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This paper presents a robust, effective metaheuristic technique called Symbiotic organisms search (SOS) algorithm which is incorporated with extreme learning machines (ELM) model to enhance the forecasting performance in the stock market. The stock market is a time series data which is highly uncertain and volatile in nature. Due to ELM's fast learning process and high accuracy, it is mostly used in regression and classification problems in regards to other traditional methods in a neural network. ELM is a supervised learning algorithm that depends upon the number of hidden neurons and also the weights and biases within the input and hidden layer. Selection of appropriate number of hidden neurons decides the prediction ability of ELM model. Therefore, in this article initially, the ELM model is run several times with different numbers of neurons in hidden layer to suitably fix the number of hidden neurons for three different stock indices. Then metaheuristic techniques such as SOS, teaching learning based optimization (TLBO), differential evolution (DE), and particle swarm optimization (PSO) are implemented to optimally design the weights and biases of EML models. The performance of SOS-ELM is compared with that of TLBO-ELM, DE-ELM, and PSO-ELM in predicting the next day closing price of stock indices. Several statistical measures such as MSE (mean square error), MAPE (mean absolute percentage error), and accuracy are used as performance measures. A parametric test called paired sample t-test is used to show the effectiveness of SOS-ELM model over other methods.

Section A: Ethnicity and identity in the contemporary era (12 chapters) -- 1) Ethnicity, race and identity today: Theoretical debates -- 2) Ethnic classification and pluralism in a globalized world -- 3) Ethno-cultural symbolism and group identity -- 4) Ethnic boundaries and cross-ethnic relationships -- 5) Cultural socialization and ethnic consciousness -- 6) Kinship, tribe, genealogy and ethnicity -- 7) Ethnicity, class and nation in a changing world -- 8) Ethnic identity, power and the modern state -- 9) Historical memory and ethnic myths -- 10) Ethnic identity and the notion of motherland and land rights -- 11) Cyberspace, ethnicity and virtual identities -- 12) Globalization and multiple identities -- Section B: The state, society and ethno-politics (9 chapters) -- 1) The significance of ethno-politics in modern states and society -- 2) The state, citizenship and ethnic classification -- 3) Multiculturalism and state ideology -- 4) Assimilation and integration- Forced and voluntary -- 5) Regulating and legislating ethnic relations -- 6) The state and ethnic relations in China -- 7) Regime change and ethnic relations in Sudan -- 8) Ethnic state and communal policies in Indonesia -- 9) State secularism and ethnic assimilation in France -- Section C: Racial prejudice and stereotypes (11 chapters) -- 1) What is racism and how is it manifested?- 2) Construction of ethnic stereotypes -- 3) 9/11, "war on terror" and racial profiling, Police and racial profiling in UK and US -- 4) Structural racism and inequality -- 5) The basis of colonial racism and impact today -- 6) Media, racism and Islamophobia -- 7) White supremacist groups -- 8) Apartheid and post-apartheid racism -- 9) The resurgence of right-wing politics in Europe and US -- 10) Racial framing in global security -- 11) Colonialism, neo-colonialism and racial myths -- Section D: Conflict and ethno-nationalism (11 chapters) -- Section E: Intersectionality, mixed heritage and multiple identities (9 chapters) -- Section F: Indigenous groups and minorities (10 chapters) -- Section G: Globalization and Diaspora (12 chapters) -- Section H: Ethnic labour (14 chapters) -- Section I: Socio-economic conditions and ethnic policy responses (6 chapters) -- Section J: Ethnicity, constitutions and electoral systems (10 chapters) -- Section K: Ethnic cleansing, genocide and international justice (8 chapters) -- Section L: Immigration and refugees (12 chapters) -- Section M: Ethnic inequality and affirmative action (8 chapters) -- Section N: Addressing the ethnicity problems (12 chapters) -- Section O: Cultural renaissance and celebration of identity

Die vorliegende Dissertation möchte einen Beitrag zur Entwicklung eines Instrumentariums leisten, das Schlussfolgerungen hinsichtlich sich angleichender ökonomischer und sozialstruktureller Entwicklungen von Städten im Rahmen europäisierter Gesellschaften erlaubt. Anhand soziologischer und regionalökonomischer Theorien werden relevante Dimensionen abgeleitet, um ökonomische und soziale Strukturen von Städten im Städtesystem globalisierter und europäisierter Gesellschaften vergleichen bzw. bei wiederholter Analyse auf die Chancen einer EU-intendierten Konvergenz der europäischen Städte schließen zu können. Am Beispiel der Städte Ostmitteleuropas (Tschechiens, der Slowakei, Polens, Ungarns und Sloweniens) wird daran anschließend geprüft, inwieweit mit den bisher verfügbaren Daten der europäischen Statistik – insbesondere der Urban-Audit-Datenbank – eine empirische Überprüfung der theoretisch abgeleiteten Referenzdimensionen gelingt und welche Positionen die Städte in einem ostmitteleuropäischen Städtesystem einnehmen. Ein weiterer Fokus liegt auf den Wechselwirkungen, die sich am Beispiel der Analyse der ostmitteleuropäischen Städte zwischen ihren ökonomischen Positionierungen und ihren Sozialstrukturen zeigen.:Tabellenverzeichnis 7 Abbildungsverzeichnis 8 1 Einleitung 9 1.1 Problemaufriss 9 1.2 Ziele der Arbeit 11 1.3 Vorgehensweise 12 1.4 Der Gegenstandsbereich der Analyse: Die Städte Ostmitteleuropas 16 1.4.1 Geographische Abgrenzung: Ostmitteleuropa 16 1.4.2 Transformationsprozesse in den Ländern Ostmitteleuropas nach 1989 18 1.4.3 Siedlungssystem der ostmitteleuropäischen Länder 21 2 (EU-) Politischer Kontext 27 2.1 Territoriale Erweiterungen der EU und die Integration von Ungleichheit 27 2.2 Territoriale Kohäsion: Begriffsbestimmung 29 2.3 Stellenwert der Kohäsionspolitik in der Geschichte der EU 31 2.4 Ausgestaltung der Kohäsionspolitik in der aktuellen Programmplanungsperiode 33 2.4.1 Priorität 1: Konvergenz 33 2.4.2 Priorität 2: Regionale Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und Beschäftigung: Vorwegnahme und Förderung des Wandels 35 2.4.3 Priorität 3: Europäische territoriale Zusammenarbeit: Förderung einer harmonischen und ausgewogenen Entwicklung der Union 36 2.5 Effekte der Kohäsionspolitik 38 2.6 Konzeptionelle Schlüsse für die vorliegende Arbeit: Konvergenz und Ungleichheit 41 3 Ökonomische Theorien räumlicher Entwicklungen im Europäisierungsprozess 44 3.1 Rahmenbedingungen 44 3.1.1 Globalisierung der Ökonomie 44 3.1.2 Europäische Integration der Ökonomie 47 3.2 Die Entstehung von Netzwerken: Das Konzept der Netzwerkgesellschaft von Castells 50 3.2.1 Die Entstehung des Informationszeitalters 51 3.2.2 Die Netzwerkgesellschaft: Die Bedeutung von Netzwerken 53 3.2.3 Die Netzwerkgesellschaft: Auswirkungen auf den Raum 56 3.2.3.1 Der Raum der Orte und der Raum der Ströme 57 3.2.3.2 Führungseliten und soziale Ungleichheit in der Netzwerkgesellschaft 59 3.2.3.3 Räumliche Asymmetrien sozialer Ungleichheit in der Netzwerkgesellschaft 62 3.2.3.4 Soziale Schließung der Führungseliten und ihre räumlichen Konsequenzen 64 3.2.4 Kritische Reflexionen des Werkes Castells' durch die wissenschaftliche Community 68 3.2.5 Zusammenfassung und Ertrag für die eigene Arbeit 70 3.3 Prozesse der Hierarchisierung in den räumlichen Netzwerken 72 3.3.1 Kreckels Zentrum-Peripherie-Metapher 72 3.3.2 Hierarchisierungen in und zwischen Regionen: Regionalökonomische Theorien der Hierarchisierung 74 3.3.2.1 Zur "Wettbewerbsfähigkeit" von Städten und Regionen 74 3.3.2.2 Interregionale Verflechtungen der Ökonomie 81 3.3.2.3 Zusammenfassung und Ertrag für die eigene Arbeit 89 3.3.3 Hierarchisierungen zwischen Städten: Das Konzept von Städtesystemen 91 3.3.3.1 Definition: Städtesysteme 91 3.3.3.2 Anfänge der Städtesystemforschung 92 3.3.3.3 Neuere Erkenntnisse der Städtesystemforschung 93 3.3.3.4 Zusammenfassung und Ertrag für die eigene Arbeit 97 3.3.4 Hierarchisierungen zwischen Städten: Der Global City-Ansatz 98 3.3.4.1 Forschungsgeschichte des Ansatzes 99 3.3.4.2 Das Global-City-Konzept von Sassen 100 3.3.4.3 Die GaWC-Studien 102 3.3.4.4 Zusammenfassung und Ertrag für die eigene Arbeit 104 3.4 Zusammenfassung: Relevante Referenzdimensionen und -indikatoren zur Analyse der ökonomischen Position der ostmitteleuropäischen Städte 106 4 Theorien sozialer Ungleichheiten im Europäisierungsprozess 111 4.1 Europäisierung der sozialen Ungleichheit 111 4.1.1 Begriff der Europäisierung 112 4.1.2 Thematisierung der Europäisierung in der Soziologie 113 4.1.2.1 Die Rolle des Nationalstaates 114 4.1.2.2 Der "methodologische Nationalismus" 116 4.1.2.3 Die Überwindung des methodologischen Nationalismus 118 4.1.3 Sozialstrukturelle Effekte der Europäisierung 119 4.1.3.1 Europäisierte Milieus und Funktionseliten 121 4.1.3.2 Europäische Transferempfänger 122 4.1.3.3 Intraeuropäische Migration 123 4.1.3.4 Vermarktlichung sozialer Lagen 124 4.2 Theoretische Grundlegung für die empirische Untersuchung der sozialen Ungleichheit: Reinhard Kreckels "Politische Soziologie der sozialen Ungleichheit" 125 4.2.1 "Klassentheorie am Ende der Klassengesellschaft" 126 4.2.2 Kreckels handlungstheoretische Analyse 127 4.2.2.1 Das "korporatistische Kräftedreieck" 127 4.2.2.2 Das "ungleichheitsbegründete Kräftefeld" 128 4.2.2.3 Das "ungleichheitsbegründete Kräftefeld" im Europäisierungsprozess 131 4.2.2.4 Sekundäre Machtasymmetrien im Kräftedreieck und Theorien der Arbeitsmarktsegmentation 133 4.2.3 Kreckels strukturtheoretisches Instrumentarium 136 4.2.3.1 Territorialität 137 4.2.3.2 Vertikalität 139 4.2.3.3 Das "asymmetrische Geschlechterverhältnis" 145 4.2.3.4 Die soziale Altersstrukturierung 148 4.3 Zusammenfassung: Relevante Referenzdimensionen und -indikatoren zur Analyse der Sozialstrukturen der ostmitteleuropäischen Städte 150 5 Datenquellen: Die amtliche europäische Statistik 159 5.1 Die Organisation und Daten der amtlichen europäischen Statistik 160 5.1.1 Eurostat 160 5.1.2 Urban Audit 162 5.1.2.1 Pilotprojekt 162 5.1.2.2 Urban Audit II und III 163 5.1.2.3 Räumliche Ebenen 164 5.1.2.4 Quellen 166 5.1.2.5 Veröffentlichungen 167 5.2 Ostmitteleuropäische Städte in der amtlichen europäischen Statistik 168 5.3 Prüfung der Indikatoren der amtlichen europäischen Statistik auf die entwickelten Referenzdimensionen und -indikatoren 171 5.3.1 Verfügbarkeit empirischer Indikatoren zur Analyse der ökonomischen Position der ostmitteleuropäischen Städte 171 5.3.2 Verfügbarkeit empirischer Indikatoren zur Analyse der Sozialstrukturen der ostmitteleuropäischen Städte 174 5.4 Quellenkritik 177 5.5 Zusammenfassung: Mögliche empirische Indikatoren und ihre Quellen 180 6 Methodologischer Rahmen der Analyse 188 6.1 Auswahl der für die eigene Analyse genutzten empirischen Indikatoren 189 6.1.1 Ökonomische Positionierung 189 6.1.1.1 Wirtschaftliche Stärke 189 6.1.1.2 Zukunftsfähigkeit der Branchenstruktur 190 6.1.1.3 Infrastrukturelle und kulturelle Standortfaktoren 190 6.1.1.4 Verflechtungsaspekte 191 6.1.2 Sozialstruktur 192 6.1.2.1 Materieller Reichtum 193 6.1.2.2 Wissen 193 6.1.2.3 Geschlechterverhältnis 194 6.1.2.4 Altersstrukturierung 195 6.1.2.5 Individualisierung 195 6.2 Methodenrepertoire 199 7 Auswertung der Analyse 202 7.1 Charakterisierung der ostmitteleuropäischen Städte hinsichtlich der empirischen Dimensionen 202 7.1.1 Ökonomische Positionierung 202 7.1.1.1 Wirtschaftliche Stärke 202 7.1.1.2 Zukunftsfähigkeit der Branchenstruktur 203 7.1.1.3 Infrastrukturelle und kulturelle Standortfaktoren 205 7.1.1.4 Verflechtungsaspekte 206 7.1.2 Sozialstruktur 208 7.1.2.1 Materieller Reichtum 208 7.1.2.2 Wissen 209 7.1.2.3 Geschlechterverhältnis 211 7.1.2.4 Altersstrukturierung 213 7.1.2.5 Individualisierung 214 7.2 Korrelationsanalyse: Zusammenhänge zwischen den empirischen Dimensionen 216 7.2.1 Korrelationen zwischen den empirischen ökonomischen Dimensionen 216 7.2.2 Korrelationen zwischen den empirischen ökonomischen und sozialstrukturellen Dimensionen 217 7.2.3 Korrelationen zwischen den empirischen sozialstrukturellen Dimensionen 223 7.3 Clusteranalyse: Zusammenführung der Städte zu Gruppen 224 7.3.1 Clusteranalyse der ökonomischen Position der Städte 225 7.3.2 Clusteranalyse der Sozialstrukturen der Städte 228 7.4 Matrix: Zusammenhänge zwischen den Clusterzugehörigkeiten der Städte hinsichtlich ihrer ökonomischen Positionierungen und der Sozialstrukturen 231 7.5 Methodenkritik 236 8 Zusammenfassung und Fazit 241 8.1 Methodologischer Rückschluss: Reichen die Daten der europäischen Statistik aus? 242 8.2 Zusammenfassung: Ostmitteleuropäische Städte – ihre Positionierung im Städtesystem und ihre Sozialstruktur 251 8.2.1 Ökonomische Positionierung der ostmitteleuropäischen Städte im Städtesystem 251 8.2.2 Integration der ostmitteleuropäischen Städte in europäische und globale ökonomische Netzwerke 254 8.2.3 Zusammenhänge der ökonomischen Positionierung mit der Sozialstruktur der ostmitteleuropäischen Städte 257 8.3 Abschließendes Fazit 261 Anhang 263 Quellenverzeichnis 266

Die Studie untersucht am Beispiel der sächsischen Residenz- und Garnisonsstadt Dresden die mit Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges einsetzende Einbindung der freien Fürsorge in die sich zunehmend professionalisierende und bürokratisierende öffentliche Wohlfahrtspflege und stellt damit gleichsam die Bedeutung der "Sozialstadt" als Vorläuferin des späteren "Sozialstaates" heraus. Die sozialpolitische Katalysatorwirkung des Krieges wird anhand der einzelnen Fürsorgemaßnahmen ausführlich analysiert. Im Vordergrund steht dabei die Rolle der Sozialdemokratie als tragende Kraft des fürsorgepolitischen Konsenses in Dresden.

Deborah Welch LARSON ve Alexei SHEVCHENKO Psikoloji'deki Sosyal Kimlik Teorisini ufuk açıcı bir şekilde uluslararası ilişkilere uyarlamışlardır. Kaleme aldıkları Statü Arayıcıları makalesinde, Soğuk Savaş sonrası oluşan uluslararası düzendeki Amerikan üstünlüğüne karşılık Rusya ve Çin gibi büyük güçlerin hegemonik düzende yeni bir statü elde etmek için bir takım dış politika davranışlarını değiştirdiklerini ve sosyal hareketlilik, sosyal rekabet ve sosyal yaratıcılık devletleri olarak sınıflandırıldıklarını vurgulamaktadırlar. Zira devletler, A.F.K. Organski'nin Güç Geçişi Teorisi'nde dile getirdiği gibi her bir güç geçişi fazında bulundukları pozisyona göre davranış değiştirmektedirler. Kaybettikleri statülerini kazanmak yahut daha iyi bir statü elde etmek isterler. Edinilen tüm statüler devletlere dış politikalarını geliştirme ve etki alanını arttırma avantajı sağlamaktadır. "Status Seekers: Chinese and Russian Responses to U.S. Primacy" makalesinin ortaya attığı tezi uyarlayarak; herhangi bir güç geçiş fazı noktasına gelindiğinde devletlerin, uluslararası ilişkilerdeki statü hiyerarşisinde bulundukları pozisyonun davranış kalıplarına göre kendi istihbarat teşkilatlarını nasıl organize edecekleri, gizli servislerine nasıl bir fonksiyon yükleyecekleri sorusuna cevap aramaktır. Çalışmada davranışsalcı ekole bağlı kalarak çeşitli istihbarat örgütlerinin davranışlarından örnekler sunularak, dominant, sosyal hareketlilik, sosyal rekabet ve sosyal yaratıcılık devletlerinin ayrı ayrı istihbarat reflekslerini açıklamaya gayret gösterilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, öncelikle dominant devletin istihbarat teşkilatının hegemonik düzenin istikrarını sağlamak için liberal demokrasileri rejimlerini yayması ve müttefiklerini diğer güçlerin istihbarat operasyonlarına karşı muhafaza etmesi gerekmektedir. İkinci olarak, sosyal hareketlilik istihbaratı ise politikalarını dominant devletle uyumlu hale getiren müttefik ülkelerin istihbarat teşkilatlarının davranışlarını ve istihbarat işbirliklerini tabir etmek için kullanılmaktadır. Üçüncü olarak, sosyal rekabet istihbaratı jeopolitik rekabete dayanmaktadır. Bu tanım, dominant devletin hegemonik düzeninden memnun olmayan revizyonist büyük güçlerin rekabete dayalı istihbarat davranışlarını sınıflandırmak için kullanılmaktadır. Son olarak, sosyal yaratıcılık istihbaratı ise, mevcut konjonktürden memnun olmayan, revizyon isteyen fakat hegemonik düzenle de çatışmaya girmek istemeyen istihbarat teşkilatlarının sınıflandırılmasında kullanılan bir tanımdır. --- Deborah Welch Larson and Alexei Shevchenko adopted the social identity theory in psychology into the international relations theories with an eye-opening approach for readers. In the article named as Status Seekers Larson and Shevchenko claimed that against U.S. primacy formed after cold war, Russia and China have changed the foreign policy perspectives so as to gain a new and more positive status in international order. According to Status Seeker's approach, there are three basic foreign policy classifications; social mobility, social competition and finally social creativity. Just as A.F.K. Organski determined in Power Transition Theory, states usually shift their foreign policy attitudes based on a new role which they gained in each one of power transition phases. In order to make up for lost status or get more positive one, states would like to possess better political status in international order. An acquired better status provides states an advantage to increase the sphere of influence or conduct either efficiant or eminant foreign policy. By adapting "Status Seekers: Chinese and Russian Responses to U.S. Primacy" into intelligence studies, this work looks for an answer how states promote and change the behavioural pattern of their intelligence agencies depending upon their own position in the status hierarchy when it comes to a new power transition phase. In this analysis, the examples from the behaviours of different intelligence agencies are presented in the perspective of behaviouralism. The constructions and reflexes of dominant, social mobility, social competition and social creativity states are explained separately in this work. To sum up, firstly, dominant state has to expand the liberal democracy regimes as hard as one can go around the world and of course protect the allied nations from the operations of foreign intelligence agencies for the hegemonic stability. Secondly, social mobility intelligence expresses intelligence liaisons among states and the intelligence agencies' behaviours of states allied to dominant power. Thirdly, social competition intelligence may be attributed to geopolitical rivalry. This term is used for the competitive intelligence behaviours of revisionist states being discontent from current hegemonic structure. Finally, social creativity intelligence tells us a classification of states being discontent from status quo and revisionist, but do not would like to counter the dominant power and hegemonic structure.

1 The place of the theory of functions of a real variable among the mathematical discipline -- 1.1 The subject matter of the theory of functions -- 1.2 Three periods in the development of the theory of functions -- 1.3 The theory of functions and classical analysis -- 1.4 The theory of functions and functional analysis -- 1.5 The theory of functions and other mathematical disciplines -- 2 The history of the concept of a functio -- 2.1 Some textbook definitions of the concept of a function -- 2.2 The concept of a function in ancient times and in the Middle Ages -- 2.3 The seventeenth-century origins of the concept of a function -- 2.4 Some particular approaches to the concept of a function in the seventeenth century -- 2.5 The Eulerian period in the development of the concept of a function -- 2.6 Euler's contemporaries and heirs -- 2.7 The arbitrariness in a functional correspondence -- 2.8 The Lobachevskii-Dirichlet definition -- 2.9 The extension and enrichment of the concept of a function in the nineteenth century -- 2.10 The definition of a function according to Dedekind -- 2.11 Approaches to the concept of a function from mathematical logic -- 2.12 Set functions -- 2.13 Some other functional correspondences -- 3 Sequences of functions. Various kinds of convergenc -- 3.1 The analytic representation of a function -- 3.2 Simple uniform convergence -- 3.3 Generalized uniform convergence -- 3.4 Arzelà quasiuniform convergence -- 3.5 Convergence almost everywhere -- 3.6 Convergence in measure -- 3.7 Convergence in square-mean. Harnack's unsuccessful approach -- 3.8 Square-mean convergence. The work of Fischer and certain related investigations -- 3.9 Strong and weak convergence -- 3.10 The Baire classification -- 4 The derivative and the integral in their historical connection -- 4.1 Some general observations -- 4.2 Integral and differential methods up to the first half of the seventeenth century -- 4.3 The analysis of Newton and Leibniz -- 4.4 The groundwork for separating the concepts of derivative and integral -- 4.5 The separation of differentiation and integration -- 4.6 The Radon-Nikodým theorem -- 4.7 The relation between differentiation and integration in the works of Kolmogorov -- 4.8 The relation between differentiation and integration in the works of Carathéodory -- 4.9 A few more general remarks -- 5 Nondifferentiable continuous functions -- 5.1 Some introductory remarks -- 5.2 Ampère's theorem -- 5.3 Doubts and refutations -- 5.4 Classes of nondifferentiable functions -- 5.5 The relative "smallness" of the set of differentiable functions -- Index of names.

How does film and video censorship operate in Britain? Why does it exist? And is it too strict? Starting in 1979, the birth of the domestic video industry - and the first year of the Thatcher government - this critical study explains how the censorship of films both in cinemas and on video and DVD has developed in Britain. As well as presenting a detailed analysis of the workings of the British Board of Film Classification, Petley casts his gaze well beyond the BBFC to analyse the forces which the Board has to take into account when classifying and censoring. These range from laws such as the Video Recordings Act and Obscene Publications Act, and how these are enforced by the police and Crown Prosecution Service and interpreted by the courts, to government policy on matters such as pornography. In discussing a climate heavily coloured by 30 years of lurid 'video nasty' stories propagated by a press which is at once censorious and sensationalist and which has played a key role in bringing about and legitimating one of the strictest systems of film and video/DVD censorship in Europe, this book is notable for the breadth of its contextual analysis, its critical stance and its suggestions for reform of the present system. Key features include: Detailed case studies of individual instances of censorship, including Last House on the Left, sex videos in the R18 category, and press-inspired campaigns against films such as Child's Play 3 and Crash. Interviews with central figures The author's own contemporaneous reports on key moments in the censorship process.

В ситуации перехода от индустриального к постиндустриальному этапу развития социальная структура общества подвергается существенным изменениям. В данной статье рассматриваются новые формы социальной стратификации, проводится анализ причин трансформации социальных процессов. По мнению автора, изменения социальных процессов являются результатом перехода к информационной экономико-производственной системе. В статье проводится обоснование новой формы социальной стратификации. Доступ к информации и уровень профессиональных компетенций становятся основой социальной стратификации и классового разделения. Сложность прогнозирования изменений классовой структуры обуславливается стремительной актуализацией перехода от одного этапа общественного развития к другому. В ходе анализа выявляется неоднородность и противоречивость научных взглядов на классовую структуру постиндустриального общества. Автор выделяет и систематизирует три группы научно-исследовательских позиций классовой стратификации. Основой проведенной классификации выступает изучение экономической, ценностной, политической и научно-технической специфики постиндустриального общества. Работа вносит вклад в изучение социальной сферы постиндустриального общества, выдвигает основания для прогнозирования дальнейших изменений классовой системы. ; In a situation of transition from industrial to post-industrial stage social structure development of society undergoes significant changes. This article discusses the new forms of social stratification, analyzes the causes of the transformation of social processes. According to the author, the changes of social processes are the result of transition to the information economy and production system. The article presents the rationale of the new forms of social stratification. Access to information and the level of professional competence are the basis of social stratification and class division. The complexity of predicting changes of class structure caused rapid updating of transition from one stage of social development to another. The analysis revealed heterogeneity and contradictory scientific views on the class structure of the post-industrial society. The author identifies and organizes the three groups of research positions of class stratification. The basis of the study carried out by the classification serves economic and value, political, scientific and technical specificity of the post-industrial society. The paper contributes to the study of the social structure in post-industrial society advances grounds to predict further transformation of the class system.

Based on the assumption that the same treatment program which is beneficial to some types of offenders may be detrimental to other types, a series of exp'al programs for DEL's have developed around a theory of the diff'ial use of program elements. The question asked has been: What kinds of treatment programs conducted by what kinds of workers in what kinds of settings are best for what kinds of youthful offenders? In approaching these investigations, several classification schemata-categorizing offenders, treaters, environments, & treatment methods-have been developed. Attempts have then been made to study the 'matching' of workers, settings, & methods with types of DEL's. These studies have produced a number of findings. Offenders can be reliably classified in treatment-relevant ways. A large proportion of youthful offenders can be successfully treated in community-based programs rather than instit's; however, incarceration leads to higher success rates with one type of DEL. Grouping of offenders into homogeneous living units by subtype leads to a signif decrease in instit-manag problems. Offenders who are well matched with their treaters have much higher success rates than those who are not well matched. Impact of these studies on correctional programs in Calif is great, both at state & county levels. Interest in these concepts has led to the establishment of the Center for Training in Diff'ial Treatment. HA.

The difficulty of assessing the effects of mind-altering drugs on HB, esp conduct in real-life situations, is discussed. Problems in classification of drugs are also noted; it is emphasized that assumed drug effects are, at best, statements of probability In considering crimes associated with drug use, it is necessary to distinguish between crimes based on drug use itself, which include all offenses for illicit acquisition, possession, & use of dangerous drugs & narcotics, & dangerous behavior resulting from use. The evidence is clearest for alcohol, revealing a distinct relationship between alcohol use & health hazard, suicide, accidents, & violence. The evidence is less clear for heroin, since most users are DEL prior to being identified as addicts, so that continued criminality after heroin use cannot be 'caused' by narcotics. That the kind of criminality engaged in is influenced by drug use does seem a reasonable conclusion. Evidence about the degree of risk for the use of other drugs (sedatives, stimulants, hallucinogens, volatile intoxicants, & the like) & crime is absent. Generally, it appears that most Amer's use drugs without major ill-effects-including occasional illicit use. Those likely to be engaged in drug use & in crime are likely to be Ur slum-dwelling M's, with an overrepresentation of minority groups. Such behavior is apt to be part of a life pattern of deficit & disorder. HA.

Concepts and classifications of media accountability. Theory and practice of media accountability in Europe: an introductory overview / Tobias Eberwein, Susanne Fengler & Matthias Karmasin -- European models of journalism regulation: a comparative classification / João Miranda & Carlos Camponez -- The circular impact model: conceptualizing media accountability / Caroline Lindekamp -- Political and societal challenges. Media accountability in the era of fake news: journalistic boundary work and its problems in Finland / Heikki Heikkilä & Jari Väliverronen -- Media accountability instruments concerning immigration and the polarisation of trust in journalism in Sweden / Torbjörn von Krogh & Göran Svensson -- Press repeat: media self-regulation in the United Kingdom after Leveson / Gordon Ramsay & Martin Moore -- Media accountability meets media polarisation: a case study from Poland / Michal Glowacki & Michal Kus -- Economic and organisational challenges. Selling short media accountability? the importance of addressing market-driven claims on media freedom / Andrew T. Kenyon, Eva-Maria Svensson & Maria Edström -- Public value and shared value through the delivery of accountability / Kaisa Sorsa -- Strengthening media accountability through regulated self-regulation: the Swiss model / Mirco Saner & Vinzenz Wyss -- Accountability and corporate social responsibility in the media industry: a topic of relevance? / Isabell Koinig, Sandra Diehl, Franzisca Weder & Matthias Karmasin -- Technological challenges. Involvement of private and civil society actors in media regulation processes: a comparison of all European Union member states / Dirk Arnold -- Emerging structures of control for algorithms on the internet: distributed agency, distributed accountability / Florian Saurwein -- Ensuring accountability and transparency in networked journalism: a critical analysis of collaborations between whistle-blowing platforms and investigative journalism / Colin Porlezza & Philip di Salvo -- Perspectives: rethinking the role of the audience. Complaints handling mechanisms and online accountability in Western European PSB / Dolors Palau-Sampio -- A wheelbarrow full of frogs: how media organisations in the Netherlands are dealing with online public complaints / Yael de Haan -- The battle over the living room: constructing an accountable popular culture / Efrat Daskal -- Examining media accountability in online media and the role of active audiences: the case of Spain / Jose A. García-Avilés -- Media criticism in an African journalistic culture: an inventory of media accountability practices in Kenya / David Cheruiyot.

IntroductionSuicide is a tragic outcome with devastating consequences. In 2018, Scotland experienced a 15% increase in suicide from 680 to 784 deaths. This was marked among young people, with an increase of 53% in those aged 15-24, the highest since 2007. Early intervention in those most at risk is key, but identification of individuals at risk is complex, and efforts remain largely targeted towards universal suicide prevention strategies with little evidence of effectiveness.
Recent evidence suggests childhood adversity is a predictor of subsequent poor social and health outcomes, including suicide. This protocol reports on methodology for harmonising lifespan hospital contacts for childhood adversity, mental health, and suicidal behaviour. This will inform where to 1) focus interventions, 2) prioritise trauma-informed approaches, and 3) adapt support avenues earlier in life for those most at risk.
MethodsThis study will follow a case-control design. Scottish hospital data (physical health SMR01; mental health SMR04; maternity/birth record SMR02; mother's linked data SMR01, SMR04, death records) from 1981 to as recent as available will be extracted for people who died by suicide aged 10-34, and linked on Community Health Index unique identifier. A randomly selected control population matched on age and geography at death will be extracted in a 1:10 ratio. International Classification of Disease (ICD) codes will be harmonised between ICD9-CM, ICD9, ICD10-CM and ICD10 for childhood adversity, mental health, and suicidal behaviour.
ResultsICD codes for childhood adversity from four key studies are reported in two categories, 1) Maltreatment or violence-related codes, and 2) Codes suggestive of maltreatment. 'Clinical Classifications Software' ICD codes to operationalise mental health codes are also reported. Harmonised lifespan ICD categories were achieved semi-automatically, but required labour-intensive supplementary manual coding. Cross-mapped codes are reported.
ConclusionsThere is a dearth of evidence about touchpoints prior to suicide. This study reports methods and harmonised ICD codes along the lifespan to understand hospital contact patterns for childhood adversity, which come to the attention of hospital practitioners.

Betung Kerihun National Park and Danau Sentarum (TNBKDS) have tourism potential based on the classification of tourist attraction object (ODTW), if developed and utilized optimally will bring socio-economic impacts for the people around the area of TNBKDS. The purpose of this research is to know the implementation of policy of tourism utilization of TNBKDS in relation of socio-economic impact for society around the area. By using approach of theory of policy implementation model G. Edward III which measure success of policy implementation through 4 variables include; Communication, Resources, Disposition, and Bureaucratic Structure. The method used is descriptive analysis by using quantitative approach. With data analysis techniques using the calculation of Weight Mean Score (WMS). And the analytical unit is divided into 2 sources, namely the implementer of the Central Park TNBKDS based on purposive sampling with the number of samples of 28 employees involved in the field of tourism. And the policy target of the village community Menua Sadap as cultural attractions and the village of Sepandan as a natural tourist attraction TNBKDS with purposive samples each 30 respondents with gender representation, ketokohan, work and so forth. The results of the study are generally based on the assessment of implementing the policy (implementor) is quite good with the acquisition score of 3.33. While the assessment of policy targets based on ODTW classification that is; cultural tourism Menua Sadap obtained a score of 3.49 according to the criteria of interpretation including good category, while the natural attractions Lake Sentarum village Sepandan with a score of 2.60 according to the criteria of interpretation including bad category. Based on the results of the analysis, the difference between the results of the assessment occurs due to communication intensity and bureaucratic structure, and the most fundamental because it is influenced by local culture / culture factors that influence the social, economic and political environment of the policy target itself.policy Implementation, tourism utilization, community of TNBKDS area

The integrated complex system with subsystems of e-logistics, e-document flow, budgeting, payments and invoices of the subjects of procurement of goods, works, services for public funds, taking into account the criterion of «price» and non-price criteria for selecting the winner, is improved in the article. The classification of non-price criteria for selecting the winner of procurement, which are dictated by the European Union law, namely of: technical, resource and competency, safety and quality, reputation and image, and basic. Recommendations are proposed to improve the procedure for selecting enterprises related to security features and the quality of the tender proposal, strengthening the role of technical experts in tender committees, listing of public documents and deadlines for pre-threshold procurement. An essential part of the economic and mathematical model of diagnostics of selection criteria for public e-procurement enterprises is developed on the basis of determining the balance of interests of the supplier and the customer, the customer price correction coefficient, taking into account the proposed classification of non-price selection criteria, the price coefficient of the subject of e-procurement of the supplier, taking into account business processes leading to economic and social effects, and input settings «information-time opportunities/threats of resources», the covariance between the values of costs for providing an optimum level of non-price criteria for selecting the winner of procurement performance and indicators of participation in public e-procurement. ; Усовершенствовано интегрированную систему с подсистемами электронной логистики, электронного документооборота, электронного бюджетирования, электронных платежей и «инвойсов» субъектов осуществления публичных электронных закупок. Представлено классификацию неценовых критериев отбора предприятия-победителя закупок. Разработано сущностную часть экономико-математической модели диагностики критериев отбора предприятий в системе публичных электронных закупок на основе определения баланса интересов заказчика и поставщика. ; Удосконалено інтегровану систему із підсистемами електронної логістики, електронного документообігу, електронного бюджетування, електронних платежів та «інвойсів» суб'єктів здійснення публічних електронних закупівель. Представлено класифікацію нецінових критеріїв відбору підприємства-переможця закупівель. Розроблено сутнісну частину економіко-математичної моделі діагностики критеріїв відбору підприємств у системі публічних електронних закупівель на основі визначення балансу інтересів замовника та постачальника.