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International audience ; Some 4 000 fragments of carved bones could be found among the objects that have been discovered in the mausoleum at Cucuron. A close examination shows that they originally formed the ornament for a funeral bed whose aspect can partly be restored. This rich ornament combines vegetal or dionysiac themes with nile and military ones. The bed, which can be dated from the end of the 1 st century BC or the early 1 st century AD, testifies to the use in Gaul — as it has been ascertained elsewhere and notably in Italy — of a funeral bed in ancient graves designed for cremation. ; Parmi les objets découverts dans le mausolée de Cucuron figurent 4 000 fragments d'os sculptés. L'examen montre qu'ils formaient le décor d'un lit funéraire dont on peut reconstituer partiellement l'aspect. Ce riche décor associe des thèmes végétaux et dionysiaques à des thèmes nilotiques et militaires. Ce lit, datable de la fin du I er s. avant notre ère ou du début du I er s. de notre ère est un des témoins, en Gaule, d'une utilisation plus largement attestée ailleurs, en Italie notamment, d'un lit funéraire dans les incinérations antiques.

International audience ; Some 4 000 fragments of carved bones could be found among the objects that have been discovered in the mausoleum at Cucuron. A close examination shows that they originally formed the ornament for a funeral bed whose aspect can partly be restored. This rich ornament combines vegetal or dionysiac themes with nile and military ones. The bed, which can be dated from the end of the 1 st century BC or the early 1 st century AD, testifies to the use in Gaul — as it has been ascertained elsewhere and notably in Italy — of a funeral bed in ancient graves designed for cremation. ; Parmi les objets découverts dans le mausolée de Cucuron figurent 4 000 fragments d'os sculptés. L'examen montre qu'ils formaient le décor d'un lit funéraire dont on peut reconstituer partiellement l'aspect. Ce riche décor associe des thèmes végétaux et dionysiaques à des thèmes nilotiques et militaires. Ce lit, datable de la fin du I er s. avant notre ère ou du début du I er s. de notre ère est un des témoins, en Gaule, d'une utilisation plus largement attestée ailleurs, en Italie notamment, d'un lit funéraire dans les incinérations antiques.

International audience ; Some 4 000 fragments of carved bones could be found among the objects that have been discovered in the mausoleum at Cucuron. A close examination shows that they originally formed the ornament for a funeral bed whose aspect can partly be restored. This rich ornament combines vegetal or dionysiac themes with nile and military ones. The bed, which can be dated from the end of the 1 st century BC or the early 1 st century AD, testifies to the use in Gaul — as it has been ascertained elsewhere and notably in Italy — of a funeral bed in ancient graves designed for cremation. ; Parmi les objets découverts dans le mausolée de Cucuron figurent 4 000 fragments d'os sculptés. L'examen montre qu'ils formaient le décor d'un lit funéraire dont on peut reconstituer partiellement l'aspect. Ce riche décor associe des thèmes végétaux et dionysiaques à des thèmes nilotiques et militaires. Ce lit, datable de la fin du I er s. avant notre ère ou du début du I er s. de notre ère est un des témoins, en Gaule, d'une utilisation plus largement attestée ailleurs, en Italie notamment, d'un lit funéraire dans les incinérations antiques.

This book provides a systematic overview on issues and challenges related to work identity and identification at work in the 'new' South African workplace. It shares results and measures of a work identity research project that was conducted in a variety of modern South African workplaces. It looks at the concept of work identity in the light of a keen and growing interest in why people are becoming attached to, involved in, engaged with, or committed to their work. Still a relatively unexplored concept, built on the foundations of different identity theory streams, the concept of work identity provides a fundamental reconsideration of explaining engaging behaviours at work. Against the backdrop of a changing political and economic landscape and the impact these radical changes had on the South African workplace, the main research question of the project was the South African employees' question 'Who am I at work?'. In search of the answer to that question, the book explores the impact of South African employees' life spheres and life roles on their choice of work-related identification foci. It further explores how identity work tactics and strategies are being used to develop and define their own work identities, resulting in the conceptualisation and development of a work-based identity measure. Paul Jansen (born 1954) is since 1992 Professor of Industrial Psychology within the Department of Management Organization, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Paul Jansen graduated, cum laude, in 1979, with specialization in Mathematical Psycho­logy (major) and Work and Organizational Psycholo­gy (subsidia­ry) at the University of Nijmegen. He earned his PhD in social sciences in 1983 with a doctoral disserta­tion on a subject in testing and scaling theory. After wor­king at the Ministry of Inner Affairs and at the Psychologi­cal De­partme­nt of the Dutch Civil Service, he joined the Netherlands PTT in 1984. In 1986 he became Head of the Psycho­logical De­partment of PTT Tele­com. In 1989 he joined the recently founded Corporate Staff of Management Develop­ment of the privatized 'Royal PTT Nederland'. Since 1992 is Professor of Industrial Psychology. He teaches Industrial Psychology, Hu­man Resources Manage­ment and Research Methods in Business Administration. From 1995-2001 he was in addition director of the Limperg Institute, the interuniversity institute for research in accountancy. In 2006 he initiated a joint research project on work identity withtheUniversity of Johannesburg. Publications in international top journals such as Psychometrika, Applied Psychological Measurement, Applied Psychology: An international Review, Journal of Organizational and Occupational Psychology, Journal of Applied Psychology, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Journal of Vocational Behavior and Journal of Management Studies.His research interests are in management development, careers, assessment (e.g. assessment centers, 360-graden feedback) and performance management.For his scientific work, prof. Paul Jansen obtained the Dutch HRM Network award 2013at the 8th International Biannual Conference ''H' versus 'R' in HRM' in Leuven, BELGIUM. The mission of the Dutch HRM Network is aimed at stimulating fundamental and societal relevant scientific research in the field of the employment relationship. The HRM Award is presented by the Dutch HRM Network to an individual who has made an outstanding contribution to the HRM field.Gerhard (Gert) Roodt has a D Admin in Industrial and Organisational Psychology. He is a licensed psychologist and a registered personnel practitioner. He is author/co-author of about 92 peer-reviewed journal articles and nearly 50 conference proceeding articles; 15 technical reports; and co-editor/co-author of 12 books; author/co-author of 56 book chapters and several articles in non-research based journals. He is also presenter/co-presenter of approximately 120 peer-reviewed papers at national and international academic conferences.Gert is currently the Vice Dean: Research in the Faculty of Management at UJ. He was the former head of the Centre for Work Performance in the Department of Industrial Psychology and People Management. He is a former chair of the Society for Industrial Psychology (1995-97). He is rated by the NRF as a category C2 researcher. He serves on advisory/editorial boards of nine local and international scholarly journals.Gert was awarded a fellowship of the Society for Industrial and Organisational Psychology of SA(SIOPSA), as well as of the Pan Pacific Business Associationin 2006. He was nominated as a Mentor for the SA Board for People Practices(SABPP) and recently received a lifetime achievement award from the SABPP. He is a member of the following professional associations: US Academy of Management (AoM); International Association of Applied Psychology (IAAP); Associate member of the European Association of Work and Organizational Psychology (EAWOP); SIOPSA; and a member of the SA Academy of Science and Art. Gert was also a member of the National Scholarly Editors' Forum of the Academy of Science of South Africa(ASSAf). Gert serves on the Advisory Council of the EAWOP conference organising committee.

Quantitative Literacy (QL) has been described as the skill set an individual uses when interacting with the world in a quantitative manner. A necessary component of this interaction is communication. To this end, assessments of QL have included open-ended items as a means of including communicative aspects of QL. The present study sought to examine whether such open-ended items typically measured aspects of quantitative communication, as compared to mathematical communication, or mathematical skills. We focused on public-released items and rubrics from four of the most widely referenced assessments: the Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS-95): the National Adult Literacy Survey (NALS; now the National Assessment of Adult Literacy, NAAL) in 1985 and 1992, the International Adult Literacy Skills (IALS) beginning in 1994; and the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) beginning in 2000. We found that open-ended item rubrics in these QL assessments showed a strong tendency to assess answer-only responses. Therefore, while some open-ended items may have required certain levels of quantitative reasoning to find a solution, it is the solution rather than the reasoning that was often assessed.

An approach to reinvigorating economic competition that doesn't break up corporate giants, but compels them to share their technology, data, and knowledge "Bessen is a master of unpacking the nuances of a complex array of interrelated trends to build a coherent story of how the promise of the democratized Internet ended up under the control of just a few. Read The New Goliaths to see how the forest came to have only room for a few tall trees with the rest of us in the undergrowth."—Joshua Gans, coauthor of Prediction Machines: The Simple Economics of Artificial Intelligence Historically, competition has powered progress under capitalism. Companies with productive new products rise to the top, but sooner or later, competitors come along with better innovations and disrupt the threat of monopoly. Dominant firms like Walmart, Amazon, and Google argue that this process of "creative destruction" prevents them from becoming too powerful or entrenched. But the threat of competition has sharply decreased over the past twenty years, and today's corporate giants have come to power by using proprietary information technologies to create a tilted playing field. This development has increased economic inequality and social division, slowed innovation, and allowed dominant firms to evade government regulation. In the face of increasing calls to break up the largest companies, James Bessen argues that a better way to restore competitive balance and dynamism is to encourage or compel these companies to share technology, data, and knowledge

Intro -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Notes on Transliteration, Translation, and Names -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Overview of Literature and Sources -- Chapter 2 Debate on the Essence of Belarusization: Terminology and Definitions -- Chapter 3 Soviet Belarus on the Threshold of Belarusization -- 3.1 Introduction to the Historic Context -- 3.2 The First and Second Enlargements of the BSSR: The Consolidation of the Belarusian Lands -- Chapter 4 Communist or National? Ideology and the Nationality Policy -- 4.1 Political and Ideological Debates: Why Do We Need Nationalization? The Nationality Policy's Goals and Objectives -- 4.2 Belarusian Intelligentsia and the Communist Party: Discipline. Categorize. Supervise -- Chapter 5 Belarusization in the Field of Education -- 5.1 Structure and Contents of the Chapter -- 5.2 Belarusization at Secondary Comprehensive Schools. Advocating for the Belarusian School -- 5.3 Colleges and Higher Educational Establishments. The Institute of Belarusian Culture -- 5.4 Down with Illiteracy! Belarusization at Illiteracy Eradication Centers -- 5.5 Teachers as "Workers on the Education Frontline". Their Role in the Promotion of Belarusization -- Chapter 6 History and National Identity on Textbook Pages -- Chapter 7 Language and Bureaucracy: Belarusization in the State Sector and Party Apparatus -- 7.1 Belarusian as a Language of the State Administration and Party Apparatus -- 7.2 Belarusization at Trade Unions -- 7.3 Report, Evaluate, and Discipline: Activities of Inspectors and Inspection Commissions -- 7.4 Belarusization of the Red Army -- 7.5 Indigenization at the State Apparatus and the Social Structure Transformation Processes -- Chapter 8 Belarusization: from "National Construction" to "Nationalistic Bourgeois Counter-Revolution" -- Conclusion. A Theoretical Framework forBelarusization.

Intro -- Foreword -- Contents -- The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on Economic Activity of Mexico in 2020 -- 1 Introduction -- 2 ARIMA Models with Intervention -- 3 Estimates and Results -- 4 Conclusions and Discussion -- References -- Survival Likelihood of Micro and Small Businesses Facing a Catastrophe -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 BCP Design and Pitfalls -- 4 Methodology -- 5 Scenario Analysis -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- How Covid-19 Has Accelerated the Garment and Financial Investment Industries' Adoption of Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance (ESG) Standards -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Textile and Apparel Industry Transform to Face Consumers Demanding an ESG Perspective -- 3 Key Elements for a Transition to an ESG Industry -- 4 The ESG Investment Revolution Will Transform Financial Markets -- 5 Have ESG Investing a Better Performance Than Other Assets? -- 6 Conclusions, Challenges and Opportunities of an ESG Global Transition -- References -- Contagion Adverse Degree, Income Inequality and Economic Growth -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Economic Fundamentals -- 3 Macroeconomic Equilibrium -- 4 Distributional Dynamics -- 5 Long-Run Shocks -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Forecasting the Effects of the COVID-19 Crisis on Economic Growth and the Microfinance Sector in Latin America: An Approach with Fuzzy Neural Networks -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theoretical-Methodological Review: Effects of the Economic Crisis on the Microfinance Sector -- 3 Sugeno-Type Autoregressive Neural Network with Pentagonal Membership Function -- 4 Forecast of the Macroeconomic Environment in Latin American Countries Derived from COVID-19 -- 5 Expected Impact on the Microfinance Industry Caused by the COVID-19 Economic Crisis -- 6 Conclusions -- References.

Cette thèse s'intéresse à l'évaluation de l'effet à long terme de l'Investissement Direct Etranger (IDE) sur le développement des pays africains pour la période allant de 1990 à 2018. L'IDE peut influencer développement à long terme des pays en développement en élargissant différents horizons d'investissement. Selon les modèles de croissance endogène, l'effet de l'IDE se répand d'une manière assez large à toutes les dimensions de développement, soit en accroissant et en diversifiant le capital, soit en influençant le bien-être social ou l'environnement et la sphère politique des pays d'accueil. Cependant, les études empiriques précédentes dans les pays en développement se sont principalement focalisées sur l'effet de l'IDE sur la dimension économique ou sur un sous-ensemble de dimensions développement et ont donc, et sans surprise, abouties aux résultats mitigés. Ainsi, il est impératif de réévaluer l'effet à long terme de l'IDE sur les pays en développement en utilisant un cadre empirique qui intègre simultanément les effets multidimensionnels de l'IDE ; tout en contournant les problèmes potentiels de multicolinéarité. Ceci pourra fournirait un réel et claire effet à long terme de l'IDE. Cette thèse est motivée par une évidente absence de littérature empirique sur l'effet à long terme de l'IDE sur les économies africaines ; l'effet qui est en fait la principale motivation derrière l'attraction d'IDE par les pays en développement. Pour atteindre son objectif global, cette thèse est divisée en trois principaux chapitres : Le premier chapitre offre une perspective de synthèse de travaux issus d'une revue systématique de la littérature empirique sur l'impact de l'IDE dans les pays d'accueil en développement pour la période allant de 1985 à 2018 afin d'élucider pourquoi les résultats empiriques sont mitigés et moins concluants. Ainsi, les résultats mettent en évidence quatre principaux problèmes méthodologiques dont : (1) le manque d'un cadre empirique inclusif et dynamique, (2) les modèles d'évaluation inappropriés qui ne tiennent pas compte des effets multidimensionnels de l'IDE sur le développement des pays d'accueil en développement, (3) des méthodes d'estimation inappropriées qui ne tiennent pas compte du dynamisme du processus de la croissance et de développement ainsi que le problème d' endogénéité et enfin (4) une unité inexacte de mesure de l'effet de l'IDE. Tous ces problèmes pourraient avoir biaisé le coefficient estimé de l'effet de l'IDE. A cet effet, nous avons proposé un modèle conceptuel qui aiderait à évaluer de manière exhaustive l'effet de l'IDE dans les pays en développement et mener ainsi aux résultats fiables. Dans le deuxième chapitre, il a été question de vérifier si les IDE contribuent ou pas au développement à long terme des pays africains tout en contournant les problèmes méthodologiques soulevés dans le chapitre précédent. Pour y arriver, nous avons opté pour un modèle d'évaluation multidimensionnel qui rassemble les deux visions opposées (Théories néo-classiques et endogènes versus théories de la dépendance). En effet, l'IDE entraîne à la fois des bénéfices et coûts sur les économies d'accueil. Ainsi, le gain net de l'effet de l'IDE proviendrait de la différence entre ses bénéfices et coûts engendrés. Notre étude a utilisé des données panel de 35 pays africains et l'approche PMG/ARDL, pour examiner l'effet des IDE entre 1990-2018 sur le continent. Le résultat confirme que l'effet à long terme de l'IDE sur le PIB réel par habitant est statistiquement minuscule pour l'ensemble des pays en échantillon. Le troisième et dernier chapitre visait à explorer empiriquement et à comparer séparément les effets de développement à long terme des fusions et acquisitions et des investissements de création (greenfield investment) sur les pays africains en échantillon pour la période de 1990 à 2018. En effet, se concentrer sur l'effet à long terme agrégé de l'IDE dans les pays en développement brouillerait le scénario factuel concernant l'effet de développement de l'IDE qui peut produire deux effets conflictuels. En utilisant une méthodologie similaire à celle utilisée dans le chapitre 2, les résultats empiriques sont en contradiction totale de la préférence (greenfield investment) des partenaires au développement et des décideurs politiques des pays en développement. Les résultats montrent spécifiquement que les deux principaux modes d'entrée d'IDE ont exercé des effets bénéfiques à long terme dans les pays pris en échantillon. Cependant, l'effet des fusions et acquisitions est relativement positif que celui de greenfield investment et ceci, que les variables de contrôle soient prises ou pas en compte ; This thesis has attempted to evaluate the long-term developmental effect of FDI on the development of host African countries over the period spanning from 1990 to 2018. FDI can affect the long-term development of host developing countries through its effects in expanding investment frontier in host developing countries. According to endogenous growth models, FDI effect spreads to larger development agenda, that is widening and deepening capital, and influencing social, environmental, and political wellbeing of the people of host developing countries. However, past empirical studies focused mainly on the effect of FDI on one dimension of development (mostly economic), or on a subset of FDI effect on development in host developing countries, which, unsurprisingly led to mixed and inconclusive outcomes. For this reason, there was a need to reassess the welfare effect of FDI on host developing countries by using an empirical framework that simultaneously integrates multifold effects of FDI on development of host developing economies, while circumventing potential multicollinearity issues. This would provide clear-cut evidence of FDI effect on the development of developing countries. This study is motivated by an obvious lack of empirical literature concerning the long-term developmental effect of FDI on African economies which effect is the primarily motivation behind the attraction of FDI by developing countries. To achieve the overall objective of this thesis, the latter was divided into the following three main chapters. The first chapter provides an extensive systematic empirical literature review on FDI impact on different measures of welfare in host developing countries over the 1985 to 2018 period to answer methodologically why findings are mixed and inconclusive and therefore suggest the way forward. The evidence from this review highlights four important methodological issues that could have led to mixed and inconclusive outcomes. These issues include (1) lack of a comprehensive and balanced empirical framework, (2) inappropriate model specification that did not account for the multifaceted effects of FDI on development of host developing countries, (3) inappropriate estimation methods, and finally inaccurate measure of FDI impact. All these issues could have biased the estimated coefficient of FDI effect in host developing countries. Therefore, we propose an analytical model that would comprehensively evaluate the welfare effect of FDI in host developing countries and, thus, leading to reliable outcomes. Based on these outcomes, the second chapter of this thesis sought to evaluate whether FDI contributes to long-term development of host developing countries in general and in African countries in particular, while circumventing methodological issues raised in first chapter. To achieve this, we opted for a multidimensional model that brings together the two opposing (liberalism and radical) views. This is because, FDI brings both costs and benefits to host developing countries. Thus, the net welfare gain of FDI hinges on the balance between welfare increasing (benefits) and decreasing (costs) of it. We applied a panel data of 35 African countries to probe FDI effect from 1990 to 2018 and PMG/ARDL approach. The result confirms that, the overall estimated long-term effect of FDI on real GDP per capita is statistically minuscule for the entire sample. The third and last chapter sought to empirically explore and compare separately long-term developmental effects of mergers and acquisitions sales (M&As), and green-field investment on real GDP per capita in the sampled African countries from 1990 to 2018. This is because, scholars view is that, concentrating on the aggregated effect of FDI on development in developing countries would blur the factual scenario regarding the welfare effect of FDI as it may reflect the two opposing effects. Applying similar methodology to the one used in chapter two, our empirical evidence contrasts development partners' first choice and views of policy makers on greenfield investment. The findings specifically show that both M&As and greenfield investment exert similar beneficial long-term developmental effects in the sampled countries. Nevertheless, effect of M&As outstripped that of greenfield investment on real GDP per capita. More specifically, one percent increase in green-field investment has, on average, less long-term developmental effect on real GDP per capita than one per cent invested in M&As irrespective of whether controllable variables were counted in or out.

"Offering insights from pioneering new perspectives in addition to well-established traditions of research and pioneering new perspectives, this Handbook considers the activities not only of advocacy groups in the environmental, feminist, human rights, humanitarian, and peace sectors, but also the array of religious, professional, and business associations that make up the wider Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) community. Including perspectives from multiple world regions the book takes account of institutions in the Global South, alongside better-known structures of the Global North. International contributors from a range of disciplines cover all the major aspects of research into NGOs in International Relations IR to present: - A comprehensive overview of the historical evolution of NGOs, the range of structural forms and international networks. - Coverage of major theoretical perspectives. - Illustrations of how NGOs are influential in every issue area of contemporary International Relations. Each chapter incorporates discussions of the categories of NGOs in the respective issue areas, the range of approaches to the issues, the strategies used, and their influence. - Explanation of the significant regional variations among NGOs including the variety of NGOs present, the nature of their activities, their influence in the region, and how regional contexts influences the nature and impact of NGOs. - Analysis of the ways NGOs address authoritarianism, terrorism, and challenges to democracy, terrorism, austerity, and how they NGOs handle concerns surrounding their own legitimacy and accountability"--

"Building upon the body of existing literature that has established the importance of norms in understanding why genders interact with social phenomena differently, and how gender plays a role in most aspects of corruption, this cutting-edge book expands the fields to explore the nexus between norms, gender and corruption. Making a timely and innovative contribution to all three streams of research, the book dives deeper into the role of norms in understanding the relationship between gender and corruption. An international, multidisciplinary group of experts combine global qualitative, in-depth case studies with large scale quantitative analysis to demonstrate the complementary use of different methods in the fields of gender, norms and corruption. Considering gendered differences in attitudes towards, and experiences of, corruption, the chapters examine political and institutional participation in corruption, looking closely at gender representation, stereotypes, and norms-based barriers. Analysing norms from different perspectives, with the main focus on social norms, this forward-thinking book makes a convincing case for why norms should be included in the research agenda on gender and corruption. Interdisciplinary in scope, this insightful book will prove invaluable to students and scholars of gender politics, social policy and sociology, and law, regulation and governance. It will also prove a useful reference guide to policymakers concerned with the relationship between gender and corruption"--

International audience ; This poster aims to propose practical tools for archaeologists who have to preserve earthen architecture remains in an archaeological context. The initial lifecycle of the architecture is depicted into four major phases: when in use, then the decline, the remains' stabilisation by the erosion and finally the archaeological excavations. In the past, most of the sites were abandoned after this initial step and the erosion process was reactivated. Nowadays, heritage legislations and a general international awareness of the scientific community do not allow such a careless behaviour. Conservation of earthen archaeological remains has become a duty usually entrusted to archaeologists who have very little knowledge of the good practices. This poster presents easy reproducible conservation options based on three approaches: - preventive conservation, where the concept of "minimum interventions for maximum understanding" is applied - the conservation dedicated to the site presentation to the public, with an anticipation of the damages as well as the construction of pedagogical tools on site (museum, pathways, facilities, signage.) - a mixed approach which combines elements from the first with elements of the second as part of a step-by-step conservation plan. This analysis is the result of 40 years experience on earthen archaeological sites by the CRAterre laboratory experts, accumulating knowledge on theoretical and practical aspects of the conservation of earthen archaeological remains all over the world.

International audience ; This poster aims to propose practical tools for archaeologists who have to preserve earthen architecture remains in an archaeological context. The initial lifecycle of the architecture is depicted into four major phases: when in use, then the decline, the remains' stabilisation by the erosion and finally the archaeological excavations. In the past, most of the sites were abandoned after this initial step and the erosion process was reactivated. Nowadays, heritage legislations and a general international awareness of the scientific community do not allow such a careless behaviour. Conservation of earthen archaeological remains has become a duty usually entrusted to archaeologists who have very little knowledge of the good practices. This poster presents easy reproducible conservation options based on three approaches: - preventive conservation, where the concept of "minimum interventions for maximum understanding" is applied - the conservation dedicated to the site presentation to the public, with an anticipation of the damages as well as the construction of pedagogical tools on site (museum, pathways, facilities, signage.) - a mixed approach which combines elements from the first with elements of the second as part of a step-by-step conservation plan. This analysis is the result of 40 years experience on earthen archaeological sites by the CRAterre laboratory experts, accumulating knowledge on theoretical and practical aspects of the conservation of earthen archaeological remains all over the world.

Established as an organisation with the aim to influence all aspects of Afrikaner life, the Ossewa-Brandwag (OB) made an impact on the lives of thousands of Afrikaners between 1939 and 1954. At the very start the movement set out to be solely a male enterprise. However, because of the intense emotional feelings and nationalist sentiments created by the 1938 Centenary Celebrations of the Great Trek, women showed great enthusiasm for the OB. This compelled leadership to ensure them a place in the organisation. Thousands of women would eventually take part in all the activities of the movement – from fundraising to political resistance. One of the activities where women excelled was in taking the lead in the many charitable endeavours of the OB referred to as "volksorg" (social care of the nation). No published study exists on the role of women in "volksorg" after the reorganisation of the OB in 1943. This article aims to describe the place and role of women in OB-centred charitable work encapsulated in the concept "volksorg". Attention is given to the official goals and activities of the "Ossewa-Brandwag Vroue Volksorg Vertakking" (Women's "Volksorg" Branch) and the movement's singular interpretation of the "social". Contemporaries' understanding of sexual difference is explained through emphasising the distribution of labour according to the norms of gender. In this way the article aims to shed light on how the gender order was shaped by contemporaries' determinist interpretation of sex.

El presente artículo explora un aspecto poco investigado del Programa Conectar Igualdad (pci): su dimensión simbólica. Así se repasa la contribución de esta política pública no solo a la inclusión digital sino también a la igualdad simbólica estudiando para ello su incidencia en la economía del valor de cambio y, más aún, en la del valor de signo y del valor de símbolo. Las reflexiones se basan en una investigación de carácter cualitativo llevada adelante en seis escuelas -beneficiarias y no beneficiarias del pci- en el Gran La Plata entre los años 2014 y 2015. ; This article explores a little researched aspect of the Programa Conectar Igualdad (PCI): its symbolic dimension. So it's reviewed the contribution of this public politics not only to digital inclusion but also to symbolic equality by studying its impact on the economy of exchange value and, even more so, on the value of sign and the value of symbol. The reflections are based on a qualitative research carried out in six schools– beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of the PCI– in Gran La Plata between 2014 and 2015. ; Fil: Benitez Larghi, Hector Sebastian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales; Argentina