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Pain out of proportion to examination -- Pleuritic chest pain in a young adult male -- Eye pain following a bar fight -- Forearm fracture after falling -- An elderly woman with groin pain -- Painful facial rash -- Confusion, anemia, and abdominal pain in a toddler -- Cardiotoxic effects following caustic ingestion -- Rash and joint pain in a child -- X-ray findings after laparoscopy -- Injector injury to the hand -- Chest pain in a middle-aged male patient with ST segment elevation -- Deformed globe following trauma -- Adult male with atraumatic lower back pain and leg weakness -- Fever and rash in child -- Yellow eyes and skin -- Fishing in the stomach -- Agitation in a botanist -- Skin target lesions -- Adult male with a sudden, severe headache -- Get them undressed! -- Chest pain and subtle ST segment elevation -- Fluid in my eye -- Coma following head truama -- Blue hue following endoscopy -- Shoulder pain following direct blow -- An overdose of prenatal vitamins -- Fever and rash in a child -- Lamp oil ingestion -- Diffuse ankle pain following a fall -- Emergency department drop-off -- Weakness and bradycardia in an elderly female patient -- Blurred vision following yard work -- A gagging child -- A child with brusies of different ages -- Traumatic eye pain and proptosis -- Post-prandial abdominal pain in an elderly woman -- Hyperthermia, tachycardia, and confusion in a teenager -- Acute onset double vision -- Ankle pain and inability to walk -- Tongue swelling in a hypertensive female -- Wide complex tachycardia in an older male patient -- Acute onset double vision -- Foot pain in a gymnast -- New facial droop -- Eye pain and swelling -- Shortening and rotation of a the leg following trauma -- Spider bite in the night -- Wide complex tachycardia in a young adult -- Abdominal pain in a trauma victim

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- PART I. ISSUES OF GUN CONTROL AND GUN OWNERSHIP -- 1. Ideology, Politics, and Propaganda -- Ideological Ironies and Crosscurrents -- The Appearance of Reason- Fallacies in Gun Control Reasoning -- Fallacies in Anticontrol Argumentation -- Fallacies in Procontrol Argumentation -- Common Problems of Persuasion -- 2. Ownership and Uses of Guns -- Size of the Civilian Gun Stock -- Who Owns Guns? -- Why People Own Guns -- Uses of Guns -- How Are Guns Acquired? -- Conclusions -- 3. Searching for "Bad" Guns: The Focus on Special Gun Types -- Introduction -- Machine Guns -- Assault Rifles and Assault Weapons -- Plastic Guns -- "Cop-Killer" Bullets -- "Saturday Night Specials"- Small, Cheap Handguns -- Handguns -- Conclusions -- PART II. EFFECTS OF GUNS ON VIOLENCE -- 4. Guns and Self-Defense -- The Nature of Defensive Gun Use -- The Frequency of Defensive Gun Use: Survey Data -- Problems with the Surveys -- Shooting in Self-Defense -- Carrying Guns for Protection -- Psychological Effects of Keeping Guns for Protection -- Effectiveness and Risks of Armed Resistance to Criminals -- Rape and Resistance -- The Police Chiefs Fallacy -- An Exercise in Ingenious Speciousness -- Crimes Involving Defensive Gun Use -- Deterrence -- Guns and the Displacement of Burglars from Occupied Homes -- Conclusions -- Implications for Crime Control Policy -- 5. Guns and Violent Crime -- Guns and Power -- Issues of Assault Outcomes -- Attack -- Injury -- Death -- Guns in Robbery and Rape -- Individual-Level Analysis -- Problems in Analyzing Violent Incidents -- Methods of the Present Analysis -- Aggregate-Level Analysis of Gun Ownership and Violence Rates -- International Comparisons -- A City-Level Study of Gun Levels and Violent Crime Rates -- An English Test of the Link Between Guns and Crime Rates

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgment -- Contributors -- Part I Some Statements of Theory -- 1. Two Decades of a New Paradigm -- 2. Three Styles in the Evolutionary Analysis of Human Behavior -- Part II Mating -- 3. Polygyny, Family Structure, and Child Mortality: A Prospective Study among the Dogon of Mali -- 4. Paternal Investment and Hunter-Gatherer Divorce Rates -- 5. Fertility, Offspring Quality, and Wealth in Datoga Pastoralists: Testing Evolutionary Models of Intersexual Selection -- 6. Manipulating Kinship Rules: A Form of Male Yanomamö Reproductive Competition -- 7. Physical Attractiveness, Race, and Somatic Prejudice in Bahia, Brazil -- Part III Parenting -- 8. Parental Investment Strategies among Aka Foragers, Ngandu Farmers, and Euro-American Urban-Industrialists -- 9. Parenting Other Men's Children: Costs, Benefits, and Consequences -- 10. Female-Biased Parental Investment and Growth Performance among the Mukogodo -- 11. Why Do the Yomut Raise More Sons than Daughters? -- 12. The Grandmother Hypothesis and Human Evolution -- Part IV The Demographic Transition -- 13. An Adaptive Model of Human Reproductive Rate Where Wealth Is Inherited: Why People Have Small Families -- 14. The Evolutionary Economics and Psychology of the Demographic Transition to Low Fertility -- 15. Sex, Wealth, and Fertility: Old Rules, New Environments -- 16. To Marry Again or Not: A Dynamic Model for Demographic Transition -- Part V Sociality -- 17. Effects of Illness and Injury on Foraging among the Yora and Shiwiar: Pathology Risk as Adaptive Problem -- 18. Reciprocal Altruism in Yamomamö Food Exchange -- 19. Reciprocal Altruism and Warfare: A Case from the Ecuadorian Amazon -- 20. The Emergence and Stability of Cooperative Fishing on Ifaluk Atoll -- Part VI Conclusion

1: Introduction -- 2: Why use robots? -- Robot versus hard automation -- Robot availability, purchase and viability -- Assessing the robot market -- 3: Which configuration? -- Specialized robots -- Robot capability -- Which programming method? -- Important elements in robot specifications -- 4: Calculation of cycle times -- Methods for calculating cycle time -- Parts trees -- Assessing workload -- 5: Grippers -- Sophisticated gripper versus simple gripper -- Compliance -- Types of grippers -- Gripper design -- Sensory control of grippers -- Gripper classifications -- Multiple robots -- Multiple arm robots -- Multiple grippers -- 6: The assembly process -- Assembly techniques -- 7: Product and process design for assembly -- Product compatibility -- Method of construction -- Fifteen design rules -- 8: Workstations -- The system -- Assembly line balancing -- Balancing a robot line -- Implementation of workstations -- 9: Material feeders -- Automatic feeders -- Feeding delicate items -- Component manufacture at site of usage -- Feeding consumable materials -- Conveyors -- Automated guided vehicles -- Prepackaged material control -- 10: Sensing and vision -- Sensors -- Selecting a suitable sensor -- Automatic inspection -- 11: Man-machine mix -- Interaction between man and machine -- Programming -- Man-robot systems -- 12: Safety -- Humans at risk from injury by robots -- Safety procedures and devices -- Procedural checks -- 13: Evaluation of a robot system -- Methods of financial appraisal -- Strategic and tactical justification -- Productivity ratios -- Robot versus manual cost per hour -- Resource graphs -- Cost groups -- The proposal -- 14: Economics of alternative systems -- Assessing costs -- Equilateral triangle -- Direct calculation -- Benefits and total expected savings -- Systems for a range of quantities -- Flexible and fixed aspects of automated assembly -- 15: Economics of robots and grippers -- The workstation -- The gripper design -- 16: The future -- The short-term outlook -- The long-term outlook -- References and bibliography -- Appendix: Assembly Robots Available in the USA and the UK.

There is an urgent need for valid and reliable measures of physical activity (PA) participation for use among people with physical and/or sensory disabilities. This study involved adapting the Leisure Time PA Questionnaire for People with Spinal Cord Injury for use in individuals with disabilities (i.e., the LTPAQ-D) and performing a preliminary evaluation of its content validity, construct validity, and same-day test–retest reliability in people with disabilities. User interviews assessed the content validity (n = 5). A cross-sectional study assessed the construct validity and same-day test–retest reliability (n = 27, 45 ± 21 years). Participants completed the LTPAQ-D, other self-report measures of aerobic and strength training PA, as well as tests of cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., peak oxygen consumption (V˙O2peak)) and muscular strength. LTPAQ-D measures of min/week of aerobic LTPA, aerobic moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), and strength training shared medium-to-large correlations with other self-report measures of aerobic and strength training PA (r = 0.458–0.942, ps < 0.01). After controlling for age, aerobic LTPA and MVPA shared moderate partial correlations with V˙O2peak (r = 0.341 and 0.356, respectively). Min/week of strength training, measured by the LTPAQ-D, was associated with predicted maximal strength on the chest press (r = 0.621, p = 0.009). All LTPAQ-D measures demonstrated good-to-excellent test–retest reliability (intraclass correlations = 0.709–0.948, ps < 0.01). This study provides preliminary evidence of the validity and reliability of the LTPAQ-D as a measure of LTPA among people with disabilities.

Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a frequent complication of pregnancy. The specific mechanisms underlying GDM have not yet been fully elucidated. Contemporary research indicates a potential association between liver enzyme irregularities and an increased risk of metabolic disorders, including diabetes. The alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level is recognized as a sensitive marker of liver injury. An increase in ALT levels is hypothesized to be linked to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and diabetes. Nonetheless, the definitive causal link between ALT levels and GDM still needs to be determined. This investigation utilized two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to examine the genetic causation between alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and GDM. We acquired alanine aminotransferase (ALT)-related GWAS summary data from the UK Biobank, Million Veteran Program, Rotterdam Study, and Lifeline Study. Gestational diabetes data were obtained from the FinnGen Consortium. We employed various MR analysis techniques, including inverse-variance weighted (IVW), MR Egger, weighted median, simple, and weighted weighting. In addition to MR-Egger intercepts, Cochrane's Q test was also used to assess heterogeneity in the MR data, and the MR-PRESSO test was used to assess horizontal pleiotropy. To assess the association's sensitivity, a leave-one-out approach was employed. The IVW results confirmed the independent risk factor for GDM development, as indicated by the ALT level (p = .011). As shown by leave-one-out analysis, horizontal pleiotrophy did not significantly skew the causative link (p > .05). Our dual-sample MR analysis provides substantiated evidence of a genetic causal relationship between alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and gestational diabetes.

AbstractThe root dielectric response was measured on a minute scale to assess its efficiency for monitoring short-term cadmium (Cd) toxicity non-destructively. Electrical capacitance (CR), dissipation factor (DR) and electrical conductance (GR) were detected during the 24 to 168 h after Cd treatment (0, 20, 50 mg Cd2+ kg–1 substrate) in potted maize, cucumber and pea. Stress was also evaluated by measuring leaf chlorophyll content, Fv/Fm and stomatal conductance (gs) in situ, and shoot and root mass and total root length after harvest. CR showed a clear diurnal pattern, reflecting the water uptake rate, and decreased significantly in response to excessive Cd due to impeded root growth, the reduced tissue permittivity caused by accelerated lignification, and root ageing. Cd exposure markedly increased DR, indicating greater conductive energy loss due to oxidative membrane damage and enhanced electrolyte leakage. GR, which was coupled with root hydraulic conductance and varied diurnally, was increased transiently by Cd toxicity due to enhanced membrane permeability, but declined thereafter owing to stress-induced leaf senescence and transpiration loss. The time series of impedance components indicated the comparatively high Cd tolerance of the applied maize and the sensitivity of pea cultivar, which was confirmed by visible shoot symptoms, repeated physiological investigations and biomass measurements. The results demonstrated the potential of single-frequency dielectric measurements to follow certain aspects of the stress response of different species on a fine timescale without plant injury. The approach can be combined with widely used plant physiological methods and could contribute to breeding crop genotypes with improved stress tolerance.

This commentary sits within a context of growing cultural concern over brain damage that occurs in many of the Western world's most popular, profitable and prized sports. After laying out evidence demonstrating this point, we discuss the increasing inclusion of women within sports which involve regular and routinised brain injuries. We problematise this apparent 'progress' with the title of our commentary. In particular, rather than offering some simplified yes/no answer, we argue that in light of the five decades of social scientific scholarship documenting the various harms produced by performance impact sports, working towards gender equality in brain damage is a nonsensical outcome. So, while there is clear evidence from academic gender studies that progress has been made towards tackling issues of exclusion and various forms of discrimination against women and girls in performance sport spaces, there has not been concomitant progress made in tackling the ways bodies and brains are often broken down, damaged and sometimes destroyed during participation in such sports. We do not suggest that consenting adults should be prohibited from enjoying impact sports and our aim with this commentary is not driven by a paternalistic, patriarchal belief which reflects historical notions around sportswomen being the 'fairer' sex, nor that responses to sport-acquired brain injury should be sex- or gender-specific. Rather, we conclude by suggesting that the emerging science on sport-acquired brain injuries should serve as an important inflection point to those leaders, organisers, practitioners and scholars working in this area to reconsider how we imagine, promote and structure sport – for everyone.

AbstractThe present study investigates the changes in M1/M2 macrophage polarization resulting from unilateral testicular torsion in the bilateral testis. The study sample included 63 male Sprague–Dawley rats, which were randomly divided into nine groups (n = 7): Control, Sham (4 h (4 h), 24 h, 7 days (7d), 14d), and Torsion/Detorsion (T/D) (4 h, 24 h, 7d, 14d). Histopathological evaluations revealed no changes in the Sham groups, while T/D was noted to cause edema, vascular occlusion, disruption of seminiferous tubule epithelial organization, germ cell abnormalities and structural anomalies in the experimental rats, the severity and extent of which increased from 4 h to 14d after T/D. The Cosentino scores used to determine the degree of histological damage were consistent with the histopathological findings in all groups, while the Johnsen scores, as a marker of spermatogenesis, were lower in the T/D groups. Seminiferous tubule diameters and germinal epithelial thickness decreased significantly in parallel with increased tubule damage in the ipsilateral testicles. Testicular torsion significantly affected sperm motility, with significant reductions observed in the T/D 7d and T/D 14d groups. A hormone profile analysis revealed decreased testosterone levels in both the Sham and T/D groups when compared to the Controls. CD68 and CD163 immunoreactivities, as M1 and M2 macrophage surface markers, were determined in the testicular tissue using the avidin–biotin-peroxidase complex method. T/D interventions caused M1/M2 macrophage polarization changes and increased M1 macrophages, particularly in contralateral testicular tissue. The increase in M1 macrophages in contralateral testicular tissue following T/D in the present study suggests that cell processes, including macrophages, may play an important role in contralateral testicular injury.

Background: Surgical approaches to the anterior cranial fossa have great risk of damaging the olfactory tract and bulb. The goal of this study was to describe the outer arachnoid envelope around the olfactory bulb which plays significant role in the approach-related injury of the nerve.

Material and Methods: A total of 20 fresh human cadaveric heads were examined as a following: 5 cadaveric heads were used to describe a gross overview of the topographic anatomy of the outer arachnoid cover of the olfactory bulb. In 15 cadaveric heads endoscopic surgical approaches were performed to examine the in situ undisrupted anatomy of the outer arachnoid around the olfactory bulb. Four cadaveric heads were used for lateral subfrontal approach, 5 heads for medial subfrontal, 3 heads for median subfrontal approach and 3 heads for anterior interhemispheric approach.

Results: The outer arachnoid membrane of the frontal lobe attaches the olfactory bulb strongly to the above lying olfactory sulcus. Only the most rostral portion of the olfactory bulb became slightly detached from the frontal lobe. The outer arachnoid forms a decent protrusion around the tip of the olfactory bulbs. The fila olfactoria have their own outer arachnoid cover as a continuation of the same layer of the olfactory bulb. The effect of brain retraction and manipulation forces on the olfactory bulb and the role of the here located arachnoid membranes were visually analysed and described in detail through the performed four different neurosurgical approaches.

Conclusion: The results of our observations provide important anatomical details for the preservation of smelling during neurosurgical procedures.

Social marketing is a discipline that combines ideas from commercial marketing and the social sciences to influence people's behaviour in a sustainable and cost-effective way. It is defined as the design, implementation and control of programmes, calculated to influence the acceptability of social ideas and involves consideration of product, planning, pricing, communication, distribution and marketing research. The goal of social marketing is always to change or maintain the behaviour pattern of people, and it does not focus on how people think or are aware of the social situation. Predominantly applied in public health, social marketing has thrived over the years in health promotion, injury prevention, environmental protection and community mobilisation.
The paper examines the application of social marketing principles on the formation and operations of the Coalition of Private Sector against COVID-19 (CACOVID) by the Central Bank governor with bankers, industrialists and other business leaders to support the presidential task force set up by the Federal Government in its response to COVID-19 in Nigeria. It also examines the planning processes involved, such as the purpose statement or the social situation of the study, situation analysis, target audience, marketing objectives, barriers or benefits and positioning statement. The paper is anchored on the Theory of Planned Behaviour, which explains that intentions to perform behaviours of different kinds can be predicted with high accuracy from attitudes toward such behaviours and their perceived behaviour control.
The CACOVID programme approach was effective because it led to the harvesting of humongous resources to support governments' efforts to tackle the pandemic in all areas of intervention.

Abstract
Background Isthmic spondylolisthesis most commonly occurs in the lumbosacral junction and can cause backpain and radicular pain as well as stiffness with progressive immobilization, with a negative impact on an individual's ability to work and quality of life. Multiple operative treatments are currently available. This study aims to compare complications, demography, and clinical features between anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) and posterior lumber body fusion (PLIF) in the operative treatment in isthmic spondylolisthesis.
Methods An analysis of data from the German spine registry (Deutsche Wirbelsäulengesellschaft [DWG]-Register) of patients who underwent operative treatment (PLIF and ALIF) for isthmic spondylolisthesis in the sacrolumbar junction in 170 departments between January 2017 and May 2021 was performed. Age, gender, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, surgical approach, smoker/nonsmoker, as well as severeness of the spondylolisthesis according to the Meyerding classification were evaluated.
Results In total, 602 patients undergoing fusion in L5/S1 were identified in the registry, n = 570 PLIF (group 1) and n = 32 ALIF (group 2). A significant difference in the ASA score between the two groups was noted; group 1 had more patients suffering a more debilitating disease in comparison to group 2. There was no significant difference in gender, grade of spondylolisthesis, age, or smoking status. Significant differences were found in operative and postoperative variables and complications (fusion material, dura injury).
Conclusion No difference was found between the two procedures in terms of symptomatic benefit of patients who underwent either ALIF or PLIF. According to the DWG Register, PLIF was the preferred method to treat isthmic spondylolisthesis in the sacrolumbar junction in Germany. To compare these two spine fusion techniques, further studies with an adequate sample size and follow-up period are required.

Background: Evidence suggests that people with disabilities are more likely to suffer from depression. Previous studies have focused on depressive disorders in specific disability types or age groups using small-scale cross-sectional samples. We investigated longitudinal trends in the prevalence and incidence of depressive disorders according to disability types and severity levels in the entire Korean adult population. Methods: The age-standardised prevalence and incidence of depressive disorders were investigated using National Health Insurance claims data from 2006 to 2017. The odds of depressive disorders by type and severity were examined using logistic regression after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and comorbidities based on merged 2006 to 2017 data. Results: Both the incidence and prevalence of depressive disorders were higher among the disabled than the non-disabled, with the prevalence gap being larger than the incidence gap. In regression analyses, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and comorbidities considerably reduced the odds ratios, particularly for incidence. The severity of disabilities was inversely associated with the incidence of depressive disorders. Brain injury and disabilities in major internal organs were associated with lower odds of developing depressive disorders than in non-disabled individuals. Conclusions: A significant proportion of depressive disorders in disabled individuals are caused by financial hardships or comorbidities rather than disabilities themselves. We must pay special attention to those who cannot access healthcare services due to severe disabilities and those whose depressive disorders are misdiagnosed as intellectual disabilities. More research is required to elucidate the causal mechanisms underlying depressive disorders in people with various types and severities of disabilities.

AbstractEnvironmental pollution seriously affects human health. The concentration of negative air ions (NAIs), which were discovered at the end of the nineteenth century, is one of the factors used to evaluate air quality. Additionally, NAIs have been widely considered markers by scholars due to their unique biological function. The aim of this study was to summarize existing research and propose future research on the generation and temporal and spatial dynamic patterns of NAIs concentrations as well as the relationship between NAIs and human health. We identified 187 studies (published January 2013–January 2023) that met our inclusion criteria. Fourteen English studies evaluated the effects of NAIs on depression, the cardiovascular system, the respiratory system, reproduction and development, cognition, and sports muscle injury. Only two studies reported the associations of NAIs exposure with metabolic omics. NAIs concentrations vary temporally with solar radiation, air temperature, and relative humidity, while the temporal dynamic patterns of NAIs are affected by season, time, meteorological factors, air quality index, geographical location, forest vegetation, and other factors. Researchers have shown that exposure to NAIs may benefit our health by changing amino acid metabolism, which mainly manifests as increased anti-inflammation and reduced inflammation and antioxidation. Furthermore, exposure to NAIs promotes energy production, affects the expression of c-fos, and regulates 5-HT levels. There has been considerable interest in the potential effects of NAIs on human health and well-being, but the conclusions have been inconsistent and the mechanisms remain unclear. The use of omics to elucidate the biological mechanism of NAIs is relatively new and has some advantages.
Graphical Abstract

Background: The number of suicides has been increasing worldwide, year after year, becoming the fourth leading cause of death among young people between 15 and 29 years of age. Aim: In this study, we explored the frequency and characteristics of suicides among the adult general population in Paraguay between 2004 and 2022, considering that suicide attempts and suicidal risk/ideation are frequent and relevant issues in the consultation activity, even if epidemiological evidence on the national rates of suicide is scarce. Methods: In this observational, descriptive, and exploratory study, official records of all deaths by suicide were reviewed and information analyzed. In addition, an attempt was made to predict the number of suicides in the next 5 years according to a mathematical modeling. Results: In the 18-year period, 5,527 suicides of adults were recorded. Patients' mean age was 36.8 ± 17 years old. A 76.77% of them were males, 77.44% were from an urban area and 25.98% from the Greater Asunción and Central Department of Paraguay. The most frequently used method of suicide was intentional self-inflicted injury by hanging, strangulation, or suffocation (all 67.6%). The expected number of national suicides in the following years from 2023 to 2027 will range between 462 and 530. Limitations include the lack of information regarding diagnoses and personal history in the suicide reports as well as the possibility of underreporting of national suicide cases. Conclusion: Our results represent the first large national epidemiological report of suicides in Paraguay and may be of interest for mental health professionals and health authorities in order to reduce the suicide mortality rate within the country.