) There are some seeking to launder money, i.e., timber sellers and buyers.To 'green - wash' the illegally - sourced logs, necessitates the issuance of a CITES permit, something which could be lobbied for by NGOs, who would then receive money from the funding agencies, officially to help them protect the wildlife. On the other hand, timber traders and buyers would thereby legalize their business, and push for the supporting of the required democratic process, i.e., the ongoing elections. Therefore, the value of the legalized stocks of wood would lie in its 'greening - up' of the buyers' profiles, and allow some of the laundered money to flow back to Madagascar so that 'business as usual' could continue.Let's take a step back though: Hypothesis 2 appears to be in the realms of the absurd. The World Bank and other international funding agencies should not take such a risk: despite their interests to support democracy, development and conservation, they should not get involved in the green - washing of illegal timber. Furthermore, international NGOs should never invest effort in lobbying for a CITES permit allowing for sale of illegally logged ebony and rosewood. NGOs are well aware of the risks involved in such a procedure, and legalizing illegally-traded logs could potentially once again open up the forests to further illegal tree felling and trafficking. Which takes us back to square one: the million dollar question that goes begging pertains to the true level of transparency when it comes to the intentions of all parties involved in this process.The second case is on a smaller scale, and concerns wetlands, which are among the most threatened ecosystems in Madagascar (Thieme et al. 2005, Rabearivony et al. 2010).Case 2: Alaotra marshlands, vanishing in a puff of smoke? The Lake Alaotra wetland constitutes the biggest wetland system in Madagascar and is of national importance for its fish and rice production. About 23,000 hectares of marshlands fringe the lake, delivering crucial ecosystem services (water, plant material, fish stock) while hosting unique wildlife such as Hapalemur alaotrensis, the only primate species living constantly in marshland, or the recently described carnivore Salanoia durrelli, also adapted to wetland. International conservation efforts have been ongoing since the 1990s to sustain this wetland biodiversity and ecosystem, leading to the inscription of the entire Alaotra wetland as the third Ramsar site in Madagascar in 2003. The government of Madagascar then acknowledged the system's biodiversity and conservation values by classifying the wetland as a New Protected Area within national law N°381-2007/ MINENVEF/MAEP on 17 January 2007. Though formally protected, there are increasing pressures on this wetland. The region is dominated by rice paddies, with all the terrain already claimed; the marshlands hence represent a future reservoir for rice production. The increasing scarcity in production capacity is further accentuated by changing hydrologic balance and leads to an underproduction of the existing rice fields. This forces resource users further into the remaining marshlands. For example, the number of rice fields within the lakefront (the so called riz de contre-saison) has increased significantly in the past years (Ratsimbazafy et al. In press). The same accounts for the number of fires. According to the same authors, the years 2000 and 2004 have been extreme fire years affecting more than 40% of the entire marshland area. In 2012, the number of fires from October to December exceeded 150 cases (ibid). The year 2013 appears set to break any previous records. According to MWC (Madagascar Wildlife Conservation) and DWCT (Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust), the marshes are being burnt at an unprecedented level with, for example, a few fires affecting several hundred hectares within a few days in October 2013 alone. The local management and monitoring entities such as VOI (Vondron'Olona Ifototra) and CFL (Comité Forestier Local) are hopelessly overwhelmed by the many fires, while national actors such as DWCT and MWC can only gather evidence to describe the breaches of the legal or regulatory framework that are being perpetrated. It is very interesting to note that marsh (and forest) fires have reached a peak during this electoral period, where some political actors have repeatedly been observed promising land in exchange for votes. Alaotra represents a case specifically where actors outside of the system, instigate local communities to burn marshland for the sake of rice production (Ratsimbazafy et al. In press). However it is difficult to judge clearly when the smoke is so heavy over the lake. As is the case with many other governments, the Malagasy government is faced with the challenge of balancing the interests of its citizens, which are often in stark contrast with those of players or parties within the international community. The value of Madagascar's resource richness is measured differently by the different stakeholders, and thus governance of these natural resources has become increasingly more complex, and promises to do so even more in the near future. What constitutes a serious hindrance in sound governance is the fact that many of the processes are difficult to trace and assess due to an evident lack of transparency as discussed in these two cases. To strengthen governance depends first and foremost on the political will of the hosting country to improve its governance system, and hence to accept monitors to maintain observation over its performance. This however, requires a marked stepping up of transparency and accountability. At present, the bleak and questionable scenario painted by the above two cases presented here, seem to imply that for the people of Madagascar, its rich biodiversity may be more of a curse than a blessing.

[spa] En los últimos años el mapa asegurador del mercado español se ha visto modificado como consecuencia de la crisis financiera. Derivado del entorno de inestabilidad del mercado, el regulador europeo ha aprobado un nuevo marco legislativo que pretende garantizar la estabilidad financiera y la solvencia de las compañías aseguradoras a través del control de los riesgos a los que se exponen. En los distintos capítulos de esta tesis se analiza la forma en que el regulador pretende que las entidades garanticen su estabilidad, esto es, a través del proceso de fijación de los requerimientos de capital, y las herramientas con las cuales el regulador permite su obtención, es decir, el Modelo Estándar o un Modelo Interno. Se aborda la problemática de la estimación de los requerimientos de capital, las implicaciones de la utilización tanto del Modelo Estándar como de un Modelo Interno, así como el proceso de estimación de los parámetros necesarios para su implementación, con especial énfasis en la matriz de correlaciones. En esta tesis se analiza la problemática en la estimación delos requerimientos de capital que el regulador exige a las entidades. Por una parte se analiza exhaustivamente el Modelo Estándar para el riesgo de primas y reservas no vida. Se derivan las hipótesis estadísticas implícitas en la fórmula estándar con la finalidad de mejorar la comprensión sobre el modelo y poder realizar estimaciones de los parámetros de los que depende, y poder de este modo, adaptar la fórmula estándar al perfil de riesgo de las entidades. Mediante la determinación de la variable aleatoria implícita en la fórmula estándar se está en disposición, en particular, de realizar estimaciones de los coeficientes de correlación necesarios para realizar la agregación de requerimientos de distintas líneas de negocio. Esta cuestión resuelve el vacío que deja la Directiva a este respecto, es decir, la propuesta de un método para la estimación de los coeficientes de correlación y su actualización. Posteriormente, se propone un Modelo Interno comparable con el Modelo Estándar para el riesgo de primas y reservas no vida. El Modelo Interno está basado en la estimación de los requerimientos de capital mediante una medida de riesgo procedente de una simulación Monte Carlo de un vector de variables aleatorias que representan las distintas líneas de negocio. Para modelizar el comportamiento conjunto de las distintas líneas de negocio, es introducido la modelización a través de cópulas, en particular, la cópula Gaussiana y la cópula t-Student. Finalmente, se propone la estimación de la matriz de correlaciones, necesaria para realizar las estimaciones de capital tanto en el Modelo Estándar como en el Modelo Interno propuesto, mediante el uso de un Modelo de Credibilidad. Es introducido el uso de un modelo bayesiano como caso particular de Modelo de Credibilidad, que permite fusionar el criterio del regulador en referencia a la matriz de correlaciones que propone, con el criterio de la entidad basado en las estimaciones procedentes de la experiencia histórica. ; [eng] The publication in the Official Journal of the European Union of the European Parliament and Council of 25 November 2009 Directive on the taking up and pursuit of the business of insurance and reinsurance, also known as Solvency II, 2009/138/EC, marks the official starting point in the implementation of legislative measures of risk management in insurance. While, prior, and there was another regulation, Solvency II has been a legislative change on the approach that insurers must hold in relation to the risks they face as a result of their activity. Solvency II establishes a common legal framework to apply over those insurers based in any of the member states of the European Union to access and exercise the insurance and reinsurance business. The Directive is structured on the three pillars principle. These pillars set the criteria and standards of quantitative and qualitative requirements that entities must undertake to ensure their solvency and financial stability. Pillar I set rules that determine the criteria for obtaining capital requirements that an entity must maintain over an annual time horizon, commensurate to the risk assumed by the entity, to ensure an acceptable level of solvency through the market consistent economic valuation of the balance sheet of an entity. Pillar I is aimed to determine the minimum financial requirements to ensure that the assets are sufficient in quantity and quality, to meet the liabilities under a certain time horizon. To do this, the assessment under Pillar I balance must be performed according to market criteria, i.e. both the valuation of assets and liabilities of the entity must be consistent with that which would result from the interaction of free market agents. On the one hand, the balance sheet is determined by the market value of the investments made by the entity. For those assets that by their illiquid nature, or for any other reason, there is no market value, the Directive introduces valuation standards. The valuation of the liabilities presents difficulties inherent in the insurance business as for example to determine the economic value of the contract obligations insured by entities. These have usually an uncertain amount as well as uncertain in the time of liquidation. Also, Pillar I determines the composition of the entities' own funds, i.e., the asset structure that supports that part of the balance, in addition to the financial amounts (capital requirements) of legal character Directive establishes. Pillar I consider separately different levels of protection. The first level would be constituted by the market valuation of technical provisions, which should reflect an estimate consistent with the level of liabilities and risk margin. The second level would be determined by Pillar I solvency requirements. These requirements should reflect the risk and ensure the solvency of institutions. The Directive sets a minimum threshold of economic requirements under which the entity could not continue their business. Financial requirements of the first level of protection should reflect the obligations of the entity through insurance contracts undersigned. This capital is reflected in the valuation of technical provisions. The valuation of technical provisions for solvency II, must represent, on the one hand, the present value of the best estimate of future economic flows arising from contractual obligations (best estimate) and secondly, a risk margin (risk margin) to reflect the amount that an entity would have to pay to transfer the obligations arising from insurance contracts, net of the present value of the best estimate of future economic flows arising from obligations. Moreover, the objective of the economic requirements of the second level of protection is to cover any unexpected losses that an entity may suffer as a result of adverse unexpected fluctuations in claims. This part of the capital requirements directive is known as the Solvency Capital Requirement (SCR). As mentioned, the SCR has a lower bound determined by a threshold called Minimum Capital Solvency Requirement (MSCR), below which an entity could not continue operating. The Directive states that the SCR should be obtained by a model that reflects the risk profile of the entity, and that is appropriate based on the nature, scale and complexity of the risks assumed by the company. The model proposed by the regulator is called in the Directive as General Formula to calculate the Solvency Capital Requirement. Under Article 110 of the Directive, the Standard Model can be used by institutions using the parameters set in the Directive as market proxy, or can be adapted to the risk profile of each institution itself by estimating new parameters based on specific historical experience of the entity. There may be several reasons to make an insurer decides to estimate new parameters. One possible reason may arise from the overestimation of the proxys, which would lead to an SCR greater than that obtained with the use of specific parameters. Moreover, another reason for the estimation of the parameters could be determined by the fact that the structure of business of an insurance company does not adapt to that proposed by the regulator. The Directive also provides that under the competent authority's previous approval, the SCR can be obtained using an internal model. This model cannot account for all or part of the risks facing the entity. In the latter case, the model is referred to in Directive as partial internal model. The requirements to be met by an internal model are related to implementation and monitoring standards, so those entities that choose to use an internal model, total or partial, for the calculation of the solvency capital requirements must justify their use. The Standard Model is a set of formulas and methodologies proposed by the regulator with which the insurer can get the amount corresponding to the SCR. An internal model is a procedure offered by the insurer that has the same objective and purposes than the Standard Model, i.e., obtaining capital requirements using a model that reflects the risk profile of the entity. The SCR, obtained with any of the models permitted by the regulator, must be calibrated in such a way that corresponds to the value at risk (VaR) of the entity's own funds, at a one year horizon, calculated at a 99,5% confidence level. Pillar II describes the qualitative requirements that entities must comply and which result in those formal procedures and communication to the regulator. Pillar II of the Directive concerns those aspects relating the procedures of supervision and control by the regulator. Solvency II is defined as a policy of harmonization for entities operating in the states member of the European Union, so it is necessary that the quantitative aspects are accompanied by other qualitative aspects that achieve homogeneity of appropriate methods and monitoring and control tools to be used by local regulators of different States Member. These requirements also include the obligation for any entity to control risk management model, both quantifiable and non-quantifiable. This management model is known as Own Risk Solvency Assessment (ORSA). The ORSA is a communication tool that should serve two purposes. The first one should be used as an aid in the process of strategic decision making, therefore must be reviewed continuously when the risk profile of the entity changes significantly, incorporating strategic decisions. The second purpose must serve as a regulator tool of communication. The ORSA must project requirements in future years and justify deviations between projected and present requirements, whatever the model used for this aim. Thus, the model ORSA should be a calibration tool whatever the model chosen to estimate the SCR. Finally, Pillar III represents those measures intended to ensure the transparency and discipline in the insurance market, through a set of rules for communication of information on the financial position and solvency of financial institutions facing the local regulator, and the rules of communication and transparency of local regulators facing the European regulator. Pillar III sets the action to be taken by the regulator and the entities in the case of misalignments in fulfilling the requirements of the valuation rules of Pillar I and / or the requirements of Pillar II. Thus, the European regulator empowers local regulators to take action to ensure the standards imposed under Pillar I and II, and is authorized to take action on states that fail to comply with the requirements of Directive Communication and transparency.

AMÉRICA LATINA Explotación infantil aún es problema en varios países latinoamericanos.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/explotacin-infantil-en-amrica-latina_10495370-4Chávez amplía sus apariciones mientras empeora su aspecto.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/03/actualidad/1317674819_489145.htmlSegún encuesta crece la popularidad de Chávez.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/74580.htmlChávez amenaza con no pagar reclamaciones por nacionalizaciones.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/chvez-amenaza-con-no-pagar-reclamaciones-por-nacionalizaciones_10473085-4Cuatro presos muertos al estallar granada en cárcel venezolana.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/muertos-en-crcel-venezolana_10491364-4Policía peruana rescata a 293 mujeres sometidas a explotación sexual.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44765864/ns/world_news-americas/ http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/la-polica-peruana-rescata-a-293-mujeres-sometidas-a-explotacin-sexual_10485945-4 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15165339El Gobierno de Evo Morales arremete contra la marcha indígena y la prensa.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/03/actualidad/1317669250_938543.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/indgenas-bolivianos-reiniciaron-este-sbado-su-marcha-hacia-la-paz_10478244-4Instan a Estados Unidos a llegar a América Latina por Twitter.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/74575.htmlEl Senado haitiano nombró a Garry Conille como primer ministro.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/primer-ministro-de-hait_10501164-4Veracruz y su lucha contra el narcotráfico.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/03/actualidad/1317622884_609717.html 2 ciudadanos estadounidenses son asesinados en México.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/04/world/americas/mexico-us-citizens-killed/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44752902/ns/world_news-americas/Castro critica discurso de Obama ante la ONU.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/09/26/world/americas/cuba-castro-obama/index.html?hpt=wo_bn8Guatemala: acusan a general de la muerte de más de 1700 campesinos.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/74579.htmlTormenta tropical Ophelia se debilita.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44750214/ns/weather/Jóvenes combaten el machismo en Ecuador con 'Cascos Rosa'.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/con-cascos-rosa-luchan-contra-el-machismo-en-ecuador_10499664-4Se esperan pactos comerciales entre Corea del Sur, Panamá y Colombia.Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-obama-trade-20111004,0,4408023.storyAmérica Latina atrae turistas chinos.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/09/26/travel/latin-china-tourism/index.html?hpt=wo_bn8ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADÁCrecen los 'indignados' contra corporativismo de Wall Street en Estados Unidos.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-10/04/content_13836851.htm http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/crecen-indignados-en-ee-uu_10493264-4 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/las-protestas-contra-wall-street-se-extienden-en-ee-uu_10480224-4 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/02/actualidad/1317508729_143121.htmlAyuda de Estados Unidos a terceros países es golpeada por falta de presupuesto.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/04/us/politics/foreign-aid-set-to-take-hit-in-united-states-budget-crisis.html?ref=worldDemócratas dudan de la reelección de Barack Obama.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/democratas-dudan-de-la-reeleccion-de-barack-obama_10501345-4"El Universal" de México analiza: "el peso de las promesas incumplidas de Obama".Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/74564.htmlNueva York: una persona murió tras estrellarse un helicóptero en el East River.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1411801-nueva-york-un-helicoptero-cayo-al-east-river http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/74574.htmlLos ilegales huyen de Alabama: una nueva ley criminaliza al indocumentado y al que le da trabajo.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1411879-los-ilegales-huyen-de-alabama http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/alabama-ahuyenta-a-los-nios-indocumentados-de-las-clases_10484946-4Abogados estadounidenses demandan a China alegando ciber ataques.Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-china-cyber-theft-20111005,0,6673262.storyLa ola verde llega al ejército de Estados Unidos para ahorrar energía.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/la-ola-verde-llega-al-ejrcito-de-eu-para-ahorrar-energa-dinero-y-salvar-vidas_10484804-4 Obama le respondió preguntas a la comunidad hispana vía Internet.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/obama-responde-preguntas-a-comunidad-hispana_10453366-4 Según Bernanke la economía estadounidense está "tambaleante".Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-15173683Amanda Knox regresó a Estados Unidos tras su liberación en Italia.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/amanda-knox-regres-a-estados-unidos_10500087-4 http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-amanda-knox-20111005,0,5216522.storyEUROPAEuropa y Estados Unidos tratan de movilizar a la ONU contra Siria.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/04/actualidad/1317741908_329715.htmlFrancia exige a Siria que no arremeta contra activistas.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15164829Grecia vuelve a atemorizar a las bolsas.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44783144/ns/world_news-europe/ http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1411613-grecia-vuelve-a-atemorizar-a-las-bolsas http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/09/28/actualidad/1317235931_778203.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-15161809 http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-greece-debt-20111005,0,7599935.storyPutin propone a la Unión Europea una integración euroasiática desde Lisboa a Vladivostok.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/04/actualidad/1317721258_290067.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15172519Alemania aprueba la ampliación de fondo de rescate europeo.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/09/29/world/europe/germany-europe-bailout/index.html?hpt=wo_bn9El nuevo liderazgo de Turquía siembra dudas.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/09/28/actualidad/1317232050_921770.htmlActivistas kurdos son detenidos en Turquía.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/05/world/europe/kurdish-activists-detained-in-turkey.html?ref=worldLos jóvenes piden la palabra: el 60% de los turcos tiene menos de 35 años. Ya no les sirven las reglas de juego dictadas por los militares.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/09/28/actualidad/1317242683_259203.htmlCoche bomba mata a ocho individuos en Rusia.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/03/world/europe/russia-dagestan-attack/index.html?hpt=wo_bn9 http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-09/29/content_13814218.htmLos escándalos cercan a Sarkozy.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/01/actualidad/1317498610_747541.htmlASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTEVeto de Rusia y China a una resolución en la ONU de condena a Siria.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44779454/ns/world_news-europe/ http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/veto-de-rusia-y-china-a-una-resolucin-en-la-onu-de-condena-a-siria_10501284-4Siria se desliza hacia una guerra civil.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/04/world/meast/syria-unrest/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/04/actualidad/1317746845_174564.htmlAfganistán firma pacto estratégico con India.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/74573.html http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/04/actualidad/1317740805_017278.htmlhttp://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44777299/ns/us_news-life/Diez muertos y seis heridos en ataque contra bus en Pakistán.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/diez-muertos-y-seis-heridos-en-ataque-contra-bus-de-pasajeros-en-pakistn_10493585-4 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/04/world/asia/pakistan-nato-truck/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2011/10/04/meurtre-de-rabbani-kaboul-accuse-le-pakistan-de-ne-pas-cooperer_1582191_3216.htmlAtaque a musulmanes chiitas deja 13 muertos en Pakistán.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44767067/ns/world_news-south_and_central_asia/ http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-10/04/content_13837019.htm http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/05/world/asia/gunmen-attack-shiites-in-southwest-pakistan.html?ref=worldFilipinas es azotada por tifones.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/03/world/asia/philippines-typhoon/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44772469/ns/weather/Afganistán cumple diez años en guerra.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/afganistn-cumple-diez-aos-en-guerra_10493028-4 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44782723/ns/world_news-south_and_central_asia/El presidente de Afganistán propone no negociar más con los talibanes.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/karzai-propone-no-negociar-ms-con-talibanes_10479765-4 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/02/travel/afghanistan-pakistan-assassination/index.html?hpt=wo_bn7 http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2011/10/03/karzai-va-convoquer-une-assemblee-sur-la-strategie-de-negociation-avec-les-talibans_1581733_3216.htmlEl Nobel de la Paz Liu Xiaobo visita a su familia encarcelada.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2011/10/04/le-nobel-de-la-paix-2010-liu-xiaobo-visite-en-prison-par-sa-famille_1581746_3216.htmlIngeniero chino es asesinado en ataque al sur de Sudan.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-10/03/content_13835370.htmYemen: el conflicto civil convierte a Saná en un nuevo Beirut.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/03/actualidad/1317664188_204934.htmlhttp://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/10/04/les-chebab-revendiquent-une-attaque-suicide-a-mogadiscio_1581866_3212.html http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2011/10/04/deux-civils-tues-par-des-tirs-d-obus-a-sanaa-au-yemen_1582180_3218.html http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-10/02/content_13833417.htmÁFRICAAtentado suicida en Somalia: 82 muertos.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15166107 http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/74571.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/atentado-suicida-en-mogadiscio-somalia_10494325-4http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1411880-atentado-suicida-en-somalia-82-muertos http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/05/world/africa/truck-bomb-kills-dozens-in-somalias-capital.html?_r=1&ref=world http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/04/world/africa/somalia-violence/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-somalia-bombing-20111005,0,3225173.storyLos rebeldes libios demoran el asalto sobre Sirte para permitir la salida de civiles.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/02/actualidad/1317567992_288780.htmlhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/habitantes-de-la-asediada-sirte-viven-situacin-desesperada_10482406-4 http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-10/04/content_13835781.htm Continúa la violencia extrema en Sudan.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/03/actualidad/1317626362_221864.htmlDalai Lama cancela su visita a Sudáfrica.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/05/world/asia/dalai-lama-cancels-south-africa-visit.html?ref=world http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-south-africa-dalai-lama-20110929,0,6506401.storyCorte Internacional de La Haya investiga crímenes de guerra en Costa de Marfil.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/04/world/europe/the-hague-court-will-investigate-war-crimes-in-ivory-coast-violence.html?ref=world http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/03/world/africa/ivory-coast-war-crimes/index.html?hpt=wo_bn10 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15165641 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44768354/ns/world_news-africa/OTRAS NOTICIASEn 2011 las empresas ya perdieron U$S 16.000 millones en la Bolsa.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1412020-en-2011-las-empresas-ya-perdieron-us-16000-millones-en-la-bolsaFMI reduce proyección de crecimiento económico global a 4,0%Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/economia/internacional/fmi-reduce-proyeccin-de-crecimiento-econmico-global_10308844-4"El Universal" presenta su portal dedicado al cambio climático.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/coberturas/cobertura3.html"The Economist" presenta su informe semanal: "Business this week".Para más información: http://www.economist.com/node/21526960

Bei der Sächsischen Längsschnittstudie handelt es sich um eine sozialwissenschaftliche Längsschnittstudie. Sie wurde 1987 begonnen und untersucht über die Vereinigung der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik (DDR) und Bundesrepublik hinweg den politischen Einstellungswandel junger Erwachsener in den neuen Bundesländern. Seit der 16. Welle (2002) wird das Thema Arbeitslosigkeit und Gesundheit intensiv untersucht. Einen weiteren neuen Schwerpunkt stellen Fragen zu Partnerschaft und Persönlichkeit dar.

Politische Grundeinstellung von Schülern und jungen Erwachsenen, deren
Bindung an die DDR und das sozialistische Gesellschaftssystem.
Politisches Verhalten in der FDJ. Politische Einstellungen.
Lebensziele. Zukunftserwartungen. Lerneinstellung und Lernmotivation.
Medienverhalten. Befindlichkeiten. Einstellung zu Ausländern.

Kumulation der Daten aus den Datensätzen der Längsschnittstudie von
1987 bis 2000.

Themen: Lebensziele (guter Schulabschluss, ständiges Weiterlernen, in
einem festen Kollektiv arbeiten, aktive Teilnahme am politischen Leben,
Mithilfe bei der Friedenssicherung, berufliche Leistungsorientierung,
schöpferische Tätigkeit, Vertreten der marxistisch-leninistischen
Weltanschauung, Informieren über den neuesten Stand von Wissenschaft
und Technik, viel Geld verdienen, Gesundheit, Übernahme einer
politischen Funktion, Übernahme verantwortungsvoller Aufgaben bei der
Leitung der Gesellschaft); Interesse am politischen Weltgeschehen;
Mediennutzung zur politischen Information (Aktuelle Kamera, Sendungen
des DDR-Rundfunks, Junge Welt und andere Tageszeitungen); Erwartung
einer gesicherten Zukunft in der DDR bzw. im Osten; Einstellung zur DDR
und zum sozialistischen Gesellschaftssystem (Skala: Gefühl der
Verbundenheit mit der DDR als sozialistisches Vaterland, Bereitschaft
zur Verteidigung der DDR, Gefühl der Verbundenheit mit der Sowjetunion,
untrennbare Verbindung von Sozialismus und Frieden, Notwendigkeit des
Wehrdienstes für junge DDR-Bürger, Marxismus-Leninismus hilft bei allen
Lebensfragen, dem Sozialismus gehört die Zukunft, sozialistische
Gesellschaftsideale werden sich durchsetzen); persönliche
Zukunftszuversicht und erwartete positive Entwicklung der DDR bzw. in
Ostdeutschland; nur männliche Befragte: präferierte Form des
Wehrdienstes; Sicherheit der eigenen Entscheidung für die präferierte
Form des abzuleistenden Wehrdienstes; wieder alle: persönliche
Einstellung zum Lernen und Lernmotivation (Skala: Neues kennenzulernen,
Pflicht als FDJ-Mitglied, gute Zensuren, Freude am Lernen, wichtig für
den zukünftigen Beruf, gebildeter sozialistischer Staatsbürger,
Anerkennung durch die Mitschüler); Zensuren in den Fächern Mathematik,
Deutsch, Russisch, Staatsbürgerkunde, Physik und Sport; Verhalten im
Unterricht (aktive Mitarbeit im Unterricht, Bemühen um aktive Mitarbeit
der Mitschüler, könnte in einigen Fächern mehr leisten); genutzte
Möglichkeiten zur Mitgestaltung des Unterrichts; gewissenhafte
Erledigung der Hausaufgaben; Gründe für die gewissenhafte bzw. nicht
gewissenhafte Erledigung der Hausaufgaben; Schülerzusammenarbeit im
Unterricht; Bewertung Gruppenarbeit (Unterricht macht mehr Spaß, man
kann mehr lernen); Erfüllung der Anforderungen im Fach ´Produktive
Arbeit (PA)´ (Ausnutzen der Arbeitszeit, Qualitätsstreben, sparsamer
Materialverbrauch, Ordnung und Sauberkeit am Arbeitsplatz, Einhalten
der Arbeitsdisziplin, Überlegungen zur Arbeitsverbesserung,
Einflussnahme auf die Arbeitsdisziplin der Mitschüler); Teilnahme an
Aktivitäten (MMM-Bewegung, politische Gespräche in FDJ-Gruppen,
bezahlte freiwillige Ferienarbeit, Hans-Beimler-Wettkämpfe,
Arbeitseinsätze, Beteiligung an einer wehrsportlichen
Arbeitsgemeinschaft und der Ausbildung als Gruppenleiter sowie an einer
außerunterrichtlichen Arbeitsgemeinschaft); Interesse an den
FDJ-Mitgliederversammlungen und den Jugendstunden; Interessen an einem
FDJ-Studienjahr; Häufigkeit sportlicher Betätigung außerhalb des
Unterrichts; Einstellung zur persönlichen Verantwortung von Schülern
(Skala: Erreichen guter Lernergebnisse, Ordnung und Disziplin in der
Schule, politische Diskussionen, Organisation der FDJ-Gruppe, sinnvolle
Freizeitgestaltung, gute Lernergebnisse der gesamten Klasse im
Unterricht und bei der produktiven Arbeit im Betrieb); übertragene
Aufgaben für die der Befragte persönlich verantwortlich war (im
Unterrichtsrahmen, außerunterrichtlich, für Jugendstunden, in
FDJ-Gruppen bzw. in FDJ-Grundorganisationen); Personen, die den Auftrag
erteilt haben; persönliches Verantwortungsgefühl für die übertragenen
Aufgaben (Klassenergebnis, Freizeitgestaltung, Leben in der FDJ-Gruppe,
politische Diskussionen, Ordnung und Disziplin, eigene Lernergebnisse,
Klassenergebnisse bei der produktiven Arbeit); übernommene Funktionen
in FDJ-Gruppen; wichtigste Funktion; Kenntnis der Anforderungen an
diese Aufgabe im Bezug auf den Sinn der Aufgabe, deren Lösung sowie
hinsichtlich der Bedeutung für die FDJ-Gruppe; Gefühl von Überforderung
bzw. Unterforderung durch die Aufgabe oder Funktion; Beschreibung der
wichtigsten Aufgabe bzw. Funktion (persönlicher FDJ-Auftrag, selbst
gestellt, interessant, eigene Entscheidungsbefugnis, wird von der
FDJ-Leitung kontrolliert, nützt der FDJ-Gruppe, macht Freude);
Charakterisierung der FDJ-Gruppe (Skala: Gruppenleitung anerkannt,
politische Diskussionen spielen große Rolle, festes Kollektiv, Leitung
kann gut organisieren, auf Lernen wird geachtet, Leitung berät mit der
Gruppe wichtige Entscheidungen, gibt dem Einzelnen die Möglichkeit zur
Übernahme kollektiver Verantwortung, vielseitig und interessant);
persönlicher FDJ-Auftrag zur Verwirklichung des Kampfprogramms;
Selbsteinschätzung der Begabung; Selbstcharakterisierung (Skala: Lernen
macht Freude, Wohlfühlen in der FDJ-Gruppe, hohe selbst gestellte
Schulleistungsanforderungen, Übernahme von Verantwortung, Gefühl, in
der FDJ-Gruppe gebraucht zu werden, keine Scheu vor körperlicher
Arbeit, Verantwortungsgefühl für die FDJ-Gruppe, aktive Teilnahme an
politischen Diskussionen, Stolz auf FDJ-Mitgliedschaft); Mitgliedschaft
in ausgewählten Massenorganisationen (DTSB, GST, DSF und FDJ); Art der
Funktion im FDJ; Ausüben einer Funktion in der Pionierorganisation;
persönliche Lebensziele nach Abschluss der polytechnischen Oberschule;
eigene Entscheidung für Wehrdienst; möglicher persönlicher Beitrag zur
Stärkung des sozialistischen Staates; Anzahl und Art der übernommenen
FDJ-Funktionen; eigene wichtigste Aufgabe in der FDJ; wichtigste
Probleme und interessierende Fragen; Teilnahme an der Untersuchung
1987; Interesse an der Entwicklung des Heimatortes; Einstellung zu
folgenden Aussagen: notwendig, dass sich Wissenschaftler mit
Jugendproblemen befassen, selbständige Meinungsäußerung von
Jugendlichen, ehrliche Meinungsäußerung jedes Beteiligten; Lebensziel:
Beitrag zur Stärkung des sozialistischen Vaterlandes; Mediennutzung zur
politischen Information: Sendungen des Rundfunks oder Fernsehens der
BRD/West-Berlins; Beurteilung der Beratungsmöglichkeiten über den
Wehrdienst; Verhalten im Unterricht (nicht stören, Fragen stellen,
Suche nach eigenen Lösungswegen, selbstkritische Einschätzung der
eigenen Schulleistungen, Auseinandersetzung mit der Meinung der
Mitschüler); genutzte Möglichkeiten zur Mitgestaltung des Unterrichts
(Kurzvorträge, Gestaltungsvorschläge unterbreiten, Gruppenarbeit);
persönliches Verantwortungsgefühl für die übertragenen Aufgaben;
Teilnahme an Aktivitäten (Tätigkeit des FDJ-Schulklubs, an der Arbeit
einer Wehrsportsektion der GST); Charakterisierung des Studienjahrs in
der Gruppe (Skala: offenes Ansprechen politischer Probleme,
überzeugende Antworten auf Fragen, interessante Themen, Wissenswertes
über Politik und Weltanschauung erfahren, Kenntnisse anwenden aus
Politik und Wirtschaft, Anregung für die persönliche Lebensgestaltung);
Person, die das Studienjahr durchführt; Übertragung von Aufgaben zur
Gestaltung des FDJ-Studienjahrs; nur Sekretäre der FDJ-Gruppenleitung
und Mitglieder der GOL wurden gefragt: Teilnahme an einem Treffen mit
dem Direktor über den Beitrag der FDJ-Gruppen zur Steigerung der
Lernergebnisse; Auftragserteilung zur Zirkelleitung; übertragene
Aufgaben im Schuljahr 1987/88, für die der Befragte persönlich
verantwortlich war; Beschreibung der wichtigsten Aufgabe bzw. Funktion
(eigenes Können zeigen, Anerkennung von der FDJ-Gruppe,
Lernmöglichkeit, Übernahme von Verantwortung, anstrengend, wird von der
FDJ-Leitung kontrolliert); Fremdsprache lernen; Häufigkeit der
Rezeption des Jugendradios DT 64; Interesse am politischen
Weltgeschehen; Mitarbeit in einem FDJ-Bewerberkollektiv für
militärische Berufe; zukünftiges Engagement in einer FDJ-Gruppe nach
Abschluss der 10. Klasse (Übernahme verantwortlicher Aufgaben für die
Erfüllung des Kampfprogramms, Vertreten der DDR-Politik in
Diskussionen, Vorbereitung auf die eigene Mitgliedschaft in der SED);
Zirkel des FDJ-Studienjahres, an dem der Befragte teilnimmt; frühere
Teilnahme an dieser Langzeitbefragung; Lebensziele: Reisen, angenehmes
Leben ohne Anstrengung, Einsatz für Andere (Altruismus);
Arbeitsorientierung; Identifikation als: Deutscher, Europäer,
DDR-Bürger, Bürger der ehemaligen DDR, Sachse bzw. als Bürger des
eigenen Bundeslandes; Abwanderungsabsicht; Einstellung zur Vereinigung
von DDR und BRD; Einstellung zum Tempo der Wiedervereinigung;
rückblickende Bewertung der Schule als kritikwürdig im Bezug auf:
Bildungsziele, Unterrichtsgestaltung, außerunterrichtliche Angebote,
politische Ausrichtung, materiell-technische Ausstattung, Effektivität;
Einschätzung der Situation im Lande (Menschen sind aktiver sowie
aggressiver geworden, zwischenmenschliche Beziehungen enger geworden);
erwartete zukünftige Veränderungen im Lande hinsichtlich
Suchtmittelkonsum, neonazistischer Tendenzen, Ausländerfeindlichkeit,
sozialer Ungerechtigkeit, Konkurrenzdenken, Leistungsstress,
Notwendigkeit lebenslanger Weiterbildung); Mitgliedschaft in einer
Jugendorganisation; derzeitige Tätigkeit; persönliche
Zukunftszuversicht; Lebensziele (Skala: Arbeitsorientierung,
selbständiges und eigenverantwortliches Leben, Einsatz für eine
menschenwürdige Gesellschaft, Hedonismus, Besitz erwerben); in einer
Jugendorganisation organisiert; Gefühl der zukünftigen Bedrohung durch
mögliche eigene Arbeitslosigkeit, durch die Zunahme der Kriminalität,
durch die Einwanderung von Ausländern, durch die Zunahme von
Aggressivität und Gewalt, von Rechtsradikalismus, Verteuerung des
Lebens und der Zunahme von Egoismus (Ellenbogengesellschaft);
Häufigkeit von: Niedergeschlagenheit und Mutlosigkeit, keinen Sinn im
Leben sehen, Ratlosigkeit, Zukunftsangst; Vertrauen zu den Parteien
CDU/CSU und SPD; Einstellung zur Vereinigung von DDR und BRD
(retrospektiv im Frühjahr 1990 und aktuell); Zufriedenheit mit der
persönlichen Lebenssituation; Einstellung zum Erhalt von Jugendradio DT
64; Einstellung zum Erhalt des Jugendsenders SPUTNIK (früher DT 64);
Zuversicht im Hinblick auf die Verwirklichung der persönlichen
beruflichen Pläne; Politikinteresse; politische Orientierung;
politischer Standpunkt links-rechts; Zufriedenheit mit dem politischen
System in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland; Freude über die Einheit
Deutschlands; Gefühl der zukünftigen Bedrohung durch Linksradikalismus,
Kriegsfurcht sowie die Zunahme von Konflikten zwischen Ost und West;
Meinung über die DDR, Deutsche und Deutschland (Skala: Beseitigung des
SED-Regimes, reformierter Sozialismus positiver als gegenwärtige
politische Ordnung, Ostdeutsche als Deutsche zweiter Klasse, Forderung
nach Assimilation der Ausländer, Überlegenheit der Deutschen, ehemalige
deutsche Ostgebiete gehören zu Deutschland, Judenvernichtung im Dritten
Reich wird übertrieben, Nationalsozialismus hatte auch gute Seiten, Ruf
nach einem starken Führer); Vertrauen zu einem ostdeutschen oder
westdeutschen Politiker; Nationalstolz; Lebensziele (Skala: Leben nach
christlichen Werten, politisches Engagement, den eigenen Vorteil im
Auge behalten, Wunsch nach aufregenden Erlebnissen, dem Leben seinen
Lauf lassen sowie Sexualität genießen); beabsichtigter Eintritt in eine
politische Partei; Identifikation als Bürger der Bundesrepublik
Deutschland; Ausländer im Freundes- oder Bekanntenkreis; geschätzter
Ausländeranteil in Ostdeutschland; zu viele Ausländer in
Ostdeutschland; Einstellung zur Ausländern; präferierte Form der
Einwanderungspolitik des Staates (Skala: alle Ausländer an den Grenzen
zurückweisen, Personen deutscher Abstammung hereinlassen, politische
Flüchtlinge aufnehmen, benötigte Arbeitskräfte oder
Wirtschaftsflüchtlinge hereinlassen, keine Begrenzung); persönliche
Überzeugungen und Geschlechterrollen (Skala: der Stärkere setzt sich
durch, Einsatz von Gewalt zur Durchsetzung eigener Interessen,
Frauenrolle im Beruf, in Familienangelegenheiten hat der Mann das
letzte Wort, Sexualpartner beliebig oft wechseln, Deutsche sollten
keine Kinder mit andersrassigen Ausländern zeugen); Einstellung zu
ausgewählten Parolen (Deutschland den Deutschen, Ausländer raus, Rote
raus, Juden sind Deutschlands Unglück, Deutschland in den Grenzen von
1937); Wahlbeteiligungsabsicht bei der ersten gesamtdeutschen
Bundestagswahl; Einstellung zur Forderung nach der Einheit Deutschlands
in den Grenzen von 1937 und zum Auftreten gegen Ausländer; Einstellung
zur Aufrechterhaltung von Recht und Ordnung mit staatlicher Gewalt und
zu polizeilicher Härte gegen randalierende Gruppen;
Auswanderungsabsicht; Lebensziele (Skala: glückliches Ehe- und
Familienleben, Einsatz für den Erhalt des politischen Systems in der
BRD und gesellschaftlicher Aufstieg); Erfahrung eines selbstbestimmten
Lebens ohne SED-Beschränkungen; Gefühl der zukünftigen Bedrohung durch
das Eintreten einer persönlichen Notlage, durch die Umweltverschmutzung
und Drogenverbreitung; Vertrauen in die Parteien Republikaner, Bündnis
90/Grüne, PDS, FDP und Komitee für Gerechtigkeit; politischer
Standpunkt links-rechts vor einem Jahr und kurz nach der Wende im
Frühjahr 1990; Sicherheit dieses Standpunkts; Häufigkeit versuchter
politischer Meinungsführerschaft; retrospektive Bewertung der
Veränderungen in Ostdeutschland seit der Einheit; Bewertung der
persönlichen Veränderungen; Zurechtkommen mit den neuen
gesellschaftlichen Verhältnissen; Bereitschaft zur Mitarbeit an einer
Studiendokumentation; Bereitschaft zu einem Gespräch über persönliche
Erlebnisse; Bereitschaft, Fotos über die Schul- und Ausbildungszeit zur
Verfügung zu stellen; Einstellung zu Ausländern zur Zeit der 10.
Klasse; Einstellung zur Einbeziehung weiterer Jugendlicher in die
Studie; Lebensziele (Skala: gute Freunde, Anpassung an das politische
System, Einsatz für das Zusammenwachsen Deutschlands); Partei, die die
eigene Position vertritt; Gefühl der zukünftigen Bedrohung durch eine
Ansteckung durch Aids; Zufriedenheit mit der derzeitigen
Wirtschaftsordnung und der Sozialpolitik des Staates; erwartete
politische Richtungsentwicklung der Gesellschaft in Deutschland;
Einstellung zur deutschen Einheit retrospektiv vor der Wende in der 10.
Klasse; Beurteilung des Lebens in der DDR; beabsichtigte
Selbstständigkeit; Zufriedenheit mit den persönlichen
Wohnverhältnissen, dem Einkommen, dem Lebensstandard, dem Verhältnis zu
den Eltern sowie den politischen Einflussmöglichkeiten); Vergleich der
Situation in den neuen Bundesländern derzeit und in der DDR vor der
Wende bezüglich: Jugendförderung, soziale Sicherheit, Möglichkeit der
Selbstentfaltung, Schutz gegen Kriminalität, soziale Gerechtigkeit,
Achtung der Menschenwürde, Verhältnis der Menschen untereinander,
Durchschaubarkeit des politischen Systems, Gesundheitswesen sowie
Möglichkeiten der Freizeitgestaltung; Veränderung der politischen
Grundhaltung gegenüber der Zeit unmittelbar vor der Wende (10. Klasse),
Einstellung zu den sozialistischen Idealen zum Zeitpunkt vor der Wende
(10. Klasse) sowie derzeit; Umdenken ist schwergefallen; Interesse am
Ergebnis der Studie; Identifikation als Bürger der Wohngemeinde;
Zufriedenheit mit der Jugendpolitik des Staates; Veränderung des
politischen Standpunkts seit 1990; retrospektive Bewertung damaliger
Unterrichtsfächer und Formen der gesellschaftlichen Erziehung (Fächer:
Geschichte, Sport und Staatsbürgerkunde, Wehrunterricht,
FDJ-Veranstaltungen, Jugendstunden, Jugendweihe sowie die Zeit bei den
Pionieren in der 1. bis 7. Klasse); Bewertung der damaligen Lehre im
Fach Staatsbürgerkunde; Übereinstimmung des damals vermittelten
Kapitalismus der BRD mit der heutigen Realität im vereinten
Deutschland; retrospektive Kritik an der Schule im Hinblick auf
Kollektiverziehung und das Lehrer-Schüler-Verhältnis; Einschätzung der
DDR vor der Wende und Deutschlands heute im Bezug auf: Achtung der
Menschenwürde, gleiche Bildungschancen für alle, soziale Sicherheit,
Beseitigung der gesellschaftlichen Wurzeln des Faschismus bzw. von
Kriegen; Einstellung zur DDR und zum Sozialismus: das Leben in der DDR
war ´lebenslanger Knast´; Lebensziele (eigene Kinder großziehen,
Toleranz für Andersdenkende); Gefühl der Bedrohung durch die Zunahme
von Leistungsdruck; erstrebenswert, sich als Bürger der BRD zu fühlen;
Zufriedenheit mit der Familienpolitik des Staates; Zufriedenheit mit
den Chancen, es im Leben durch Leistung zu etwas zu bringen; Überwiegen
von neuen Chancen oder von Risiken bei der Lebensgestaltung; Vergleich
der DDR vor der Wende und Deutschlands im Bezug auf: Familienförderung,
Gleichberechtigung der Frau, persönliche Freiheiten, Moral der
herrschenden Politiker, Vergleich der heutigen persönlichen
wirtschaftlichen Situation sowie der wirtschaftlichen Situation der
Eltern mit der von früher; Beurteilung des Lebens in der DDR;
Einstellung zu ausgewählten Aussagen (Ostdeutsche als Deutsche 2.
Klasse, gerne in der vereinten BRD leben, Gehorsam und Autorität als
wichtige Erziehungsziele für Kinder, Aufrechterhaltung von Ordnung
notfalls mit Gewalt); Einstellung zur Parole Nazis raus; Bereitschaft
zur Beantwortung eines längeren Fragebogens; Bereitschaft zur Teilnahme
an einer Diskussion bzw. einem Gespräch über persönliche Erlebnisse;
persönliche Erfahrungen mit dem neuen Gesellschaftssystem; Lebensziel:
gute Freunde haben; Identifikation als Ostdeutscher;
Demokratiezufriedenheit und Zufriedenheit mit der Militärpolitik, der
Außenpolitik, der Lohnpolitik sowie mit der gesellschaftlichen
Entwicklung; Vergleich der DDR vor der Wende und Deutschlands heute im
Bezug auf: Versorgung mit Wohnungen, Kinderbetreuung, Schulbildung,
Berufsausbildung und demokratische Mitwirkung; Beurteilung des Gewinns
an persönlichen Freiheiten; mögliche Arbeitslosigkeit als Preis für
Leben in Freiheit; eigene derzeitige wirtschaftliche Situation sowie
wirtschaftliche Situation der Eltern; Klassenkampf in der BRD;
Bewertung der gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung in Ostdeutschland als
Fortschritt oder als Rückschritt; Befindlichkeit: Häufigkeit von
Magenschmerzen, Nervosität, Schlaflosigkeit, Herzbeschwerden,
Depressionen, Suizidgedanken; geschätzter Zeitraum bis zur
wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Angleichung von Ost und West;
mehr Trennendes oder Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen Ostdeutschen und
Westdeutschen; erwartete soziale Unruhen in Ostdeutschland; persönliche
Erfahrungen hinsichtlich: freier Meinungsäußerung in der Öffentlichkeit
und gegenüber dem Vorgesetzten, Interesse von Politikern an der
persönlichen Meinung, gerechter Anteil am gesellschaftlichen Wohlstand;
Parteipräferenz für die Bundestagswahl 1998; Einstellung zu
ausgewählten Aussagen (Frauen gehören zu den Verlierern der deutschen
Einheit, Auswanderungsabsicht); Selbstcharakterisierung und
Verhaltensweisen (gerne fremde Menschen kennenlernen,
Beharrungstendenz, Vorsichtsprinzip, Furcht vor neuen Situationen, die
Meisten denken so wie ich, auf der Seite des Stärkeren sein,
Veränderungen sind unangenehm, (Schaden-) Freude über Ärger eines
Dritten mit seinem Vorgesetzten, Bewunderung für Meinungsführer,
Intoleranz, Menschen, die anders sind, aus dem Weg gehen, Wohlfühlen in
gut organisierten Gruppen, bemüht, es den Eltern recht zu machen,
unwohl fühlen in Gesellschaft fremder Menschen, Wunsch nach einem
ruhigen Leben); Beurteilung der westlichen Lebensart; persönliche
Erfahrung des Lebens in menschlicher Gesellschaft; glücklich, Bürger
der BRD zu sein; Bereitschaft gegen Honorar weiter an der Studie
teilzunehmen; Zufriedenheit mit der Gesundheitspolitik;
Umzugshäufigkeit nach der Wende; Vergleich des
Staatsbürgerkundeunterrichts mit der Realität: Macht der Konzerne und
Banken, kapitalistisches Gesellschaftssystem kann Menschheitsprobleme
nicht lösen, alles vom Standpunkt der arbeitenden Menschen aus
betrachten; erwarteter Einfluss der Regierungspolitik auf das eigene
Leben; Eintreten für eine bessere Gesellschaft; persönliche Erfahrungen
hinsichtlich: Einfluss auf die Gesellschaft nehmen, Leben ohne
politische bzw. wirtschaftliche Zwänge; Bereitschaft zur Teilnahme an
Protestaktionen oder einer Demonstration; Einstellung zu ausgewählten
Aussagen: Gesellschaftssystem wird die dringenden Menschheitsprobleme
lösen, derzeitiges Gesellschaftsmodell ist das einzige menschenwürdige
Zukunftsmodell, politisch eng mit der Bundesrepublik verbunden fühlen;
Einstellung zu ausgewählten Aussagen: Ostdeutsche sollten auf die
Straße gehen um auf ihre Situation aufmerksam zu machen, Beteiligung
der Bundeswehr an den Luftangriffen der NATO auf Jugoslawien war
richtig, froh, dass es die DDR nicht mehr gibt, froh, die DDR erlebt zu
haben, nicht alles falsch, was über Kapitalismus gelehrt wurde, das
Lebenszufriedenheit; Bereitschaft persönliche Erlebnisse
aufzuschreiben; Bereitschaft Dokumente oder Fotos zur Verfügung zu
stellen; Interesse am Ergebnis der Studie.

Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter; derzeitige Tätigkeit; Ortsgröße;
Arbeitsplatzsicherheit; Veränderung der beruflichen Pläne; Wohnen bei
den Eltern; Familienstand; Heiratsabsicht, Kinderzahl; gewünschte
Kinderzahl; Arbeitslosigkeit der Eltern; Arbeitslosigkeit des
Lebenspartners; abgeschlossene berufliche Ausbildung; eigene
Arbeitslosigkeit; Arbeitslosigkeitsdauer; Anzahl der Bewerbungen.

Newspaper Article - 'Relief is Large Demand on Women's Institutes'. Calgary Albertan Paper ; AWI Collection ; 8 C A L G A R Y ALBE A Page About All Relief Is Large Demand On Women's Institutes T% ELIEF for distressed families in their communities has been a " major demand on the local branches of the Women's Institute of Alberta. • Reports of all constituencies read at the convention of Dis­trict Four which met in Paget Hall Wednesday showed strenuous effort to raise money and help with food and clothing the unfortunate in the districts. But in this activity the other objects of the Institute have not been neglected. Reports told of the establishment of libraries, of household economics courses arranged in the districts, of medical clinics arranged by the Institute, of school fairs and many other projects successfully undertaken. Mrs. M. L. Thompson of Coaldale, district director, presided and a spe­cial guest was Mrs. J. P. Ferguson of Trochu, president of the Alberta Women's Institute. Following the sessions of the day, the delegates were guests of the Cal­gary branch at a banquet in the Elizabethan room of the Hudson's Bay . Companys' store, when Mrs. C. H. Stout presided, and afterwards at the performance of the British Gull<* Flayers. Recreation ' Wise use of leisure time is one of the challenges of the new age which has been ushered in by labor- saving devices and machinery," said Mrs. J. P. Ferguson of Trochu, president of the Alberta Women's Institutes, In her address Wednesday afternoon. Need for recreation in its widest sense to meet the increase in leisure time, and to fill the gaps— physical, mental and moral— which the changes have brought, is pressing, and in this field the Women's Institutes have a splen­did opportunity for leadership, Mrs. Ferguson believed. Lack of sufficient recreation has been responsible to a large extent for the drift to urban centres, and now to hold the rural population, and encourage others to return, farm life must be made more attractive; Drawing, as it does, its membership from all classes and creeds, the In­stitute is the logical leader in or­ganized recreation for the rural dis­trict, Mrs. Ferguson said. She sug­gested golf, hiking, tennis, badminton, dancing, particularly folk- dancing, as suitable activities to be inaugurated, and for those less interested in sports, libraries, sewing groups where skilled teachers might instruct in embroid­ery and, of great importance, the revival of handicrafts. Tastes, skills and habits formed in adolescence exert their influence strongly through­out life, the speaker continued, and care should be taken to see that there were worthwhile things at hand for young people in the country to em­ploy their free time. Congratulates Members Mrs. * Ferguson congratulated the members on the wide scope of their activities, which embraced relief work, public health clinics and studies, peace work, child welfare, supplying garden seeds to dried- out areas, assisting with libraries, and recreational projects. In speaking of the scheme wherein the Provincial Women's Institute was co- operating with the I. O. D. E. and U. F. W. A. to provide assistance for needy mothers, under the direction of Miss Kate Brighty, Mrs. Ferguson told the mem­bers the council had hesitated to ask for donations to the central fund for this purpose, since so many branches were already doing work of this sort, " out that the W. I. had offered to pre­pare necessary bundles containing layettes and medical supplies, to the number of 50 during the year. Names of the needy mothers would be for­warded by Mrs. Ferguson to various W. I. branches for help in this con­nection. , Spiritual Disarmament In all the millions of people in the world going quietly about their own business there are none who de­sire war, said Dr. George Kerby, speaking at the afternoon session on " A Call to Peace.". The task of cap­italizing the universal sentiment against war is difficult but is the first step in progress toward peace. The minds of the nations must be prepared for peace. For war is born of faults of the spirit;— of the greed and jealousy of nations all striving for commercial supremacy, erecting artificial barriers, creating artificial antipathies and hatreds. Patriotism is a passion and must be controlled and restrained as other passions. " Not that I love my country less, but that I love humanity more" must be the policy of statesmen. Dr. Kerby told of the ever- increas­ing armament race, leading inevit­ably toward war. He quoted Lord Grey, who had declared that there is no security in competing armaments. The soldiers of the last war were con­vinced that they died for peace, but the generation that has followed them is betraying them. Nursing Schools The need of a reorganization of the nursing schools was discussed by Miss Eleanor McPhedran of the Alberta Joint Study Committee on Nursing Education. Other professions are 1 taught in schools supported by the state— teaching, law, medicine, but nurses are expected to pay for their I training in physical labor, she said. J The disadvantages of nursing schools operated by hospitals were clearly outlined. The d* ty of the hospital is to its patients and in maintaining the hospital on a paying basis. Too often the education of the nurses is sac­rificed to these other considerations. The students are exploited for cheap nursing and maid service. Each hospital is a law unto itself and no standard of knowledge and experience is demanded. As a result many half- trained nurses are gradu­ated from the poorer training schools. The training of nurses has not kept pace with the advance in scientific treatment of disease, Miss McPhedran said. What is needed is more study in the classroom and less duty on the wards. The bill passed at this session of the legislature requiring students to have junior matriculation standing was commended as a step in the right direction toward standardizing the qualifications of the members of the profession. Girls' Clubs Suggestions for the work of leaders in the girls' clubs were given by Mrs. R. E. Wood of Stony Plain, supervisor of the girls' clubs. She recommended division according to age in four groups and told of the different needs of each group. The little girls from 6 to 10 years of age are all enthusiasm and eagerly absorb teaching. The next age, to J 4 years, is an egotistical time when they crave recognition of their personalities. Nothing is too strenuous for them to undertake. The girl from 14 to 16 years of age needs inspiration. She is a day- dreamer, is hungry for books, but needs to be guided in her reading as she is strongly influenced by all she reads but has not learned to discriminate. The girl of 16 to 18 years is begin­ning to use her reasoning powers, takes life very seriously and questions everything. It is a poetic age. It is the best time to Interest her in social problems. Acting Mayor J. H. Ross brought greetings to the delegates who were welcomed by Mrs. C. H. Stout, presi­dent of the Calgary branch. Mrs. A. E. Clark of Oluny replied. Greetings were read from the provincial officers. Musical selections were heard dur­ing the day, the program arranged by Mrs. H. E. Kelley. Mrs. Harry Hutchings sang at the morning ses­sion and following the banquet; W. Rothwell sang, accompanied by Mrs. Rothwell; Max Bishop sang, accom­panied by Miss Dulcie Bishop; pupils of Miss Marjorie Hall gave clever dances and Mrs. J. Welsh gave read-lings. Following the banquet Miss Foster played \' iolin selections, Miss Claire Powell gave pianologues, and Mrs. Slater sang, Mrs. Kelley was accompanist. Mrs. Stout presided at the banquet and spoke of the function of he In­stitutes in fostering the well- being of community life. Mrs. F. G. Grev-ett proposed a toast to the guests anc Mrs. Powell of Maple Leaf local re­sponded. A toast to the press was proposed by Mrs. W. Rothwell anc Miss M. McLean replied. Mrs. Fergu­son, Mrs. R. E. Wood and Mrs. W. Harold Riley spoke briefly and Mrs. Moreau MeCallum moved a vote of thanks to the artists. Mrs. Ferguson and Mrs. Wood were speakers at the separate session of the Girls' Club Wednesday morning when Miss Esther Oliver, vice- presi­dent, of Drumheller presided. Reports from constituencies were read and messages from Miss Lily Sahlen of Cardston, provincial president, Miss Vivian, Berg of Clareshotai, district director, and Miss Jane Popham of Barons, publicity convenor. Co- operation With League of Nations Vital Need, Claimed " Canada's prosperity and her des­tiny lie in working in co- operation with the League of Nations. Having solved her own bi- lingual, bi- racial and minority problems, she is in po­sition to give advice on these prob­lems, and her opportunities for serv­ice and molding opinion in the League are broad." This was the opinion voiced by H. S. Patterson, K. C., in addressing the fortnightly Calgary women's peace, meeting held in the Palliser hotel tea room Wednesday afternoon. Mrs. D. A. McKerricher presided. Introduced the speaker and urged those present to broadcast the announcements of these meetings to all women's organizations. " What Does Partnership in the Col­lective System Involve for Canada?" was the topic of Mr. Patterson's talk, and, prefacing his subject, he traced advancements made in the past cen­tury in the field of science, which had resulted in drawing into close contact all the nations of the world. Friendly rivalry of nations in art, music, liter­ature and kiftdred fields had given spice and variety to the resultant products, but, in the struggle to ad­vance materially, nations had come into conflict. Quarrels between na­tions were the same as struggles in primitive society. In olden days war could procure territory, material goods, security and advancement. With the drawing together of countries through science, however, nations were now like school children who had been playing and quarreling among them­selves at recess, but who found that, on going into . school they could not continue so without detriment, to | themselves. Fear resulting from the past war j had induced the nations to become self- sufficient. Canada, in her need,; . had turned to the commonwealth of the British Empire in an attempt to construct within its bounds a situation of markets and supply which had ex­isted in the world before the war. Canada produced more food than she could consume, and markets were es- j sential. Hence, her destiny lay In i close co- operation with countries; which could assure her those markets, the speaker said. Through participation in a collect­ive system of nations, Canada shared the responsibility of contributing " whole- hearted Co- operation, aid for the helpless, strength for the weak, and her share in the creation of or­ganizations for curing the ills of mankind," the speaker quoted from an address by Sir Robert Borden. Mr. Patterson answered a number of questions at the'end of his address, and a general discussion period fol­lowed.

Crisis Financiera mundial"El País" de Madrid:"Vía libre a la compra de Lehman por Barclays en sólo cinco días": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/Via/libre/compra/Lehman/Barclays/solo/dias/elpepueco/20080921elpepieco_4/Tes"Crisis financiera mundial - La gestación del rescate: "Si el plan no se aprueba, que el cielo nos asista"":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/plan/aprueba/cielo/nos/asista/elpepueco/20080921elpepieco_3/Tes"EE UU inyectará 485.000 millones para evitar el colapso financiero": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/EE/UU/inyectara/485000/millones/evitar/colapso/financiero/elpepueco/20080921elpepieco_1/Tes "New York Times":"Shift for Goldman and Morgan Marks the End of an Era": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/22/business/22bank.html?hp "Bush Urges Democrats to Act Quickly on Bailout Plan": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/23/business/23paulson.html?hp"Skeptics in Washington, Sellers on Wall Street":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/24/business/24markets.html?adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1222207347-jKdB9jkUarOxtnUq15xrDg"CNN":"Fed boosts support for Goldman and Morgan: Central bank okays change in status for last two remaining investment banks":http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/21/news/companies/fed_investmentbanks.ap/index.htm?cnn=yes"Markets fall as fears grow over bailout plan": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/09/23/world.markets/index.html"Bush urges Congress to rubberstamp bailout plan": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/09/22/world.markets/index.html"BBC":"US banks make shock status switch: The last two major investment banks in the US have changed their status to become bank holding companies, allowing them to take deposits from investors.": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7628578.stm"La Nación":"El fin de una era en Wall Street: adiós a los bancos de inversión: Goldman Sachs y Morgan Stanley se transformarán en bancos comerciales": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1052652"Caen las bolsas ante las dudas por el plan: Pese a un fuerte llamado de Bush a aprobar el rescate cuanto antes, los demócratas presentaron una propuesta alternativa": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1052651 "Time":"Japan to the Rescue of Ailing US Firms": http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1843534,00.html"El Universal" de México: "La ONU, más necesaria y más urgente que nunca: Bush: En su discurso ante la Asamblea General de la ONU, el último de su mandato, dijo que el organismo internacional debe aprobar más resoluciones que impidan que esos atentados se produzcan": http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/540630.html"MSNBC":"Bush to address country about bailout plan: Paulson reportedly compromises, will add limits on executive compensation": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26871338/"Fed plows $30 billion in foreign money markets :Temporary 'swap' arrangements aim to tackle global credit crunch": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26862762/"The Economist":"And then there were none: What the death of the investment bank means for Wall Street": http://www.economist.com/finance/displayStory.cfm?story_id=12294688&source=features_box_main"The politics of despair: Wall Street's meltdown readjusts the race in unexpected ways": http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12262221"Wall Street's bad dream": http://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12273023 AMERICA LATINA "La Nación" informa: "Fuerte crítica de Cristina Kirchner a Estados Unidos en la ONU": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1052725"CNN" publica: "Russian navy ships head to Venezuela": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/09/22/russia.venezuela.ap/index.html"China Daily" anuncia: "Russia sends ships on exercises in US 'backyard'":http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2008-09/22/content_7048551.htm"La Nación" publica: "Chávez inició en China una gira por Asia y Europa: El mandatario venezolano busca fortalecer la cooperación con el país asiático; "en este momento es mucho más importante estar en Pekín que en Nueva York", expresó":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1052710"CNN": "Peace talks aim at easing Bolivia tension": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/09/20/bolivia.talks/index.html"The Economist" analiza: "Bolivia: Now put it back together": http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12260915"La Nación" informa: "Antonini Wilson aseguró que en el vuelo había otros US$ 4.200.000 y que estuvo en la Casa Rosada": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1052756"La Nación" anuncia: "México, ante un nuevo drama: el narcoterrorismo: Los carteles inician la "colombianización" del país":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1052618"El Tiempo" de Colombia publica: "Haití, Venezuela y Ecuador entre los más corruptos de América Latina, según un estudio": http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/home/haiti-venezuela-y-ecuador-entre-los-mas-corruptos-de-america-latina-segun-un-estudio_4548631-1 ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADA "New York Times" informa: "2 Candidates Urge Greater Oversight in Bailout Plan": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/22/us/politics/22campaign.html?ref=business"CNN" publica: "McCain 'deeply uncomfortable' with lack of bailout oversight": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/09/22/campaign.wrap/index.html"BBC" analiza: "The US election nightmare scenario": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7626471.stm"El Mercurio" de Chile informa: "Palin se reúne con varios mandatarios en apertura de la Asamblea de la ONU": http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/09/23/internacional/_portada/noticias/1BCE1474-994A-47C6-A5FE-84CD8B379283.htm?id={1BCE1474-994A-47C6-A5FE-84CD8B379283}"The Economist" analiza: "The election campaign: Heard on the stump":http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12263226"Los Angeles Times": "Times poll shows Barack Obama has slight lead over John McCain": http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-poll25-2008sep25,0,4911734.stor"Los Angeles Times" informa: "McCain seeks to postpone debate because of financial crisis":http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-campaign25-2008sep25,0,766973.story"Time" publica sitio con links a artículos sobre las elecciones en los Estados Unidos:http://thepage.time.com/"La Nación" publica: "Bush busca tranquilizar a sus pares en la ONU: Hoy pronunciará su último discurso": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1052654"El Tiempo" de Colombia anuncia: "George W. Bush afirma que la ONU es más necesaria y más urgente que nunca":http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/euycanada/home/george-w-bush-afirma-que-la-onu-es-mas-necesaria-y-mas-urgente-que-nunca_4548370-1 EUROPA "El País" de Madrid informa: "La duda es más grande que Brown: El primer ministro, agobiado por su mala imagen, es incapaz de remontar los sondeos - El laborismo debate si dejar que siga o designar otro líder para un cuarto mandato": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/duda/grande/Brown/elpepuint/20080921elpepiint_1/Tes"CNN" publica: "Car bomb in northern Spain kills soldier":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/09/22/spain.bombs.soldier/index.html"CNN" publica: "Funding crisis may ground Alitalia": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/09/22/alitalia.license/index.html"Time" informa: "11 Dead in FinlandSchool Shooting": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1843568,00.html"El Tiempo" de Colombia anuncia: "Estudiante asesinó a diez compañeros en un colegio profesional de Finlandia y luego se suicidó": http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/home/estudiante-asesino-a-diez-companeros-en-un-colegio-profesional-de-finlandia-y-luego-se-suicido_4546222-1 Asia – Pacífico /Medio Oriente. "China Daily" informa: "China's quality chief steps down in milk scandal":http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-09/22/content_7048471.htm"The Economist" analiza: "China's baby-milk scandal: Formula for disaster": http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12262271"MSNBC" anuncia: "Typhoon hits southern China, Vietnam next: Hong Kong saw 58 injuries and disruption of schools and airport":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26868696/"New York Times" informa: "Japanese Party Chooses Aso as Leader":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/23/world/asia/23japan.html?ref=world"Le Monde" publica: "Taro Aso va devenir le premier ministre du Japón": http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2008/09/22/taro-aso-va-devenir-le-premier-ministre-du-japon_1097905_3216.html#ens_id=1097909"BBC" anuncia: "Aso picked to become new Japan PM": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7628495.stm"La Nación" informa: "Un "halcón" será el nuevo primer ministro de Japón: Taro Aso reemplazará a Yasuo Fukuda": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1052616"CNN" publica: "N. Korea seeks removal of nuke plant seals": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/22/nkorea.nuclear.seals/index.html"BBC" informa: "N Korea wants nuclear seals off": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7628955.stm"El Mercurio" de Chile informa: "Pakistán persigue a célula de Al Qaeda tras atentado": http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/09/23/internacional/internacional/noticias/99E41C2A-5ED4-4AFA-BA25-4184BA2AD712.htm?id={99E41C2A-5ED4-4AFA-BA25-4184BA2AD712}"New York Times" publica: "Pakistan Leaders Barely Missed Attack": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/23/world/asia/23pstan.html?ref=world"New York Times" anuncia: "Olmert Quits Post, and Political Maneuvering Begins": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/22/world/middleeast/22olmert.html?ref=world"MSNBC": "Livni to form new Israeli government: Foreign minister has 42 days to form coalition": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26839166/"MSNBC" informa: "Car plows into soldiers in Jerusalem; 19 hurt: Palestinian shot dead after ramming car into crowd of soldiers in OldCity": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26841572/"El País" de Madrid publica: "Ahmadineyad vaticina el fin del "imperio americano" y el derrumbe de Israel": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Ahmadineyad/vaticina/fin/imperio/americano/derrumbe/Israel/elpepuint/20080923elpepuint_5/Tes AFRICA "El País" de Madrid informa: "Mbeki, obligado a dejar la presidencia de Suráfrica: Las luchas internas en el partido del Gobierno desembocan en una crisis": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Mbeki/obligado/dejar/presidencia/Surafrica/elpepuint/20080921elpepiint_7/Tes"New York Times" publica: "A South African of Charisma and Mystery": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/22/world/africa/22zuma.html?ref=world"CNN" anuncia: "Sudan lobbies to avoid Darfur genocide arrest": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/09/22/sudan.un.ap/index.html"BBC" informa: "Eleven tourists seized in Egypt": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7629171.stm"CNN" publica: "11 tourists kidnapped in Egypt desert": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/09/22/egypt.italians.kidnapped/index.html"CNN" analiza: "U.N.: Almost 10 million Ethiopians need food aid": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/09/22/ethiopia.drought.ap/index.html ECONOMIA "The Economist" analiza: "Airlines and the credit crunch: Shredding money": http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12267383"La Nación" publica: "Fuerte alza de las materias primas; récord del crudo: Tuvo la mayor suba en un día, del 17,8%; la soja aumentó 5,3%":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1052656"The Economist" publica su informe semanal: "Business this week": http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12274086"MSNBC" anuncia: "Oil near $108 as investors eye U.S. bailout: Investors await details of $700 billion plan to stabilize Wall Street": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12400801/OTRAS NOTICIAS"New York Times" publica: "At U.N., Bush Reassures Leaders on Economy":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/24/world/24nations.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin "El Universal" de México informa: "Inicia hoy la Asamblea General de la ONU: El secretario general de la ONU, Ban Ki-moon, y el presidente de la Asamblea General, el ex canciller nicaragüense Miguel D' Escoto, inauguran una sesión en la que se tratarán los Objetivos del Milenio y la pobreza": http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/540594.html"La Nación" informa: "Los discursos en la ONU se concentran en la crisis económica: La mayoría de los presidentes resaltaron en la apertura de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas la delicada situación de los mercados mundiales; Ban Ki-Moon pidió "acción y liderazgo colectivo"": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1052733"MSNBC" anuncia: "U.N. chief: Rich nations must help Africa: Secretary-General says $72 billion a year needed to fight hunger, poverty": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26839643/"MSNBC" publica: "Russia, China block new Iran nuclear sanctions: Talks among six nations on Iranian program cancelled amid U.S.-Russia rift": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26859796/

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and has a strong heritable basis. We report a genome-wide association analysis of 34,627 CRC cases and 71,379 controls of European ancestry that identifies SNPs at 31 new CRC risk loci. We also identify eight independent risk SNPs at the new and previously reported European CRC loci, and a further nine CRC SNPs at loci previously only identified in Asian populations. We use in situ promoter capture Hi-C (CHi-C), gene expression, and in silico annotation methods to identify likely target genes of CRC SNPs. Whilst these new SNP associations implicate target genes that are enriched for known CRC pathways such as Wnt and BMP, they also highlight novel pathways with no prior links to colorectal tumourigenesis. These findings provide further insight into CRC susceptibility and enhance the prospects of applying genetic risk scores to personalised screening and prevention. ; At the Institute of Cancer Research, this work was supported by Cancer Research UK (C1298/A25514). Additional support was provided by the National Cancer Research Network. In Edinburgh, the work was supported by Programme Grant funding from Cancer Research UK (C348/A12076) and by funding for the infrastructure and staffing of the Edinburgh CRUK Cancer Research Centre. In Birmingham, funding was provided by Cancer Research UK (C6199/A16459). We are grateful to many colleagues within UK Clinical Genetics Departments (for CORGI) and to many collaborators who participated in the VICTOR, QUASAR2 and SCOT trials. We also thank colleagues from the UK National Cancer Research Network (for NSCCG). Support from the European Union [FP7/207–2013, grant 258236] and FP7 collaborative project SYSCOL and COST Action in the UK is also acknowledged [BM1206]. The COIN and COIN-B trials were funded by Cancer Research UK and the Medical Research Council and were conducted with the support of the National Institute of Health Research Cancer Research Network. COIN and COIN-B translational studies were supported by the Bobby Moore Fund from Cancer Research UK, Tenovus, the Kidani Trust, Cancer Research Wales and the National Institute for Social Care and Health Research Cancer Genetics Biomedical Research Unit (2011–2014). We thank the High-Throughput Genomics Group at the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (funded by Wellcome Trust grant reference 090532/Z/09/Z) and the Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility (ECRF) Genetics Core, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, for the generation of genotyping data. We thank the Lothian Birth Cohorts' members, investigators, research associates, and other team members. We thank the Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility (ECRF) Genetics Core, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, for genotyping. Lothian Birth Cohorts' data collection is supported by the Disconnected Mind project (funded by Age UK), and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC, for genotyping; BB/F019394/1) and undertaken within the University of Edinburgh Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (funded by the BBSRC and Medical Research Council RC as part of the LLHW [MR/K026992/1]). ET was supported by Cancer Research UK CDF (C31250/A22804). This research has been conducted using the UK Biobank Resource under Application Number 7441. Generation Scotland received core support from the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health Directorates [CZD/16/6] and the Scottish Funding Council [HR03006]. Genotyping of the GS:SFHS samples was carried out by the Genetics Core Laboratory at the Clinical Research Facility, University of Edinburgh and was funded by the Medical Research Council UK and the Wellcome Trust (Wellcome Trust Strategic Award "STratifying Resilience and Depression Longitudinally" (STRADL) [104036/Z/14/Z]). CFR was supported by a Marie Sklodowska-Curie Intra-European Fellowship Action and received considerable help from many staff in the Department of Endoscopy at the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford. In Finland, this work was supported by grants from the Academy of Finland [Finnish Center of Excellence Program 2012–2017, 250345 and 2018–2025, 312041], the Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation, the Finnish Cancer Society [personal grant to K.P.], the European Research Council [ERC; 268648], the Sigrid Juselius Foundation, SYSCOL, the Nordic Information for Action eScience Center (NIASC), the Nordic Center of Excellence financed by NordForsk [project 62721, personal grant to K.P.] and State Research Funding of Kuopio University Hospital [B1401]. We acknowledge the computational resources provided by the ELIXIR node, hosted at the CSC–IT Center for Science, Finland, and funded by the Academy of Finland [grants 271642 and 263164], the Ministry of Education and Culture, Finland. V.S. was supported by the Finnish Academy [grant number 139635] and the Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research. J.-P.M. was funded by The Finnish Cancer Foundation and The Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation. Sample collection and genotyping in the Finnish Twin Cohort has been supported by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, ENGAGE—European Network for Genetic and Genomic Epidemiology, FP7-HEALTH-F4–2007; [grant agreement number 201413], the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism [grants AA-12502 and AA-00145; to R.J.R. and K02AA018755 to D.M.D.] and the Academy of Finland [grants 100499, 205585, 265240 and 263278 to J.K.]. The work of the Colon Cancer Family Registry (CCFR) was supported by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under Award number U01 CA167551. The CCFR Illumina GWAS was supported by the NCI/NIH under Award Numbers U01 CA122839 and R01 CA143237 to G.C. The content of this manuscript does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the NCI or any of the collaborating centres in the CCFR, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the US Government or the CCFR. The CORSA study was funded by FFG BRIDGE (grant 829675, to A.G.), the "Herzfelder'sche Familienstiftung" (grant to A.G.) and was supported by COST Action BM1206. We kindly thank all individuals who agreed to participate in the CORSA study. Furthermore, we thank all cooperating physicians and students and the Biobank Graz of the Medical University of Graz. The DACHS study was supported by grants from the German Research Council (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, BR 1704/6–1, BR 1704/6–3, BR 1704/6–4, BR 1704/6–6 and CH 117/1–1), and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (01KH0404, 01ER0814, 01ER0815 and 01ER1505A, 01ER1505B). We thank all participants and cooperating clinicians, and Ute Handte-Daub, Ansgar Brandhorst, Muhabbet Celik and Ursula Eilber for excellent technical assistance. The Croatian study was supported through the 10,001 Dalmatians Project, and institutional support of University Hospital for Tumours, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center. James East and Simon Leedham were funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). The views expressed not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. We acknowledge use of genotype data from the British 1958 Birth Cohort DNA collection, which was funded by the Medical Research Council Grant G0000934 and the Wellcome Trust Grant 068545/Z/02. A full list of the investigators who contributed to the generation of the data is available from http://www.wtccc.org.uk. The BCAC study would not have been possible without the contributions of the following: Manjeet K. Bolla, Qin Wang, Kyriaki Michailidou and Joe Dennis. BCAC is funded by Cancer Research UK (C1287/A10118, C1287/A16563). For the BBCS study, we thank Eileen Williams, Elaine Ryder-Mills, Kara Sargus. The BBCS is funded by Cancer Research UK and Breast Cancer Now and acknowledges NHS funding to the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) and the National Cancer Research Network (NCRN). We thank the participants and the investigators of EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition). The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by: Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany); the Hellenic Health Foundation, the Stavros Niarchos Foundation (Greece); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); Health Research Fund (FIS), PI13/00061 to Granada, PI13/01162 to EPIC-Murcia, Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, ISCIII RETIC (RD06/0020) (Spain); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk; C570/A16491 and C8221/A19170 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (United Kingdom). We thank the SEARCH and EPIC teams, which were funded by a programme grant from Cancer Research UK (C490/A10124) and supported by the UK NIHR BRC at the University of Cambridge. We thank Breast Cancer Now and the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) for support and funding of the UKBGS, and the study participants, study staff, and the doctors, nurses and other health-care providers and health information sources who have contributed to the study. Genotyping of the PRACTICAL consortium OncoArray was funded by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) [U19 CA 148537 for ELucidating Loci Involved in Prostate cancer SuscEptibility (ELLIPSE) project and X01HG007492 to the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR) under contract number HHSN268201200008I]. Additional analytic support was provided by NIH NCI U01 CA188392 (PI: Schumacher). The PRACTICAL consortium was supported by Cancer Research UK Grants C5047/A7357, C1287/A10118, C1287/A16563, C5047/A3354, C5047/A10692, C16913/A6135, European Commission's Seventh Framework Programme grant agreement n° 223175 (HEALTH-F2–2009–223175), and The National Institute of Health (NIH) Cancer Post-Cancer GWAS initiative grant: No. 1 U19 CA 148537–01 (the GAME-ON initiative). We would also like to thank the following for funding support: The Institute of Cancer Research and The Everyman Campaign, The Prostate Cancer Research Foundation, Prostate Research Campaign UK (now Prostate Action), The Orchid Cancer Appeal, The National Cancer Research Network UK, The National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI) UK. We are grateful for support of NIHR funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, the Spanish Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) an initiative of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Innovation (Spain), and the Xunta de Galicia (Spain).

This paper reviews both current practices and common challenges of measuring the causes, functioning, and consequences of violent conflict at the micro-level. The authors review existing conflict -- and violence-related survey questionnaires, with a particular focus on the World Bank's Living Standard Measurement Surveys. Further, they discuss methodological challenges associated with empirical work in conflict-affected areas—such as operationalizing a definition of conflict, using the appropriate units of analysis, deciding on the timing of the survey, dealing with data biases and conducting surveys in an ethically sound manner—and propose ways to improve the usefulness of existing surveys to analyze conflict processes at the micro-level. Violent conflict, households, survey methods, questionnaire design.

The Better Work Program has its roots in the Better Factories Cambodia (BFC) program, established in 2001 as a follow-on from the 1999 U.S.-Cambodia Bilateral Trade Agreement. The free trade agreement (FTA) was the first to link improved labor conditions with greater market access. The BFC program benefitted all the key stakeholders by improving work conditions, supporting the growth of the apparel sector in Cambodia (benefitting all local stakeholders), and boosting developed world buyers' reputation by sourcing from ethical workplaces. BFC has also helped to cushion the negative effects of external changes to the trading environment in the apparel sector (the end of the Multi-Fibre Arrangement quota system in 2005 and the global financial crisis in 2008–09). The program has grown substantially; as of December 2014, BW has reached over a million workers in more than 1,000 factories across eight countries (Bangladesh, Cambodia, Haiti, Indonesia, Jordan, Lesotho, Nicaragua, and Vietnam).

Horizontal inequalities (HIs) within a country, or inequalities among groups, have been shown to be an important source of violent conflict. Relevant group categorizations include religion, ethnicity, and region. HIs can also be measured in different ways. Ethnicity, language, religion, race, and region are examples of potentially relevant and salient group categorizations. In this paper the authors will review the prevailing HIs and their management in four West African countries - Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, and Nigeria. The report provides some basic facts about these four countries, which vary greatly in area, per capita income, poverty, child mortality rates, and other features. In terms of ethnoreligious demography, it is important to note that all four countries have a highly diverse ethnic population, and three of the four (Ghana, Nigeria, and Cote d'Ivoire) have substantial Christian and Muslim populations. Each of the case study countries has had a relatively turbulent and complex political history in recent decades. The four case study countries present instructive examples of the possible (mis)management of HIs. In this paper the authors analyze the evolution and management of the prevailing HIs in each of the four cases. Section one gives introduction. Section two presents evidence on the evolution and current state of HIs in each country. Section three analyzes the main causes of the prevailing HIs, while section four focuses on the governments' attitudes, policies, and measures toward HIs. Section five discusses the links between the HIs observed and the political outcomes. Section six draws some conclusions and makes policy recommendations for improved management of HIs in multiethnic developing countries generally, and specifically in four case study countries.

South Sudan is a fragile country beset by conflicts. The oil shutdown accompanied by a border closure in 2012 was resolved, but ongoing military clashes between factions of the ruling party have affected livelihoods since December 2013. Before the onset of these conflicts, large parts of the population were food insecure (2 out of 3 people) and lived in poverty (1 out of 2 people). This note estimates and juxtaposes the impact of the oil shutdown and the ongoing military conflict on livelihoods based on food price changes, predicted harvest losses and displacement. The resulting poverty estimates help to understand the structural implications of these conflicts. But to validate these numbers, test the underlying modeling assumptions and inform a policy response, new data needs to be collected urgently.

Bangladesh has a comprehensive Disaster Management plan, but details on the implementation and sufficiency of funding should be clarified. Strengthening financial disclosure could encourage greater engagement from key local and international stakeholders. The country also offers great opportunities to increase the outreach of insurance to larger sections of the population, especially to those most vulnerable to the substantial exposure to natural hazards and especially flood. The micro-finance market is well developed and provides opportunities to expand the still very limited availability of micro-insurance propositions to the rural population. Index-based insurance programs supported by mobile payment systems have already been piloted and there is considerable scope for this to be expanded, especially when appropriately subsidized to address affordability issues. However, this will require further strengthening of the insurance market, in respect of the implementation of the Insurance Act 2010 and of consumer representation, which is underdeveloped but may contribute strongly to improve the public's confidence and help the industry to develop successful propositions also for emerging customers.

This report argues that the practice of disaster risk management (DRM) is a defining characteristic of resilient societies, and should therefore be integrated, or 'mainstreamed', into all aspects of development. The report will inform the Development Committee at the annual meetings 2012, and support discussion at the Sendai dialogue, a special event co-organized by the Government of Japan and the World Bank as part of the Annual Meetings program. This event will engage delegates on the importance of mainstreaming DRM, drawing upon the lessons from the great East Japan earthquake and tsunami of 2011, and other disasters. This paper includes the following headings: disasters and development: an alarming trend; disaster risk management in action; national policies and planning; International Development Cooperation; disaster risk management at the World Bank; the way forward: priorities and opportunities; and glossary and references.