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The support of professional interpreters is an essential component of adequate mental health care for migrants with limited language proficiency. Nevertheless, for varied reasons, only a small proportion of outpatient psychotherapists provide interpreter-mediated psychotherapy for migrants. This study explored the perspectives of psychotherapists who have not worked with professional interpreters in outpatient mental health care to identify factors that may prevent the use of interpreters in outpatient care and explore possible incentives to provide interpreter-mediated psychotherapy for migrants with limited language proficiency. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 outpatient psychotherapists in Northern Germany who had not yet worked with professional interpreters in outpatient care. The interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and analysed using a structured content analysis approach. The psychotherapists named structural as well as subjective barriers and concerns. Findings suggest that improving structural factors, such as secure funding, minimal additional work, better preparation and training could facilitate the integration of professional interpreters into everyday treatment. Psychotherapists also mentioned concerns about their own confidence (e.g., insecurities regarding the triadic situation), the patient (e.g., reduced openness), the interpreter (e.g., doubts about suitability, motivation and empathy), as well as the therapeutic process (e.g., unclear allocation of roles). However, positive aspects and opportunities of interpreter-mediated psychotherapy were also described. These could be enhanced by the presence of conducive factors, such as existing trust between all parties and professional cooperation between interpreter and psychotherapist.

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of foreign aid in the Western Balkans countries' economic growth between 2009 and 2021.


Design/methodology/approach
This paper uses a panel data approach to examine the effects of foreign aid on economic growth in the region and incorporates a random-effects model to accommodate the unique cross-country variations and time-specific factors, as well as a pooled OLS and fixed-effects model for a comprehensive, comparative analysis.


Findings
The in-depth regression analysis shows that foreign aid has not had a significant impact on the economic growth of the region. Further evidence suggests that trade openness exhibited a significant positive correlation with economic growth, while gross capital formation, although positively associated, did not significantly impact it, indicating the complexity of its role in the region's economies.


Practical implications
The analysis presented in this study has significant practical implications, particularly for policymakers in the Western Balkans. Given the region's ambitions for European Union membership and the challenges of high unemployment and inflation, understanding the role of foreign aid is crucial.


Originality/value
This research provides a unique contribution to the field of development economics by examining foreign aid effectiveness within the context of a region often overlooked in the literature. The analysis also offers fresh insights into the complex dynamics of foreign aid and its implications for policy and development strategies.

The crude oil sector is one of the main sectors saddled with the potential to employ a large segment of the population and is an essential key to the sustenance of the economic growth of countries. This study presented an empirical analysis of the impact of crude oil export earnings on economic growth in Nigeria spanning the period of 1981 - 2020. The model built for the study was the proxied Real Gross Domestic Product (RGDP) as the endogenous variable measuring economic growth as a function of Crude Oil Export (OEX), while Exchange Rate (EXR), Trade Openness (TOP) and Transportation Cost (TPC) were the exogenous variables. The annual time series data were gathered from CBN Statistical Bulletin, and the World Development Indicator (WDI). The study used econometric techniques of Augmented DickeyFuller (ADF) unit root test, Johansson co-integration, error correction model and Granger causality for empirical analysis. The results of unit root suggested that RGDP, OEX, EXR TOP, and TPC were stationary at first difference. The Johansson co-integration showed a long-run relationship among the variables. The findings from the ECM showed that crude oil exports have a positive and significant impact on the Nigerian economy. The study recommended that the activities by the government in promoting economic growth and development in the country should be geared towards promoting and developing the Oil export base of the country as it has a significant relationship with economic growth.

The paper analyses the mechanism, that is, the way in which organisational culture impacts corporate entrepreneurship. Additionally, the paper analyses the direction of this impact, that is, the assumptions, values, and norms through which culture creates a positive context for corporate entrepreneurship. Corporate entrepreneurship, broadly defined as entrepreneurship within organisations, becomes a prerequisite for the organisations' survival and development in the era of globalisation, and radical technology and market changes. Organisational culture as a system of assumptions, values, and norms shared by employees and managers significantly determines their opinions and behaviour. The paper demonstrates that organisational culture impacts corporate entrepreneurship by shaping the employees and managers' interpretative schemes through its assumptions and values. Thus, organisational culture impacts employees and managers' behaviour in everyday work, and thereby the extent to which this behaviour will be entrepreneurial. We applied the fragmented and integrated approaches in identifying the cultural assumptions, values, and norms through which organisational culture positively impacts corporate entrepreneurship. The fragmented approach showed that organisational culture positively impacts corporate entrepreneurship if it highly values innovations and changes, people development, open and intensive interactions and communications, the autonomy of employees and loose control, identification with the company, focus on work, and openness towards the environment. The integrated approach showed that the following culture types positively impact corporate entrepreneurship: adhocracy culture in Quinn and Cameron's classification, and constructive culture in Human Synergetics' classification.

Open government (OG) is an increasingly used management model among the public administrations of European countries and of the European Union, which is currently working on The Path to the Digital Decade. This supposes the application of measures to promote proximity and citizenship's prominence in many public policies, leading to improved quality of democracy. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to a forced digitalization of many public services. Despite the fact that studies on OG do not usually focus on them, political parties are essential actors for the success or failure of OG measures, both from a bottom-up and a top-down perspective, on public administration transformation. Moreover, political parties are transforming themselves into more open organizations at the same time. We define open parties as political parties with high standards in transparency, participation, and collaboration. They also feature high degrees of organizational digitalization. This article proposes a framework for analyzing political parties' openness and explores available empirical data on different aspects related to OG in the European context. We have found that most parties possess a good level of local organizational strength but still need to reach better levels of anticorruption commitment, to form stronger ties with affiliated organizations, and especially to improve the participation of members and activists in their decision-making. Furthermore, elitism, clientelism, and populistic rhetoric represent significant obstacles that could hinder the party reform process.

An important factor in vocational choice is whether to pursue a career in the public sector or the private sector. The perception of each sector impacts career choice, attracting individuals with certain traits. This perception-based attraction is important for public sector managers to understand what the ramifications of their branding are on recruitment, and whether it is impacting their workforce or ability to attract appropriate talent. Despite this importance, existing literature is very limited and presents contradictory findings. The present study investigated the impact of the Big Five personality traits (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) on interest in public sector employment generally, as well as separately for all three levels of government (local, provincial, and federal), for men and women enrolled in a first-year management program. Extraversion was negatively related to an interest in the public sector for all three levels of government. Men and women did not differ significantly in their level of attraction to the public sector, and no statistically significant differences in personality-based interest were found between the three levels of government. An exploratory analysis of general interest in each level of government found that interest in the federal government was significantly higher than the municipal and provincial governments, although still low for all three levels of government. These results indicate potential challenges for public sector managers to attract candidates for highly social roles requiring an extraverted character.

New musical and theatrical genres that demonstrate post-non-classical musical thinking are considered. The most common are happening, performance and instrumental theater. Genres are considered differently by V. Petrov, M. Pereverzeva, Yu. Gnirenko and M. Katunyan, but, however, without disclosing their ontology and logical basis. The main distinguishing features of the new stage forms are the openness of the structure, the creative function of the performers and temporal unlimitedness, which indicates the rhizome and rhizome thinking of the composers. It is proposed to consider the new musical and theatrical realities as non-linear, in particular dissipative, based on a non-linear type of determinism – self-determinism. On its basis, a rational construct is established in the form of self-organization (performer), or performing will, which provide the musical material with the quality of integrity. Alternative musical theater is another form of new musical stage genres that have emerged in the post-non-classical era, or in the post-modern era. It is presented by alternative opera and alternative ballet, which establish the aesthetics of consonance, antimimesis and display (instead of experience), as well as the multivariant implementation of the musical and theatrical concept (concert, theater stage, etc.). The works of the American composer D. Cage, the Russian composer V. Martynov, the Belarusian composers V. Kuznetsov, L. Simakovich, A. Korotkina were selected as analytical material.

The current binary understanding of membership in international organizations (IOs), especially regional organizations (ROs), creates blind spots and biases in our understanding of who matters in IOs, as well as why and how they matter. Existing scholarship primarily looks at full member-states or non-state actors to capture who influences such organizations. Associated states are often portrayed as passive receivers of IO rules instead of active contributors. We address this blind spot and resulting analytical bias by exploring what types of association relationships exist and how they impact IOs. We propose a novel conceptualization of membership that we call member ness. On the level of IOs, memberness is based on the relative openness of organizational boundaries and stratified access via material and ideational contributions. On the level of states, memberness captures associated states' individual choices to contribute materially and/or ideationally to an IO. Memberness moves away from a purely rights-based understanding of membership (or who you are in an IO) to include a capacity-based understanding (or what you do in an IO). This shift in focus uncovers new channels of influence on IOs. Associated states' material and ideational contributions to IOs constitute three memberness types: payroller, sponsor, and advisor. We argue that these memberness types impact IOs' vitality, design, and performance in previously unrecognized ways. We illustrate these types with empirical examples from ROs across the globe and discuss the implications of memberness for IO research programs.

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are vital for achieving sustainable development. However, it remains unclear whether engagement in international trade-oriented policies improves SMEs operations, particularly in Africa, where concluded arrangements are made to partake in the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA). This study examined the role of trade liberalization on SMEs performance in Nigeria using the Central Bank of Nigeria's statistical bulletin and the World Development Indicators from 1981 to 2019. The ARDL model showed that a 1% rise in trade openness improves SMEs performance by approximately 2% but only in the short run. For the control variables, a 1% increase in labor force participation reduced SMEs performance by about 6% in the short run and increased it by approximately 9% in the long run. The results also showed that a 1% rise in gross fixed capital formation in the short run reduced SMEs performance by approximately 5%. The results showed an inconclusive short-run effect of the exchange rate and taxes on SMEs performance. With a 1% increase in the exchange rate, SMEs performance improved by approximately 0.04% in the long run. Similarly, a 1% increase in taxes improves SMEs performance by approximately 2.90% in the long run. Findings suggest a positive effect of trade liberalization on SMEs performance and support the operation of AfCFTA in achieving sustainable development. Policy efforts should focus on productive investment strategies and using locally sourced inputs to raise the competitiveness of SMEs.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to conduct a systematic literature review of studies addressing relational quality in public–private partnerships (PPPs). The ambition of this study is twofold: first, to present more clarity regarding the definition of the concept. Second, to develop a framework that explains the antecedents, characteristics and outcomes of relational quality in PPPs.Design/methodology/approachA systematic literature review of 99 academic articles, which were analyzed and coded on the definition, characteristics, antecedents and outcomes of relational quality.FindingsThe study shows that trust, communication, commitment, openness and reciprocity are considered core aspects of the concept. The analysis further identifies important antecedents (e.g. shared values, leadership) and outcomes (performance, innovation) of relational quality in PPPs. The findings result in the development of a framework on relational quality in PPPs to be used for further research.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings indicate that relational quality is valuable for the functioning of PPPs, but the current focus of this review excludes studies addressing relational quality in other types of collaboration and public–private exchange. The lessons from these research fields might further improve people's understanding of relational quality.Practical implicationsPractitioners should pay attention to relational quality in long-term PPPs. Among others, (process) management activities might contribute to relational quality as it stimulates communication and openness.Originality/valueThe presented framework explaining antecedents, characteristics and outcomes of relational quality allows for more structured use of this concept in future research.

The article deals with Ivan Goncharov's understanding of humour as a constituent part of an artistic work. The author of the article focuses on the intellectual nature of humour as stated by the writer himself as well as on the humour as a part of his epic gift. Analysing "A Common Story", the first novel from the writer's epic trilogy, the author of the article claims that its epic potential is expressed in such stylistic devices as comparison and contrast, typical to Ivan Goncharov's style. The writer's humour shows his ability to stay distant from the object of depiction, openness to the world, freedom in dealing with time and space, skill in regarding different layers of the world culture. The article reveals the way the comic comparisons and contrasts help Ivan Goncharov to express his understanding of the pace of historical time from 'dream' to 'awakening', culturological, moral and philosophic beliefs. The article pinpoints the wideness and depth of characteristics using comic devices for portraying the personal culture of the nobility of European-educated and uneducated layer, folkish culture. These remarks allow to make conclusions about sociological views of the author and the manner of approximation of nobility and folk typical to Ivan Goncharov and based on his assumption that uneducated, provincial nobility and the folk are close due to the involvement into the same national culture.

The current binary understanding of membership in international organizations (IOs), especially regional organizations (ROs), creates blind spots and biases in our understanding of who matters in IOs, as well as why and how they matter. Existing scholarship primarily looks at full member-states or non-state actors to capture who influences such organizations. Associated states are often portrayed as passive receivers of IO rules instead of active contributors. We address this blind spot and resulting analytical bias by exploring what types of association relationships exist and how they impact IOs. We propose a novel conceptualization of membership that we call memberness. On the level of IOs, memberness is based on the relative openness of organizational boundaries and stratified access via material and ideational contributions. On the level of states, memberness captures associated states' individual choices to contribute materially and/or ideationally to an IO. Memberness moves away from a purely rights-based understanding of membership (or who you are in an IO) to include a capacity-based understanding (or what you do in an IO). This shift in focus uncovers new channels of influence on IOs. Associated states' material and ideational contributions to IOs constitute three memberness types: payroller, sponsor, and advisor. We argue that these memberness types impact IOs' vitality, design, and performance in previously unrecognized ways. We illustrate these types with empirical examples from ROs across the globe and discuss the implications of memberness for IO research programs.

Heterogeneity or the Making of the Formless of Patrick Deville
ABSTRACT: This article aims to analyze the mode in which heterogeneity operates in the novelistic production of Patrick Deville. In his textual practice, this contemporary novelist organizes the scene of writing in the form of an intergeneric and intertextual game, mixing materials of all kinds. The absorption of all these resources to which must be added scientific borrowings, linguistic hybridity and an anarchic management of the textual space create a new form of writing whose contours remain vague and undecidable. The challenge of such a practice of formlessness or openness is to undermine the norms of the great founding narratives and to open up the novels to release unsuspected potentialities.
RÉSUMÉ : Le présent article se propose d'analyser le mode selon lequel opère l'hétérogénéité dans la production romanesque de Patrick Deville. Dans sa pratique textuelle, ce romancier contemporain, organise la scène de l'écriture sous forme de jeu intergénérique et intertextuel, mêlant des matériaux de toutes sortes. L'absorption de toutes ces ressources auxquelles il faut adjoindre les emprunts scientifiques, l'hybridité linguistique et une gestion anarchique de l'espace textuel créent une nouvelle forme d'écriture dont les contours restent flous et indécidables. L'enjeu d'une telle pratique de l'informe ou d'ouverture est de saper les normes des grands récits fondateurs et d'ouvrir les romans pour en libérer des potentialités insoupçonnées.

AbstractThe main goal of this paper is to investigate whether (and how) humans are unique in using tools and artifacts. Non-human animals exhibit some impressive instances of tool and artifact-use. Chimpanzees use sticks to get termites out of a mound, beavers build dams, birds make nests, spiders create webs, bowerbirds make bowers to impress potential mates, etc. There is no doubt that some animals modify and use objects in clever and sophisticated ways. But how does this relate to the way in which humans make and use objects to achieve their goals? To answer this question, this paper first presents a taxonomy of artifacts, identifying four overlapping categories, namely embodied, perceptual, cognitive, and affective artifacts. It then discusses definitions of animal tool-use, arguing that we need a more liberal approach, one that goes beyond the use of tools that are embedded in occurrent perception-action cycles. This paper ends by analysing how instances of animal tool and artifact-use can be classified according to the four identified categories, concluding that some animals use embodied, perceptual, cognitive, and affective artifacts. In this sense, humans are thus not unique in the kinds of tools and artifacts we use. What is unique, however, is our unprecedented flexibility and openness to deeply incorporate a large variety of complex tools and artifacts into our embodied, perceptual, cognitive, and affective systems.

This study investigates the moderating role of the corruption index with the impacts of foreign direct investment (FDI), unemployment, corruption, and crime rate on economic growth in Bangladesh from 1988 to 2019. The Augmented Dicky-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Peron (P-P) unit root tests were applied to check the stationary properties of the concerned variables. The auto regressor distribution lags approach is used to test the hypotheses. The results show that the corruption index as a moderator has a significant adverse impact on economic growth along with the other variables crime, and unemployment on economic growth. To put it simply, economic growth increases by decreasing corruption, unemployment, and crime rates. Similarly, FDI and trade openness appears as a catalyst for boosting economic growth, but the interaction variable of the trade and corruption index increases the trade costs that may slow down the economic growth. As among the pioneer attempts, the present study contributes to growing literature on the moderator role of the corruption index along with other determinants of economic growth by identifying the role of FDI inflows, trade, unemployment, and crime rates on economic growth in Bangladesh. These empirical findings are directed toward some critical policy implications that will help the governmental bodies and policymakers to achieve sustainable economic growth along with ensuring better employment opportunities and thereby control the crime and corruption rates in Bangladesh.