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The article presents some theoretical and methodological foundations to study the process of state formation in modern world, and shows its manifestation within the real political space that allows you to define the role and place of the process of state formation as a systemic element of social evolution. Particular attention is paid to analysis of the structure of this process and characteristic of its subjects, objects and resources. In addition, the author describes the process of state formation through the prism of the globalization and democratization as two simultaneously independent and related major trends of social development at the present stage of political history. ; В статье представлены некоторые теоретико-методологические основы исследования процесса государствообразования в современном мире и пока­зано их проявление в реальном политическом пространстве, что позволяет определить место и роль процесса государствообразования как системного элемента социальной эволюции. Особое внимание автор уделяет анализу структуры исследуемого процесса и приводит характеристику его субъ­ектов, объекта и ресурсов. Кроме того, процесс государствообразования рассматривается автором сквозь призму глобализации и демократизации - двух одновременно самостоятельных и взаимосвязанных главных тенденций общественного развития на современном этапе политической истории. ; У статті представлені деякі теоретико-методологічні засади дослі­дження процесу державотворення в сучасному світі і показано їх прояв в реальному політичному просторі, що дозволяє визначити місце і роль процесу державотворення як системного елемента соціальної еволюції. Особливу увагу автор приділяє аналізу структури досліджуваного процесу і приводить характеристику його суб'єктів, об'єкта і ресурсів. Крім того, процес державотворення розглядається автором крізь призму глобаліза­ції та демократизації - двох одночасно самостійних і взаємопов'язаних головних тенденцій суспільного розвитку на сучасному етапі політичної історії.

The article explores an assessment of the financial sustainability of civil society institutions in Ukraine. The analysis is based on four indicators of financial sustainability (by type of sources of funding): international grant financing; financial support from the state and local budgets; receipt of services, membership fees.In 2016, NGOs received 6.2 billion UAH from various sources. This is 2% less than in 2015. The bulk of funding comes from philanthropy – UAH 3.5 billion, which is 56.7% of the total funding. Public organizations received: UAH 623 million from membership fees, which is 10%; from the economic activities of organizations – 468.8 million UAH, it is 7.5%. Civil society institutes rarely receive revenue from services.The main source of funding for NGOs is grants and technical assistance programs funded by other countries. During 2017, NGOs implemented 547 international technical assistance projects worth a total of $ 5.7 billion. USA. All available international programs / projects are aimed at assisting Ukraine in fulfilling its international obligations, stabilizing the socio-economic situation and strengthening civil society.The situation with the diversification of sources of funding civil society institutions does not change significantly. In recent years, there has been a decline in international donors' support and technical assistance. Foreign donors now focus on specific issues and require specialized expertise.Decline in revenues from state and local budgets. State and local contests are low budget. Sometimes such contests are opaque. ; У статті представлено оцінку забезпечення фінансової сталості інститутів громадянського суспільства в Україні. В аналізі застосовано чотири індикатори фінансової сталості (за типами джерел фінансування): міжнародне грантове фінансування, фінансова підтримка з державного й місцевого бюджетів, надходження від надання послуг, членські внески.

The implementation of the Association Agreement between Ukraine on the one hand and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States on the other hand necessitated the modernization of the existing system of state standardization. Integration into the European Economic Area requires the fullest possible integration into the European economic system and harmonization with international rules and regulations. As a result, a new system of legal regulation of relations in the sphere of turnover of products, performance of works, provision of services was built: the object of establishing the set requirements was the production at all stages of the life cycle; the state regulates only security issues; quality of products should be ensured by free market regulators; mandatory national standards have been translated into voluntary, product safety requirements have been set by technical regulations; not only product certification but also declaration made by the manufacturer or seller is established as a form of attestation of conformity. The article deals with theoretical approaches to determining the legal nature of technical regulation. It is stated that technical regulation is a method of non-tariff regulation of the market and is based, first of all, on the use of a set of legal, administrative and organizational measures to regulate the technical aspects of the safety of goods and their conditions of circulation on the market, unlike tariff regulation. Prospective ways of improving the further development of technical regulation as a public management mechanism in the context of regulatory systems for technical regulation in the European Union have been formulated.

ANNOTATION In the Final Master Work, tax avoidance on the international scale upon taking into account the BEPS 15 Plan of Actions developed by OECD and two Directives developed on the base of the said Plan, namely, the Directive of the Council of 12 July 2016 that the Directive of the Council of 12 July 2016 that provides practical provisions for struggle against tax avoidance that directly influences the rules of the internal market provides practical provisions for struggle against tax avoidance that directly influences the rules of the internal market and the Directive of the Council of 29 May 2017 that partially replaces the Directive (EU) 2016/1164 to the extent related nonconformity of tax procedures or third countries has been analyzed paying more attention to the first Directive. The most important recommended provisions of the Directives and their impact on the fiscal systems of the Member States upon approaching the expiry date (the term of transfer of the binding norms provided in the Directive of 2016 is 31 December 2018, with certain exceptions mentioned in the Directive) are discussed upon. The transfer of the norms in the chosen legislations is carried out in course of lawmaking process. It may be concluded from the analyzed lawmaking (legislation) process that the Member States choose different regulations for permissible Profit Tax, in particular, with regard to privileges. so in this way some different fiscal legal systems are formed. If Member States choose to fix the maximum possible number of Profit Tax privileges in their jurisdictions, they make the jurisdictions more attractive for tax payers, so in this way some different fiscal legal systems are formed.

The European Parliament have adopted three Directives in order to harmonize the in-tellectual property law of Member States: Directive on the legal protection of computer programs (91/250 / EEC), Directive on the legal protection of databases (96/9/EB), Directive on the term of protection of copyright and certain related rights (2006/116 / EC). More precisely, to harmonize the application and interpretation of criterion of originality. The level of harmonization that these Direc-tives aimed for has not been achieved. The Court of Justice of the European Union has aimed to clarifie the criterion of originality. It has done so by providing preliminary ruling in these cases: In-fopaq, Bezpečnostní softwarová asociace, Premier League, Painer, Football Dataco, World Pro-gramming. The intent was to achieve level of harmonization Directives have failed to achieve. The aim of this thesis is to determine whether set level of harmonization has been reached and to identify the most common problems associated with the application and interpretation of said criterion. This thesis analyses and provides doctrinal and European Union definitions of the originality criterion. Thesis reveals level of harmonization of the originality criterion has not reached set goal in Lithuania. This has been concluded by analysing rulings of the Supreme Court of Lithuania. This work also identifies most common problems associated with the application and interpretation of the originality criterion by analysing rulings of English Courts. Rulings of England's courts were selected because of the stark difference of originality criterion interpretation between this Member State and European Union. This thesis aims to provide suggestions related to raising the level of har-monization in members states.

Climate change could be seen as a 21st century phenomenon. This topic has been taken up equally by professionals as well as the general public. Adaptation and mitigation actions are needed, especially in cities where the concentration of population and an increased demand for resources (e.g., water, food, land) are expected in the coming years. Already, 400 cities have been declared to be in a &ldquo ; climate emergency&rdquo ; state. There are no longer any doubts that current environmental state requires actions and solutions for both the alarming climate situation and urban quality life development. If such action is not going to be taken, the environmental state will deteriorate. One possible solution could be the use of green infrastructure. This research compares approaches to green areas and green infrastructure development in Bratislava (Slovakia) and Wrocław (Poland). A comparison was made for projects realized between 2013 and 2018&mdash ; i.e., since the publication of the European Union (EU) Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change in 2013. The research presents an overview of delivered projects regarding land use. The overview, which is supported by a density map of implemented green projects, verifies whether the new greenery fits and fills in the existing natural areas. Secondly, the green projects were analyzed according to years and land use types using Tableau software. Moreover, the legislation of climate adaptation mechanisms and practical aspects of green infrastructure implementation are shown. Finally, actions concerning the greening of the cities were categorized into practical, educational, and participatory ones, and the potential of green infrastructure as a positive landscape, micro-climate, health, and aesthetic influence was examined.

Because of its environmental damage and now often being the most expensive source for electricity production, coal use is declining throughout the United States. Michigan has no active coal mining and seemingly supportive legislation for distributed generation (DG) and renewable energy (RE) technologies. However, Michigan still derives approximately half of its power production from large centralized coal plants, despite the availability of much lower cost RE DG technologies. To understand this conundrum, this study reviews how Michigan investor owned utilities utilize their political power to perpetuate utility structures that work toward the financial interests of the utilities rather than the best interests of the state&rsquo ; s electricity consumers, including other firms and residents. Background is provided covering the concept of DG, the cost savings associated with DG, and utility regulatory regimes at the national, regional, state, and local levels. Recent case studies from specific utility strategies are provided in order to illustrate how Michigan utilities manipulate regulatory regimes via policy misinterpretation to deter or hinder the proliferation of DG in favor of maintaining the existing interests in centralized, fossil fuel-based electrical energy production. The results of this study demonstrate how DG proliferation is hindered by Michigan regulated utilities via the exercise of political power within existing legal and regulatory regimes. This highlights the need to think about how utilities may interpret and implement rules when designing energy legislation and policy to maximize the benefits for consumers and society. Policy recommendations and alternate strategies are provided to help enhance the role of energy policy to improve rather than limit the utilization of RE DG.

Authors Oinonen, Börger, Luisetti and Heiskanen would also like to acknowledge DEVOTES (DEVelopment Of innovative Tools for under-standing marine biodiversity and assessing good Environmental Status) project funded by the European Union under the 7th Framework Program, 'The Ocean for Tomorrow' Theme (grant agreement no. 308392, ww.devotes-project.eu). ; The EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) sets out a plan of action relating to marine environmental policy and in particular to achieving 'good environmental status' (GES) in European marine waters by 2020. Article 8.1 (c) of the Directive calls for 'an economic and social analysis of the use of those waters and of the cost of degradation of the marine environment'. The MSFD is 'informed' by the Ecosystem Approach to management, with GES interpreted in terms of ecosystem functioning and services provision. Implementation of the Ecosystem Approach is expected to be by adaptive management policy and practice. The initial socio-economic assessment was made by maritime EU Member States between 2011 and 2012, with future updates to be made on a regular basis. For the majority of Member States, this assessment has led to an exercise combining an analysis of maritime activities both at national and coastal zone scales, and an analysis of the non-market value of marine waters. In this paper we examine the approaches taken in more detail, outline the main challenges facing the Member States in assessing the economic value of achieving GES as outlined in the Directive and make recommendations for the theoretically sound and practically useful completion of the required follow-up economic assessments specified in the MSFD. ; Publisher PDF ; Peer reviewed

The article examines the history of the administrative-territorial division of the Russian Northeast in the first half of the twentieth century. The importance of this research stems from the need to analyze the historical experience information of administrative divisions against the background of developing modern federated relations. Chronology wise, the article deals with the period from the year 1917 until the establishment of the present-day boundaries of Magadan Oblast. The article analyses specific aspects of administration in the constituent territories of Magadan Oblast, based on their remoteness from the central authorities, and their economic value. Development of territorial public authorities in the Northeast during the said period was politically motivated. The Civil War saw territories being transferred to the jurisdiction of opposing forces, which affected the administrative division and the system of government authorities. The Institute of the administrative-territorial structure was aimed at the implementation of state functions in connection with certain goals and objectives of a specific historical period of development. The implementation of national policies mediated the creation of national districts. The need of the state for mineral raw materials during the period of industrialization and during the Great Patriotic War led to the creation of special extraterritorial education — Dalstroi. A special period in the history of the region was the Dalstroy era — so-called "Special Combine", during which a two-level authority system was developed. The administrative-territorial structure was defined by functions of the state, and goals and objectives of the specific historical period. The territorial model of public authority in the Northeastern region fit within the historical context of the country's contemporary situation.

Paper presented at the 5th Strathmore International Mathematics Conference (SIMC 2019), 12 - 16 August 2019, Strathmore University, Nairobi, Kenya ; This study examined the use of mental mathematics stratew as a necessary tool in enhancing students achievement and retention in upper basic education number and numeration in Oju and Otukpo local government areas of Zone C Education areas of Benue state, Nigeria. The study adopted quasi-experimental design of nonrandomized pre-test/post-test and control group. The sample consisted of 198 upper basic education ii made up of 102 male and 96 female drawn from four Universal Basic Education (UBE) schools in Oju and Otukpo local government areas of Benue state using multistage sampling technique. One research instrument number and numeration achievement test (NNAT) was designed by the researcher and used for the study. The reliability coefficient was determined using Kuder-Richardson formula 20 to be 0.94 for NNAT. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics of analysis of covariance to test hypotheses. Finding of the study reveals that students that were taught number and numeration using mental mathematics strategy exhibited higher achievement and retention in number and numeration than those who were taught using conventional method. In addition the use of mental mathematics strategy did not significantly differentiate between genders (male and female) students scores in number and numeration. These findings have implications for mathematics teachers and stake holders in mathematics education. Based on the finding, it was recommended among others that mental mathematics strategy be adopted and used in teaching mathematics in upper basic education. ; College of Education, Oju, Benue State, Nigeria.

From the time when women's rights were not placed high on the agenda of any state to the time when women's rights are given top priority, Tunisia's gender-friendly legislation requires a fresher look. One would be forgiven for thinking that Tunisia's reforms started after they gained independence from France in the 1950's. In fact, it was during the French Protectorate that reformers started rumours of reform, arguing amongst other issues for affording women more rights than those they were granted under sharia law, which governed family law in Tunisia. After gaining its independence, Tunisia promulgated the Code of Personal Status, which was considered a radical departure from the sharia. It is considered to be the first women-friendly legislation promulgated in the country. It could be argued that Tunisian family law underwent, four waves of reform. The first wave started during the French Protectorate. The second wave started in the 1950's with the codification of Tunisia's family law, which introduced women-friendly legislation. The third wave started in the 1990's with changes to the Code of Personal Status, and the latest wave commenced in 2010. In this article, I analyse the initial, pioneering phases of the reforms resulting from the actions of a newly formed national state interested in building a free society at the end of colonial rule, as well as reforms that have taken place in the modern state since the Arab uprising in Tunisia. As a result of the various waves of reforms, I argue that Tunisia should be seen as the vanguard of women-friendly legislation in the Arab world.

The rise of the state in Ancient Italy went hand in hand with an increase in infrastructural power, i.e., settlement centralization and urbanization. The paper discusses theoretical challenges and introduces a modeling approach to a case study, one of the earliest cities in Southern Italy, Pontecagnano, with the aim of understanding the community dynamics at the time of the earliest urbanization (ca. 900–600 BC). The model is a two-mode model that derives from social network analysis, an approach that has been fruitfully adapted to archaeological research. The model is applied to detect trends in burial contexts from the community involved. Burial was, at that time, in the region, a key instrument in the creation of memory and display of status and thus for building and consolidating state power. The analytical network model is able to detect the dynamics in the community over time very well: network Cohesion is expanding and contracting, and points to the existence of tension and a tight control of funerary behavior. The study of Centrality of selected nodes provides a good understanding of the strategies in terms of the circulation of key resources. The latter is particularly significant for studying urbanization because the appropriation of resources was not possible without centralization and the development of infrastructure, as well as an ideology. Based on the study of selected resources, it is suggested that an increase in crop storage has played a particular role in the development of state power and the urbanization process at Pontecagnano. In due course, the paper also addresses methodological challenges of working with fragmented datasets when applying models to study the past.

La Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires no tiene un canal de televisión abierto de carácter estatal. La historia de la radiodifusión en Argentina demuestra que su inexistencia se debe a una ausencia de política cultural y la complicidad del Estado para beneficiar a los operadores privados. El único caso que permite analizar una política cultural en el formato audiovisual generalista es el Canal de la Ciudad. Esta señal de contenidos reproduce un modelo de producción y distribución ajustada a la lógica mercantil de los radiodifusores privados. Con un modelo de gestión gubernamentalizada, con un proceso de producción centralizada y con una programación generalista, esta experiencia demuestra la escasa voluntad de la dirigencia y sus gestores culturales de convertir una herramienta de difusión del estado en una usina de producción cultural diversa, participativa y plural. ; The Autonomous City of Buenos Aires does not have a state-owned open television channel. The history of broadcasting in Argentina shows that its non-existence is due to a lack of cultural policy and the complicity of the State to benefit private operators. The only case that allows to analyze a cultural policy in the generalaudiovisual format is the City Channel. This content signal reproduces a production and distribution model in line with the commercial logic of private broadcasters. With a model of governmentized management, with a centralized production process and with generalist programming, this experience demonstrates the poor will of the leadership and its cultural managers to turn a state diffusion tool into a diverse, participatory and plural cultural production facility. ; Facultad de Periodismo y Comunicación Social

En el texto se responde la pregunta sobre cuáles pueden considerarse recursos de poder de algunas organizaciones internacionales (OI), en cuanto entes relativamente autónomos de los Estados que las crean. Se sostiene que, según sea el caso, la producción de cierta normativa, la información, la coerción y el componente simbólico son parte de dichos mecanismos, aunque existen solapamientos entre ellos que dificultan su distinción. El análisis se funda en una perspectiva sociopolítica de las OI, con la que se busca complementar la mirada predominantemente jurídica de estas. Por lo tanto, va más allá de visualizar aquellas como meros instrumentos de los Estados y que tienen apenas poderes delegados por estos, estableciendo la existencia de ámbitos que permiten identificar espacios de autonomía y de poder sobre los Estados. ; This study set out to answer the question of what can be considered to be the power resources of international organizations (IOs), as entities partially autonomous from the States that create them. It is argued that the production of certain regulations, the production of information, coercion, and the symbolic component are part of these resources. Thus, the existing literature is reviewed, while attempting to recognize the overlaps and limitations of these resources. The analysis is based on a sociopolitical vision of IOs that seeks to complement the dominant legal view of them; therefore, it goes beyond viewing IOs as mere instruments of States with delegated powers. The study establishes the existence of scopes that allow for the identification of spaces of autonomy and, as a consequence, of power over States by this kind of organizations.

Sustainable agriculture is among the most urgently needed work in the United States, for at least three reasons: we face an environmental crisis, a health crisis, and a rural economic crisis. Addressing these pressing crises through sustainability transition will require growing our agricultural workforce: both because the current farm population is aging, and because sustainable agriculture is knowledge-intensive work that substitutes experiential knowledge of farm ecosystems for harmful industrial inputs. Given its social value, sustainable agriculture ought to be a welcoming profession. But at present, US agriculture is decidedly unwelcoming for nearly all who work in it – and it puts new entry and sustainable farmers at a distinct disadvantage. In this paper, we first examine why it is so hard to enter and succeed in sustainable farming. We find that new entrants struggle to gain critical access, assets, and assistance, encountering substantial barriers that stand between them and the land, capital, markets, equipment, water, labor, and training and technical assistance they need to succeed. Secondly, we review promising policy and civil society interventions targeted at addressing these barriers, nearly all of which have already been piloted at the local and state levels or through modest public funding. These interventions are most effective, we find, when they are linked up through robustly governed networks to provide "wraparound" coverage for new entry sustainable farmers. Such networks can help patch together complementary sources of support (e.g. federal, state, local, NGO, cooperative) and synergistically address multiple barriers at once. Finally, we propose additional interventions that are more aspirational today, but that could offer important pathways to support new sustainable farmers in the longer term.