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Life paths have become unpredictable. You may be here today and nowhere tomorrow, you may try to get or stay into the traditional business system, it will almost certainly crush you. So why not choose independence ?"There is nothing to lose and probably a lot to win, to direct one's own life and go independent."A full academic background, specialized skills or incredible talent are not enough. People working in most large, attractive and international companies feel exhausted or employed well below their capacities with limited mono-task jobs, within the framework of incompetent management based on fierce competition, corporatist decision-making processes and short-term profits. Why then learn thorough pattern-making only to adapt international models to local sizes? Demonstrate one's talent for being fired after the fashion show with no outlook for the future? Work long hours to be paid peanuts and know that others will benefit?Awareness of a hectic and unpredictable life may happen among young people who go from one temporary job to the other, among older employees who have worked in a single company for a long time and made redundant all of a sudden or among students who already know today that there is little future in traditional companies.The sense of working has much changed. Dominique Meda and Patricia Verdamin conducted qualitative work in 6 European countries between 2006 and 2008. They concluded that the key factors to describe a good working relationship were Engagement (more or less engaged) and Life paths (more or less linear). Types were not age-dependent, however, difficult socio-economic environment was stronger in young people. It leads them to believe that working is a journey full of hurdles, and makes them accustomed to managing risks and changes [1]. Other research carried out on Work conditions by the French Government [2] confirmed that a traditional implicit contract, « work hard for little money today, and build a fine career for tomorrow », is distrusted by younger French people, compared to a win-win contract.It then seems fairly wise to try and create one's own job.Young people or people with youthful energy go independent and invent a new business paradigm."Business is about making what you think and thinking what you make & sharing your knowledge and skills to grow faster in return."Youthful engagement may be found amongst youngsters and people of all ages who care for them, listen to them or are curious enough to discover what they want to change.Young people want to do things. What is important is to answer the question: "What have you been proud of doing, here, today?".They want to produce tangible and visible results. Ideas are not enough; issues and concrete solutions are better. Very often they exercise a trial and error process. They have that intuition that something should work first and be fine-tuned later.They work collectively, bringing together passionate people from varied backgrounds to think differently and creatively of issues and solutions. 12 is more than 1, and 60 more than 12, when all is about creating value. "This is all about harnessing energy. You should be here because you know a lot about uncommon or specific skills and you will help complete the jigsaw. And if not for this project, then for the next one!" admittedly, the North of Europe is better on that front than the South one.Collective intelligence should also be shared, on Internet, the most obvious network. Open-source platforms are often preferred: they publish online How to's (models, first prototypes, patterns etc.) for others to improve them and give them back to the community. The process is quick, solves relevant problems, and brings such social benefits as notoriety, reputation or sense of belonging.The Makers' movement has grown up from an intuition into Maker Fairs, Maker Spaces, Maker Thinkers and spread so much that it is now ready to be segmented and put into a business model. That's what TCBL aims at experimenting, Business labs applied to the T&C sector.[3]For independents, Enterprise and Innovation are recovering their original meanings, and can't go without social responsibility."Enterprise and Innovation : to take risks and make strong contribution for the future."Enterprise. A beautiful idea. We thought we had lost it, but the most recent 2008 crash made us realize that success can only be based on reality. Have a project, convince talented people to come on board, take risks to make it happen, face difficulties, succeed and share or reinvest the outcome of hard work. Real people, real economy, real money. Stakeholders make perfect sense here, not short-term, profit-concerned and dormant shareholders, but stakeholders who all bring their personal value.A survey by CEGOS, conducted in 5 European Countries, showed that work was key in the aspirations of 20-30 year olds (between 50 an 80%, secondary to family, which has always been Top 1 for years). Beyond earning a living (the primary reason to work), 53% want to find fulfilment at work or develop their competences (48%). Creating one's own job appealed to 47% of the Italian respondents, vs. 35% (UK), 32% (Spain), 27% (Germany) and 22% (France) [4].The Observatory of the French APCE (Agence pour la création d'entreprises) illustrates that younger generations (18-29 year olds) find it fairly obvious to start their own business, provided that their initial motivation is high and that they know how to manage properly (59% fully agree), have a creative idea (44% fully agree), accept risks and failures (40% fully agree), spend a great deal of time finding customers (33% fully agree) or finances (32% fully agree) [5].The world of Fashion has long lived on style, brands and images as key growth factors of the industry. Isn't this time to challenge or refine these assumptions? Or even to make a revolution? Let's come back to real enterprise that forces you to act, as quickly as possible, with a gut feeling or a vista beyond the mountains of information.Another beautiful idea. Innovation. Not that pseudo one which is limited to minor changes e.g. the size, colour or shape of a sleeve per se. Innovation reflects another vision of textile and clothing, all the more when engineers, scientists, hardware and software geeks, artists etc. meet and explore radically new inventions. Behind the concept of second-skin, you can imagine so many changes for clothes or textiles. Couldn't they change according to your moods and tempers? Couldn't you decide whether they show what's happening inside you and your home? Couldn't you interact with them?"Social responsibility is more than a belief; it's action."Repeated alerts have been heard for some time on the new environment context for development. Fair environment, social and business conditions are bases for fair development. Climate change is accelerating, so are the risks of desertification, rising waters, loss of bio-diversity etc. The human species is threatened with external factors as well as internal ones e.g. war, economic predation, after-life illusion etc. that produce millions of migrants around the world. Is this the world you want?Against the imminent feeling that chaos is on its way, what else could so-called developed countries do but be responsible and help so-called emerging countries e.g. 80% of the world population? Sustainable new models for development should be relevant, designed for all people on the planet to live better from their resources and their work, not only to survive."One way to create jobs in Africa is to develop local markets for local competitive companies… which has been done in the US, China and to some extent in Europe… Another way is to mutualize local companies and help them to be stronger together… to prevent young African people getting trapped into an illusion that global companies are the deus ex machina of their economic issues."[6]This type of analysis could also be made for European Independents, who are more conscious of their possible power and that could start acting upon it.Are independents a potential power? Definitely yes, they are. However, this is not La la land for independents. When there is an overall poor economic growth, you have to find adequate remedies for apparent shortcomings."In the French Textile and Clothing sector, 90,9% are very small businesses and independents."French figures show that 99,8% of the economic structure is about small businesses (less than 249 full-time workers) and 95,4% are very small businesses and independents (less than 10 FTW) for 48,7% of the FTW. [7] In the Textile and Clothing sector, 98,9% of the businesses are SMEs, 90,9% are very small businesses and independents for an estimated 55% of the full-time workers.[8] This is simply huge."TCBL network can help build up a new Gross National Happiness index."Dependence on a major customer, uneasy cash management, insufficient support from banks… but also greater fears of new status and responsibilities, multitasking, working hard… all these are adverse conditions that are imposed on independents.As a network, TCBL could provide part of an answer. For two years, it has been promoting top and varied skills and prevented them from getting forgotten or buried. It has matched talents with real needs in rder to collectively produce higher value solutions at a lower cost, providing full design support to empower all companies and offer people durable close ties.A lot of work is still to be done. There is a demand for invention of new business models so that the Textile and Clothing sector can become viable, sustainable and attractive, as well as repositioned in a virtuous circle. TCBL is a movement. They know where they want to go and they are confident that they can collectively reach those goals. Shall we say that it is an On-going Revolution?References[1] Generational approach to the social patterns of relation to work (SPREW), 2013[2] Enquête Conditions de travail 2013[3] Resources on www.tcbl.eu[4] Observatoire CEGOS, 3000 respondents, 20-30 year olds, 5 countries, May 2012[5] Observatoire APCE, 1024 respondents, 18-29 year olds, 2010[6] Think-tank L'Afrique des idées, www.terangaweb.com[7] France, Insee, 2011[8] France, IFM-Defi, 2015

Tese de Doutoramento em Biociências, no ramo de Biologia Celular e Molecular, apresentada ao Departamento de Ciências da Vida da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra ; The designation Grapevine Trunk Diseases (GTDs) comprises several grapevine pathologies, associated with different phytopathogenic fungi, that by affecting the permanent structure of the plant lead to its weakening and death. GTDs share a cryptic nature with characteristic symptoms in wood and on foliage that may take several years to manifest. GTDs are common to all winegrowing countries and are responsible for significant losses by causing premature decline and dieback in vineyards worldwide. The present thesis seeks to contribute to the improvement of GTDs knowledge in the Dão wine region. In a literature review on the state-of-the-art of GTD research, esca, Eutypa and Botryosphaeria associated diebacks were considered as the main GTDs referenced in adult vines, whereas in young plants Petri disease and black-foot disease were the most common. This review evidenced the esca complex as a major GTD worldwide, with Phaeomoniella chlamydospora being recognised as the most important species involved in the aetiology of that complex. In this thesis first chapter "Contribution for a better understanding of grapevine fungal trunk diseases in the Portuguese Dão wine region", a leaflet and a simple questionnaire were produced and issued to winegrowers. The leaflet, with detailed colour photos of the main symptoms associated with each GTD, aimed to elucidate the winegrowers on the GTDs' theme. While browsing through the information stated on the leaflet, the inquired were invited to fulfil the questionnaire on the presence and relevance of those diseases in their vineyards. The results obtained in the survey represent a first concise indication of the extent of GTDs in the Dão wine region. Besides confirming GTDs' presence, the local winegrower's knowledge on GTDs was improved, concluding that the GTDs situation within that region was a matter of concern. Esca and "Phomopsis cane and leaf spot" were both well known. The esca complex, mainly esca and esca proper, were considered the foremost GTDs within the Dão, although mostly at low frequencies. Botryosphaeria dieback was not as well-known and young grapevine declines were considered lesser problems. In the second chapter of the thesis, "Molecular and phenotypic characterisation of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora isolates from the demarcated wine region of Dão (Portugal)", 68 isolates of P. chlamydospora were characterised for phenotypic and molecular diversity to determine its intraspecific variability and population structure. Morphological and molecular characterisation were performed, and molecular analyses were used to infer phylogenetic relationships. Isolates were in two groups, supported by phenotypic and molecular analyses, but no correspondence was found between the two approaches. Nevertheless, both analyses revealed strong homogeneity among all isolates, despite their diverse geographical origin, year of isolation and scion/rootstock combination, supporting the clonal reproduction strategy described for this species. In the third chapter, "Pathogenicity of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora isolates", a greenhouse pathogenicity assay was performed on two-year potted grapevines, kept under controlled conditions, using 22 of the 68 P. chlamydospora isolates. All P. chlamydospora isolates proved pathogenic, causing vascular discolouration, and being reisolated from those lesions. However, infected plants did not show GTD related foliar symptoms. Most of the isolates included in ITS sequencing "Group 1" revealed more aggressive, causing longer lesions than the ones included in "Group 2". The same tendency continued with P. chlamydospora reisolation frequencies, where most of the plants infected with "Group 1" isolates had the highest fungal recovery frequencies. These results allow, to a certain extent, some inferences relating the potential aggressiveness of the isolates to each of the formed clusters. Finally, in the fourth chapter, the response of Dão most common grapevine cultivars (Alfrocheiro, Aragonez, Jaen and Touriga Nacional) to infection by P. chlamydospora, was investigated. During a three-year trial, those grapevine cultivars were separately infected with three Portuguese isolates of P. chlamydospora. Our results showed cv. Alfrocheiro as the most susceptible, while cv. Jaen was the less susceptible. Variation in parameters like lesion length and fungal recovery from infected spurs within different trial years suggest a relation with weather data. Differences in aggressiveness among isolates were noticed. The results produced in this thesis are now available to the local winegrowing sector, constituting an added value for their activity: a) improved knowledge of the various GTDs; b) a concrete assessment of the situation of those diseases, facilitating the demonstration of their importance to the public authorities and the need to promote their study and control; c) the confirmed pathogenicity of the various isolates studied reinforces the need to revise european legislation on the production of grapevine vegetative propagating material to include restrictive measures concerning fungi associated with GTDs; d) confirms the existence of different susceptibilities to P. chlamydospora infection among some grapevine cultivars; e) provides a decision tool to the establishment of new vineyards and indicates the need to study the genetic richness of the Portuguese grapevine cultivar pool in relation to its phytosanitary behaviour; f) supports and suggests adjustments to the recommended pruning strategies to control esca, specifically leaving longer spurs and avoiding late winter pruning, thus making difficult the trunk colonization by P. chlamydospora. ; A designação Doenças do Lenho da Videira (DLV) compreende várias patologias, associadas a diferentes fungos fitopatogénicos, que ao afetar a estrutura fixa da planta conduzem ao seu enfraquecimento e morte. As DLV têm em comum uma natureza críptica com manifestação de sintomas característicos ao nível da madeira e da folhagem que podem demorar vários anos até se manifestarem. Estas doenças são comuns a todos os países vitícolas, sendo responsáveis por elevados prejuízos que põem em causa a viabilidade dos vinhedos afetados. A presente tese procurou contribuir para a melhoria do conhecimento sobre DLV na região vitivinícola do Dão. Numa revisão bibliográfica sobre o estado-da-arte da investigação sobre DLV, identificaram-se a esca, a eutipiose e "dieback" associado a fungos da família Botryosphaeriaceae como as principais DLV referenciadas em videiras adultas enquanto que em plantas jovens a doença de Petri e a doença do pé-negro foram as principais DLV identificadas. O complexo da esca representa uma das DLV mais relevantes, sendo Phaeomoniella chlamydospora identificada como a principal espécie envolvida na sua etiologia. No primeiro capítulo da tese "Contribution for a better understanding of grapevine fungal trunk diseases in the Portuguese Dão wine region" elaborou-se e distribuiu-se, na região do Dão, um folheto acompanhado de um questionário. O folheto com imagens detalhadas dos principais sintomas que caracterizam as diferentes DLV pretendia elucidar os vitivinicultores sobre o tema e permitiu o preenchimento do questionário e a subsequente recolha de dados acerca da presença e relevância dessas doenças nas vinhas dos participantes. Os resultados obtidos representam uma primeira indicação concisa da situação das DLV no Dão. Confirmou-se a presença das DLV, melhorou-se o conhecimento dos viticultores e concluiu-se que a severidade e incidência das DLV nas vinhas do Dão era preocupante. A Esca e a escoriose foram as doenças mais reconhecidas. O complexo da esca foi considerada a DLV mais importante no Dão, embora com baixa severidade na maior parte das vinhas. Os sintomas de "dieback" associado a fungos da família Botryosphaeriaceae e os declínios de jovens videiras, foram considerados problemas menores. No segundo capítulo da tese, "Molecular and phenotypic characterisation of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora isolates from the demarcated wine region of Dão (Portugal)", caracterizaram-se 68 isolados de P. chlamydospora avaliando a sua diversidade fenotípica e molecular para determinar a sua variabilidade intraespecífica e estrutura populacional. Os isolados formaram dois grupos, tanto nas análises fenotípicas como moleculares, não havendo correspondência entre os grupos formados nas duas abordagens. Este estudo revelou homogeneidade entre todos os isolados, apesar da sua origem geográfica diversa, diferentes anos de isolamento e combinações casta/porta-enxerto, suportando a estratégia de reprodução clonal descrita para esta espécie. No terceiro capítulo, "Pathogenicity of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora isolates", descreve-se um ensaio de patogenicidade em videiras jovens, realizado em condições controladas, usando 22 isolados de P. chlamydospora. Todos os isolados demonstraram ser patogénicos ao causar lesões vasculares e ao serem reisolados a partir dessas lesões. As plantas infetadas não manifestaram sintomas foliares típicos de DLV. A maioria dos isolados incluídos por sequenciação de ITS no "Grupo 1" revelou-se mais agressiva, causando lesões mais longas do que os incluídos no "Grupo 2". A frequência de reisolamento de P. chlamydospora revelou a mesma tendência, tendo na maioria das amostras infetadas com os isolados do "Grupo 1" sido obtidos valores mais elevados de reisolamento. Estes resultados permitem, em certa medida, algumas inferências relacionando a agressividade dos isolados e os agrupamentos formados. Por fim, no quarto capítulo intitulado "Grapevine cultivar susceptibility to Phaeomoniella chlamydospora infection" foi investigada a suscetibilidade de quatro das castas do encepamento do Dão (Alfrocheiro, Aragonez, Jaen e Touriga Nacional) à infeção por P. chlamydospora. Num ensaio, ao longo de três anos, realizado em vinhas estabelecidas, videiras daquelas castas foram infetadas separadamente com três isolados portugueses de P. chlamydospora. Os resultados obtidos revelaram a casta Alfrocheiro como a mais suscetível das quatro utilizadas e a casta Jaen a menos suscetível. A variação, ao longo do ensaio dos parâmetros analisados, sugere uma possível relação com os dados meteorológicos. Foram também observadas diferenças na agressividade manifestada pelos diferentes isolados. Os resultados obtidos nesta tese disponibilizam aos vitivinicultores do Dão informação que constitui uma clara mais-valia para a sua atividade: a) a melhoria do conhecimento das diversas DLV; b) a avaliação concreta da situação dessas doenças, facilitando a demonstração da sua importância e a necessidade de promover o seu estudo e combate; c) a patogenicidade confirmada dos vários isolados estudados reforça a necessidade de revisão da legislação europeia sobre produção e comercialização de material de propagação vegetativa de videira; d) a confirmação da existência de diferentes suscetibilidades entre algumas das castas locais à infeção por P. chlamydospora; providencia uma ferramenta de decisão na constituição de novos encepamentos; e) indicam a necessidade de estudar a diversidade das castas portuguesas quanto ao seu comportamento em termos sanitários; f) sustentam e sugerem ajustes nas estratégias de poda recomendadas para o controle da esca, especificamente deixando talões mais compridos e evitando podas tardias, dificultando a colonização do tronco por P. chlamydospora.

Towards a bio-economy: the role of the forest Biomass has an increasingly important role in replacing fossil and mineral resources, and it is central in environmental impact-reduction strategies in companies and governments, locally, nationally and internationally. The European Union (EU) has recently taken action to strengthen the bio-economy, defined as "…the sustainable production and conversion of biomass into a range of food, health, fibre and industrial products and energy". Two thirds of the land area in Sweden is covered by forests, and forestry has been an important industry for centuries. Increased and/or more efficient use of forest biomass thus has a great potential for replacing the use of fossil and mineral resources in Sweden. There are two main reasons for why forest- and other bio-based products are seen as environmentally beneficial. Biomass is (most often) a renewable resource, in contrast to finite fossil and mineral resources, and there is often a balance between CO2 captured when the biomass grows, and CO2 released when the bio-based product is incinerated. The challenge: calculate carbon footprints Moving towards a bio-economy means replacing non-renewable fuels and materials with bio-based fuels and materials. This is a transition on many levels: technology, business models, infrastructure, political priorities, etc. To guide such a grand transition, there is a need to understand the environmental implications of new bio-based products. This includes assessing their climate impact, so-called carbon footprinting. Carbon footprinting of forest products is not as simple as saying that forest products are carbon and climate neutral by definition. Fossil energy used for producing and transporting the products has a carbon footprint. Also, the carbon balance can differ between forest products, which can influence their carbon footprint. For example, carbon stored in products, while CO2 is captured in the re-growing forest, can mitigate climate change. The modelling of the carbon balance is influenced by the study's geographical system boundaries – national, regional, landscape and single-stand perspectives often yield different results. Forestry can also lead to positive or negative changes in the levels of carbon stored in the soil, the levels of aerosols emitted by the trees (influencing cloud formation), and the albedo (surface reflectivity) of the forest land. An indirect effect of forestry can be increased competition for land, with expanding or intensified land use elsewhere, with positive or negative climate effects. All these factors are potentially important when calculating carbon footprints. There is limited knowledge about how and to which extent the aforementioned factors influence the carbon footprint of forest products. Also, there is a lack of methods for assessing some of these factors. In light of this, can the carbon footprints of today be trusted? And can we ensure that they provide relevant and robust decision support? Our approach: testing three different carbon footprint methods in five case studies In this study, we have: Identified different carbon footprint methods. Used the identified methods to calculate the carbon footprint of different forest products and non-forest benchmarks (using life cycle assessment, LCA). Compared the results to find out how and why they differ. We identified three main categories of carbon footprint methods: (i) the common practice in LCA, (ii) recommendations in standards and directives (we tested the EU sustainability criteria for biofuels and bioliquids and the Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) guide), and (iii) more advanced methods proposed in the scientific literature (we tested dynamic LCA). For dynamic LCA, we tested different time horizons (20 and 100 years) and different geographical system boundaries, based on (a) the national level, assuming a net annual growth of biomass (which is the case in Sweden); (b) the landscape level, assuming a balance between the annual harvesting and growth (the level at which forests are often managed); and (c) the stand level, assuming regrowth during a time period of 80 years (a stand is the part of a landscape that is harvested in one year, a level often used by researchers developing new methods for modelling the dynamics of forest carbon flows). These methods were applied to five forest products: two automotive fuels (a lignin-based fuel produced from black liquor and butanol), a textile fibre (viscose), a timber structure building, and a chemical (methanol, used for different end products). Our findings We found that different carbon footprint methods can give different results. The common practice is close to the recommendation in the EU sustainability criteria and the PEF guide. Results from dynamic LCA differ considerably, as it accounts for the timing of (fossil and biogenic) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and CO2 capture, which is ignored by the other methods. The results of dynamic LCA depend primarily on the geographical system boundaries, but also on the time horizon. When applying dynamic LCA with a stand perspective, we assumed that the CO2 uptake occurs after harvest. Alternatively, one could assume that the CO2 uptake occurs before harvest, which would give different (lower) results. When comparing the carbon footprints of the forest products with products they could be expected to replace, we see that the results for the forest products could range from being definitely favourable to worse. More results can be found in the full report. Results were produced to answer the research questions of this study, and should not be used out of context. Conclusions and recommendations Because there is (still) limited knowledge about how forest products influence the climate, and as carbon footprints will always depend on value-based assumptions (e.g. regarding geographical system boundaries), it is not possible to recommend one specific method which is suitable regardless of context. As different carbon footprint methods can give very different results, our key message is that we need to increase consciousness on these matters. It is important to be aware of the assumptions made in the study, the effects of those assumptions on results, and how results can and cannot be used for decision support in a certain context. More specific recommendations for decision makers are listed below. Further details and results can be found in the main report, along with recommendations for LCA practitioners and researchers. Decision makers must be aware that the main methodological choices influencing carbon footprints of Swedish forest products are the choice of geographical system boundaries (e.g. national-, landscape- or stand-level system boundaries) and whether the timing of CO2 capture and GHG emissions is accounted for. This is because Swedish forests are, in general, slow growing. If the aim of the decision is to obtain short-term climate impact reduction – for example, the urgent reduction that is possibly needed for preventing the world average temperature to rise with more than 2°C – the timing of CO2 capture and GHG emissions should be taken into account. Decision makers must be aware that a particular method for capturing timing (such as dynamic LCA) can be combined with different system boundaries, which can yield different results. When conclusions from existing LCA studies are synthesized for decision support, the decision maker must be aware that most existing studies do not account for the timing of CO2 capture and GHG emissions. This is particularly important when the decision concerns the prioritization of forest products with different service lives (e.g., fuels versus buildings). When timing is considered, decision makers must be aware that there are different views on when the CO2 capture occurs, which will influence the carbon footprint. One could either consider the CO2 captured before the harvest (i.e., the capture of the carbon that goes into the product system), or the CO2 captured after the harvest (i.e., the consequence of the harvest operation). In this study, we tested the second alternative when we applied dynamic LCA with a stand perspective – this does not mean we advocate the use of the second alternative over the first alternative. Decision makers must be aware that the location and management practices of the forestry influence the climate impact of a forest product. For example, growth rates, changes in soil carbon storages and fertilisers (a source of GHGs) differ between locations. Based on our results, we cannot say that the carbon footprints of some product categories are more robust than for others, i.e. less influenced by choice of methodology. However, the more forest biomass use in the product system, the higher the influence of the choice of method. As many interactions between the forest and the climate are still not fully understood, it is important to be open to new knowledge gained in methodology development work. Regarding how to use Swedish forests for the most efficient climate impact reduction, it is impossible to draw a general conclusion on the basis of our results. Factors that influence the "optimal" use are:Which fraction of forest biomass that is used. Various products use different fractions (as was the case in our case studies) and do not necessarily compete for the same biomass. However, a production system may be more or less optimised for a specific output. So there may be situations of competition also when feedstocks are not directly interchangeable. Which non-forest product that is assumed to be replaced by the forest product (if any). The carbon footprint of the non-forest product matters, but also how large the substitution effect is (i.e., does the forest product actually replace the non-forest alternative, or merely add products to the market, and what are the rebound effects from increased production?). If all other factors are identical: the longer the service life of the forest product the better, due to the climate benefit of storing carbon and thereby delaying CO2 emissions. This effect is particularly strong if the aim is to obtain short-term climate impact reduction. Moreover, the effect supports so-called cascade use of forest biomass, e.g. first using wood in a building structure, then reusing the wood in a commodity, and at end-of-life, as late as possible, recovering the energy content of the wood for heat or fuel production. Traditional LCA practice and methods required by the EU sustainability criteria and PEF have limitations in the support they can provide for the transition to a bio-economy, as they cannot capture the variations of different forest products in terms of rotation periods and service lives. Thus, decision makers need to consider studies using more advanced methods to be able to distinguish better or worse uses of forest biomass. We have tested one such advanced method (dynamic LCA), that proved applicable in combination with several different geographical perspectives, but also other methods exist (e.g. GWPbio). Climate change is not the only environmental impact category which is relevant in decision making concerned with how to use forests. Other environmental issues, such as loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services, are also important. There are also non-environmental sustainability issues of potential importance, e.g. related to indigenous rights and job creation. ; The method's influence on climate impact assessment of biofuels and other uses of forest biomass

Aus der Einleitung: Ein Kreditinstitut ist durch seinen Geschäftsbetrieb verschiedenen Risiken ausgesetzt, von denen das Kreditrisiko nach wie vor das größte Risiko darstellt. Das Kreditrisikomanagement hat deshalb die Aufgabe, das Kreditrisiko zu begrenzen. Zusätzlich soll das Verhältnis zwischen Rendite und Risiko des Kreditportfolios verbessert werden. Während in der Vergangenheit der Fokus auf passiven Maßnahmen zur Begrenzung des Kreditrisikos lag, gewinnt in jüngerer Zeit das aktive Kreditrisikomanagement mithilfe moderner Kreditrisikotransferinstrumente zunehmend an Bedeutung. Der zunehmende Einsatz dieser Instrumente ist sowohl für Kreditinstitute, als auch für Finanzmärkte mit vielfältigen Chancen verbunden. Insbesondere die als Subprime-Krise bekannt gewordene aktuelle Finanzkrise zeigt jedoch, dass mit dem Einsatz auch Risiken verbunden sind. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, den Einsatz moderner Kreditrisikotransferinstrumente im aktiven Kreditrisikomanagement von Kreditinstituten anschaulich darzustellen. Neben Grundlagen des Kreditrisikomanagements werden Aufbau und Funktion der modernen Kreditrisikotransferinstrumente dargelegt. Anschließend werden sie anhand geeigneter Kriterien miteinander verglichen. Im dritten Kapitel werden Chancen und Risiken dieser Instrumente unter Berücksichtigung der aktuellen Finanzkrise herausgearbeitet. Im Anschluss folgt die Darstellung aktueller Entwicklungen,besonders der Subprime-Krise. Im fünften Kapitel wird die Arbeit in Thesenform zusammengefasst.Inhaltsverzeichnis:Inhaltsverzeichnis: AbkürzungsverzeichnisVI Einleitung1 1.Kapitel: Kreditrisikomanagement (i. w. S.)2 A.Identifikation des Kreditrisikos2 I.Kredit2 II.Kreditrisiko2 B.Messung des Kreditrisikos3 I.Erwarteter Verlust4 II.Unerwarteter Verlust5 III.Stresstests6 IV.Kreditportfoliomodelle7 a.Credit Metrics7 b.Credit Portfolio View8 c.Credit Risk+9 C.Steuerung des Kreditrisikos (Kreditrisikomanagement i. e. S.)9 I.Passives Kreditrisikomanagement10 II.Aktives Kreditrisikomanagement11 D.Zwischenfazit13 2.Kapitel: Darstellung und Vergleich moderner Instrumente des Kreditrisikotransfers13 A.Abgrenzung zu traditionellen Instrumenten14 B.Kreditverbriefung14 I.Ablauf einer Asset Backed Securities Transaktion15 II.Ablauf eines Asset Backed Commercial Programms17 III.Asset Backed Securities (ABS i. e. S.)18 IV.Mortgage Backed Securities (MBS)18 V.Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDOs)19 VI.Vergleichskriterien19 a.Kosten des Kreditrisikotransfers20 b.Flexibilität des Kreditrisikotransfers20 c.Risiken des Kreditrisikotransfers21 d.Einfluss auf die Kundenbeziehung22 e.Übertragenes Kreditrisiko22 f.Risikoseparation22 C.Kreditderivate (i. e. S.)22 I.Credit Default Swaps (CDS)23 II.Total Return Swaps (TRS)24 III.Credit Spread Options (CSO)24 IV.Vergleichskriterien24 a.Kosten des Kreditrisikotransfers25 b.Flexibilität des Kreditrisikotransfers25 c.Risiken des Kreditrisikotransfers26 d.Einfluss auf die Kundenbeziehung26 e.Übertragenes Kreditrisiko27 f.Risikoseparation27 D.Hybride Instrumente27 I.Credit Linked Notes (CLN)27 II.Synthetische Verbriefung / synthetische CDOs28 III.Vergleichskriterien29 a.Kosten des Kreditrisikotransfers29 b.Flexibilität des Kreditrisikotransfers30 c.Risiken des Kreditrisikotransfers30 d.Einfluss auf die Kundenbeziehung31 e.Übertragenes Kreditrisiko31 f.Risikoseparation32 E.Sonstige Instrumente32 I.Asset Swaps32 II.Kreditverkäufe33 III.Vergleichskriterien33 a.Kosten des Kreditrisikotransfers34 b.Flexibilität des Kreditrisikotransfers34 c.Risiken des Kreditrisikotransfers34 d.Einfluss auf die Kundenbeziehung35 e.Übertragenes Kreditrisiko36 f.Risikoseparation36 F.Zwischenfazit36 3.Kapitel: Chancen und Risiken des Einsatzes der Kreditrisikotransferinstrumente37 A.Aus Sicht der Kreditinstitute37 I.Chancen37 a.Entlastung des ökonomischen und regulatorischen Kapitals37 b.Kreditlinienmanagement38 c.Bilanzstrukturmanagement38 d.Spezialisierung38 e.Vergrößerung der Investorenbasis39 f.Günstige Finanzierung39 g.Verbesserte Risikostreuung40 II.Risiken40 a.Unvollständiger Risikoabbau40 b.Aufbau von Konzentrationsrisiken41 c.Risiken der Kreditinstitute als Investoren41 1.Moral Hazard42 2.Adverse Selektion42 3.Mangelnde Transparenz43 4.Überschätzung der Rating-Urteile44 d.Risiken der Kreditinstitute als Gründer von Zweckgesellschaften44 e.Hohe Anforderungen an das Risikomanagement46 B.Aus Sicht der Finanzmärkte46 I.Chancen47 a.Breitere Risikostreuung47 b.Bessere Marktpreisbildung47 c.Optimierung der Kreditrisikoallokation47 II.Risiken48 a.Suboptimale Risikoallokation48 b.Höheres Gesamtrisiko48 c.Risikotransfer an unerfahrene Marktteilnehmer48 d.Risikokonzentration49 e.Mangelnde Transparenz49 C.Zwischenfazit50 4.Kapitel: Aktuelle Entwicklungen50 A.Marktentwicklung moderner Kreditrisikotransferinstrumente50 I.Verbriefungsinstrumente51 II.Kreditderivate i. e. S.52 III.Kreditverkäufe52 B.Subprime-Krise53 I.Ursachen53 II.Auswirkungen55 III.Konsequenzen für moderne Kreditrisikotransferinstrumente57 C.Zwischenfazit59 5.Kapitel: Zusammenfassung und Ausblick59 Wissenschaftlicher AnhangVII LiteraturverzeichnisCIIITextprobe:Textprobe: Kap. B: Erwarteter Verlust: Der erwartete Verlust ist der durchschnittliche Verlust aus einem Einzelkredit bzw. aus dem Kreditportfolio. Er ergibt sich aus der Multiplikation der erwarteten Ausfall-wahrscheinlichkeit (Probability of Default, PD) mit der erwarteten Verlustquote (Loss Given Default, LGD) und dem geschätzten Kreditäquivalent (Exposure at Default, EaD). Durch die Addition aller erwarteten Verluste der Einzelkredite erhält man den erwarteten Verlust auf Portfolioebene. Die erwarteten Verluste fließen als Standardrisikokosten in die Kreditkonditionen ein. Die erwartete Ausfallwahrscheinlichkeit hängt vor allem von der Bonität des Kreditnehmers und der Laufzeit des Kredites ab. Die Bonität wird seit 'Basel II' anhand eines internen oder externen Ratings bestimmt. Das Rating ist ein standardisierter Vorgang zur Beurteilung der Ausfallwahrscheinlichkeit eines Kredites. Interne Ratings werden von den Kreditinstituten selbst erstellt, während externe Ratings von Rating-Agenturen wie Standard and Poor`s (S P`s) und Moody`s Investors Service (Moody`s) erstellt werden. Ziel des Ratings ist die Einstufung eines Kreditnehmers in eine bestimmte Ratingklasse, welcher dann eine Ausfallwahrscheinlichkeit zugeordnet wird. Die erwartete Verlustquote gibt an, wie hoch der Anteil des bei Insolvenz des Schuld-ners verlorenen Kreditbetrages ist. Bekommt der Kreditgeber bei Insolvenz des Schuld-ners z. B. 30 % des offenen Kreditbetrages zurück, liegt die Verlustquote bei 70 %. Sie hängt u. a. vom Wert der gestellten Sicherheiten und von der Position des Gläubigers im Insolvenzverfahren ab. Häufig verfügen Kreditinstitute über Aufzeichnungen historischer Verlustquoten, welche zur Schätzung herangezogen werden. Das Kreditäquivalent zeigt den erwarteten noch nicht zurückgezahlten Kreditbetrag zum Zeitpunkt des Ausfalls. Dieser hängt vom Tilgungsplan bzw. von der voraussichtlichen Kreditlinieninanspruchnahme ab. Anhang 8 zeigt ein Berechnungsbeispiel für den erwarteten Verlust. Unerwarteter Verlust: Der unerwartete Verlust bezeichnet den über den erwarteten Verlust hinausgehenden Verlust. Dieser stellt das eigentliche Risiko des Kreditgebers dar, da der erwartete Verlust in den Kreditkonditionen berücksichtigt wird. Der unerwartete Verlust wird mithilfe des Risikomaß Credit Value at Risk (CVaR)erfasst und auf Basis des erwarteten Verlustes berechnet. Der CVaR basiert auf dem Value at Risk (VaR) für Marktrisiken, mit dem Unterschied, dass der CVaR den unerwarteten Verlust in absoluten Werten (EUR) misst. Der Value at Risk für Marktrisiken misst hingegen relative Änderungen. Der CVaR gibt an, welcher Betrag des Portfolios innerhalb eines bestimmten Zeitraums (z. B. einem Jahr) mit einer vorgegebenen Wahrscheinlichkeit (z. B. 99,97 %) maximal ausfällt (ausfallorientierter CVaR) bzw. wie hoch der maximale Wertverlust des Kreditportfolios ausfallen wird (bonitätsorientierter CVaR). Verluste, die den unerwarteten Verlust übersteigen, treten demnach statistisch nur mit einer Wahrscheinlichkeit von z. B. 0,03 % auf. Der CVaR beruht auf Schätzungen und auf Vergangenheitsdaten, z. B. bezüglich historischer Korrelationen, Ausfallhöhen und Ausfallwahrscheinlichkeiten. Ein Rechenbeispiel zur Berechnung unerwarteter Verluste (CVaR) zeigt Anhang 9. Der unerwartete Verlust muss mit ökonomischem Kapital unterlegt werden. Ökonomisches Kapital ist eine interne Steuerungsgröße von Kreditinstituten. Es bezeichnet den Teil des bilanziellen Eigenkapitals, welcher im Rahmen des allgemeinen Risikomanagements zur Deckung aller unerwarteten Verluste aller bankbetrieblichen Risiken vorgehalten werden muss. Die Höhe der unerwarteten Verluste bestimmt die Höhe des ökonomischen Kapitals. Das bilanzielle Eigenkapital muss demnach größer oder zumindest genauso groß sein wie das ökonomische Kapital. Vor dem Hintergrund knappen Eigenkapitals, konkurrieren verschiedene Geschäftsbereiche um dieses. Ziel ist eine optimale Allokation der Eigenmittel. Eine Abgrenzung zwischen ökonomischen, bilanziellem und regulatorischen Eigenkapital bzw. Eigenmitteln zeigt Anhang 10. Bei der Berechnung des unerwarteten Verlustes auf Portfolioebene werden Korrelationen zwischen den einzelnen Krediten betrachtet. Ist das Portfolio gut diversifiziert, ist der unerwartete Verlust auf Portfolioebene kleiner als die kumulierten unerwarteten Verluste auf Einzelebene. Das Klumpenrisiko ist gering. Die Risikotragfähigkeit eines Kreditinstitutes leitet sich aus dem ökonomischen bzw. bilanziellen Eigenkapital ab. Je höher die Risikotragfähigkeit, je mehr Risiken kann das Kreditinstitut (rein rechnerisch) eingehen. Stresstests: Der CVaR als Risikomaß berücksichtigt keine extremen Verlustgefahren im Sinne einer Abweichung von normalen Marktbedingungen. Außerdem basiert er auf Schätzungen und Vergangenheitsdaten. Daher sind Kreditinstitute nach der Solvabilitätsverordnung (§ 123) und den MaRisk (4.3.2.3 AT, Anhang 11) verpflichtet, zusätzlich Stresstests durchzuführen. Stresstests sollen die Auswirkungen extremer Marktveränderungen auf die Risikotragfähigkeit (unerwarteter und erwarteter Verlust, CVaR) darstellen. Dabei sollen diese sowohl historische Extremszenarien berücksichtigen als auch zukünftige, hypothetische Ereignisse antizipieren. Ein Stresstest kann in folgenden Schritten ablaufen. Zunächst wird ein (hypothetisches bzw. historisches) Szenario entwickelt. Anschließend werden die voraussichtlich betroffenen Posten identifiziert und aufgrund des Szenarios neu bewertet. Zum Schluss werden die Auswirkungen auf das regulatorische bzw. ökonomische Eigenkapital festgestellt.Einen beispielhaften Stresstest-Ablauf zeigt Anhang 12. Kreditportfoliomodelle: Regelmäßig wird der unerwartete Verlust auf Portfolioebene (CVaR) durch Kreditportfoliomodelle, auch Kreditrisikomodelle genannt, gemessen. Da diese Modelle auch Ausfallkorrelationen zwischen den Kreditnehmern berücksichtigen, wird auch das Klumpen- bzw. Konzentrationsrisiko gemessen. Drei wichtige Modelle werden nachfolgend dargestellt und im Anhang 13 miteinander verglichen. Credit Metrics: Dieses Modell wurde von der US-amerikanischen Investmentbank J. P. Morgan Chase entwickelt und misst das Kreditrisiko in Form des Ausfall- und Bonitätsrisikos. Credit Metrics bestimmt den CVaR anhand von Marktwertänderungen. Die Bestimm-ung läuft in folgenden Schritten ab. Im ersten Schritt wird jeder Kredit einer (internen oder externen) Ratingklasse zugeordnet und dessen Marktwert bestimmt. Als Marktwert eines Kredites gilt der Barwert des noch ausstehenden Kapitaldienstes. Als Abzinsungsfaktor wird ein risikoloser Zinssatz zuzüglich Zinsaufschlag (Credit Spread) je nach Ratingklasse verwendet. Im zweiten Schritt werden für jeden Kredit mögliche Marktwertänderungen aufgrund einer veränderten Ratingeinstufung (Migration) berechnet. Dies erfolgt mithilfe einer Migrationsmatrix, welche die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Ratingänderung von einem in das nächste Jahr darstellt (siehe Anhang 14). Wandert ein Kredit in eine andere Rating-klasse, muss dessen Barwert neu berechnet werden. Schließlich werden in einem dritten Schritt Korrelationen zwischen allen Krediten des Kreditportfolios berücksichtigt, um den CVaR auf Portfolioebene zu berechnen.

Actual importance of study. At the beginning of the 2020s developed world countries and countries which are the leaders of world economic development faced up the challenges of radical structural reformation of social production (from industry to service system) which is based on digitalization. Digital technologies in world science and business practice are considered essential part of a complex technological phenomenon like 'Industry 4.0'. Digitalization should cover development of all business processes and management processes at micro-, meso- and microlevels, processes of social production management at national and world economy levels. In general, in the 21st century world is shifting rapidly to the strategies of digital technologies application. The countries which introduce these strategies will gain guaranteed competitive advantages: from reducing production costs and improved quality of goods and services to developing new sales market and making guaranteed super-profits. The countries which stand aside from digitalization processes are at risk of being among the outsiders of socio-economic development. Such problem statement highlights the actual importance of determining the directions, trends and strategic priorities of social production digitalization. This issue is really crucial for all world countries, including Ukraine which is in midst of profound structural reformation of all national production system. Problem statement. Digital economy shapes the ground for 'Industry 4.0', information, It technologies and large databases become the key technologies. The main asset of 'Industry 4.0' is information, the major tool of production is cyberphysical systems that lead to formation the single unified highly productive environmental system of collecting, analyzing and applying data to production and other processes. Cyberphysical systems provides 'smart machines' (productive machines, tools and equipment which are programmed) integration via their connection to the Internet, or creation special network, 'Industrial Internet' (IIoT) which is regarded as a productive analogue of 'Internet of Things' (IoT) that is focused on the consumers. 'Internet of Things' can be connected with 'smart factories' which use 'Industrial Internet' to adjust production processes quickly turning into account the changes in costs and availability of resources as well as demand for production made. One of the most essential tasks for current economics and researchers of systems and processes of organization future maintenance of world production is to determine the main strategic priorities of social production digitalization. Analysis of latest studies and publications. Valuable contribution to the study of the core and directions of strategic priorities concerning social production digitalization was made by such foreign scientists as the Canadian researcher Tapscott D [1], foreigners Sun, L., Zhao, L [2], Mcdowell, M. [3] and others. Yet, the study of issues concerning social production digitalization are mainly done by the team of authors as such issues are complicated and multihierarchical. Furthermore, the problem of social production digitalization is closely linked to the transition to sustainable development, which is reflected in the works by Ukrainian scholars like Khrapkin V., Ustimenko V., Kudrin O., Sagirov A. and others in the monograph "Determinants of sustainable economy development" [4]. The edition of the first in Ukraine inter-disciplinary textbook on Internet economy by a group of scientists like Tatomyr I., Kvasniy L., Poyda S. and others [5] should also be mentioned. But the challenges of social production digitalization are constantly focused on by theoretical scientists, analytics and practitioners of these processes. Determining unexplored parts of general problem. Defining strategic priorities of social production digitalization requires clear understanding of prospective spheres of their application, economic advantages and risks which mass transition of social production from traditional (industrial and post-industrial)to digital technologies bear. A new system of technological equipment (production digitalization, Internet-economy, technology 'Industry 4.0', NBIC- technologies and circular economy) has a number of economic advantages for commodity producers and countries, as well as leads to dramatical changes in the whole social security system, changes at labour market and reformation the integral system of social relations in the society. Tasks and objectives of the study. The objective of the study is to highlight the core and define the main strategic priorities of social production digitalization, as they cause the process of radical structural reformation of industrial production, services and social spheres of national economy of world countries and world economy in general. To achieve the objective set in the article the following tasks are determined and solved: - to define the main priorities of digital technologies development, which is radically modify all social production business processes; - to study the essence and the role of circular economy for transition to sustainable development taken EU countries as an example; - to identify the strategic priorities of robotization of production processes and priority spheres of industrial and service robots application; - to define the role of NBIC-technologies in the process of social production structural reformation and its transition to new digital technologies in the 21st century. Method and methodology of the study. While studying strategic priorities of social production digitalization theoretical and empirical methods of study are used, such as historical and logical, analysis and synthesis, abstract and specific, casual (cause-and-effect) ones. All of them helped to keep the track of digital technologies evolution and its impact on structural reformation of social production. Synergetic approach, method of expert estimates and casual methods are applied to ground system influence of digital technologies, 'Industry 4.0' and their materialization as 'circular economy' on the whole complicated and multihierarchical system of social production in general. Basic material (the results of the study). Digital economy, i.e. economy where it is virtual but not material or physical assets and transactions are of the greatest value, institutional environment in which business processes as well as all managerial processes are developed on the basis of digital computer technologies and information and communication technologies (ICT), lies as the ground for social production digitalization. ICT sphere involves production of electronic equipment, computing, hardware,.software and services. It also provides various information sevices. Information Technology serves as a material basis for digital economy and digital technologies development. Among the basic digital technologies the following ones play the profound role: technology 'Blockchain', 3D priniting, unmanned aerial vehicles and flying drones, virtual reality (VR). Augmented reality (AR), Internet of Things (IoT), Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), Internet of Value (IoV) which is founded on IT and blockchain technology, Internet of Everything (IoE), Artificial Intelligence (AI), neuron networks and robots. These basic digital technologies in business processes and management practices are applied in synergy, complexity and system but not in a single way. System combination of digital technologies gives maximal economic effect from their practical application in all spheres of social production-from industry to all kinds of services. For instance, in education digital technologies promote illustrating and virtual supplement of study materials; in tourism trade they promote engagement of virtual guides, transport and logistics security of tourist routes, virtual adverts and trips arrangements, virtual guidebooks, virtual demonstration of services and IT brochures and leaflets. Digital technologies radically change gambling and show businesses, in particular, they provide virtual games with 'being there' effect. Digital technologies drastically modify the retail trade sphere, advertisement and publishing, management and marketing, as well as provide a lot of opportunities for collecting unbiased data concerning changes in market conditions in real time. Digital technologies lie as the basis for 'circular economy', whose essence rests with non-linear, secondary, circular use of all existing natural and material resources to provide the production and consumption without loss of quality and availability of goods and services developed on the grounds of innovations, IT-technology application and 'Industry 4.0'. Among priorities of circular economy potential applications the following ones should be mentioned: municipal services, solid household wastes management and their recycling, mass transition to smart houses and smart towns, circular agriculture development, circular and renewable energy, The potential of circular economy fully and equally corresponds to the demands for energy efficiency and rational consumption of limited natural resources, so it is widely applied in EU countries while transiting to sustainable development. In the 21st century processes of social production robotization draw the maximal attention of the society. There is a division between industrial and service robots which combine artificial intelligence and other various digital technologies in synergy. Industrial robots are widely used in production, including automotive industry, processing industry, energetic, construction sectors and agriculture Services are applied in all other spheres and sectors of national and world economies –from military-industrial complex (for instance, for mining and demining the areas, military drones) to robots-cleaners (robots-vacuum cleaners), robots-taxis, robots engaged in health care service and served as nurses (provide the ill person with water, tidy up, bring meals). Social production robotization is proceeding apace. According to "World Robotic Report 2020", within 2014 – 2019 the total quantity of industrial robots increased by 85 %. By 2020 in the world the share of robots in the sphere of automated industrial production had comprised 34 %, in electronics – 25%, in metallurgy – 10 %. These indicators are constantly growing which results in structural reformation of the whole system of economic and industrial processes, radical changes in world labour market and the social sphere of world economy in general. Alongside with generally recognized types of digital technologies and robotization processes, an innovation segment of digital economy – NBIC – technologies (Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, Information technology, Cognitive Science) are rapidly spread. Among the priorities of NBIC-technologies development the special place belongs to interaction between information and cognitive technologies. As a material basis for its synergy in NBIC-technologies creation of neuron networks, artificial intelligence, artificial cyber brain for robots are applied. It is estimated as one of the most prospective and important achievements of digital economy which determines basic, innovational vector of social production structural reformations in the 21st century. The sphere of results application. International economic relations and world economy, development of competitive strategies of national and social production digitalization of world economy in general. Conclusions. Digital technologies radically change all spheres of social production and social life, including business and managerial processes at all levels. Digital technologies are constantly developing and modifying, that promotes emergence of new spheres and new business activities and management. 21st century witnessed establishing digital economy, smart economy, circular economy, green economy and other various arrangements of social production which are based on digital technologies. Social production digitalization and innovative digital technologies promotes business with flexible systems of arrangement and management, production and sales grounded on processing large Big Data permanently, on the basis of online monitoring in real time. Grounded on digital technologies business in real time mode processes a massive Big Data and on their results makes smart decisions in all business spheres and business processes management. Radical shifts in social production digitalization provides businesses of the states which in practice introduce digital technologies with significant competitive advantages - from decrease in goods and services production cost to targeted meeting of specific needs of consumers. Whereas, rapid introduction of digital technologies in the countries-leaders of world economic development results in a set of system socio-economic and socio-political challenges, including the following: crucial reformatting the world labour market and rise in mass unemployment, shift from traditional export developing countries' specialization, breakups of traditional production networks being in force since the end of the 20th century, so called 'chains of additional value shaping', breakups of traditional cooperation links among world countries and shaping the new ones based on 'Industry 4.0' and 'Industrial Internet'. Socio-economic and political consequences of radical structural reformation of all spheres in national and world economy in the 21st century, undoubtedly, will be stipulated with the processes of social production digitalization. It will require further systemic and fundamental scientific studies on this complicated and multi hierarchical process.

Dansk sammenfatning Drevet af affaldshåndteringsdirektivet samt direktivet om vedvarende energi, vil biologisk behandling af organisk husholdningsaffald, såsom madaffald fra køkkener nu blive udført inden for EU-landene. Som behandlingsmetode foreslås bl.a. bioforgasning, der giver mulighed for udnyttelse af både energi (ved biogasproduktion) og næringsstoffer (ved landbrugets anvendelse af afgasset biomasse). Den almindelige praksis for at opnå fraktionen af organisk affald udsorteret fra andet affald indebærer indføring af sorteringsretningslinjer for borgerne med de relevante materialefraktioner inkluderet efterfulgt af separat indsamling af kildesorteret organisk dagrenovation (KOD). Et meget vigtigt emne relateret til implementering af bioforgasning af KOD i stor skala er karakterisering af substratet. Dette er vigtigt for optimering af teknisk ydeevne, f.eks. til at forudsige produktionen af metan og mængden af afgasset biomasse, og også til at bestemme miljøprofilen, f.eks. ved at vurdere den miljømæssige værdi af bidrag fra substitution af fossil energi og mineralsk gødning. KOD er kendt som en yderst heterogen affaldsstrøm og dermed er dens karakterisering ikke en let opgave. KOD indeholder nogle ikke-biologisk nedbrydelige urenheder i de indsamlede affaldsfraktioner. Dette bliver normalt adresseret gennem fysisk forbehandling af KOD, hvor man ønsker fjernelse af en maksimal mængde ikke-bionedbrydelige urenheder samtidig med at tabet af bionedbrydeligt materiale minimeres. Flere veletablerede teknologier, hver forbundet med fordele og ulemper, er kendte, men også nye løsninger dukker op. For at sikre miljømæssig bæredygtighed i sektoren for affaldshåndtering ved bioforgasning af KOD er det vigtigt, at bioforgasning af KOD har en bedre miljøprofil end den alternative behandling herunder forbrænding. Til sammenligning af bioforgasning med forbrænding kan virkningerne af klimaændringer, angivet som det globale opvarmningspotentiale (GWP) i et livscyklusvurderingsperspektiv, anvendes som et kriterium. Det overordnede formål med dette ph.d.-studie var at levere baggrundsdata for en miljømæssig vurdering af gennemførelsen af bioforgasning af KOD i Europa. For at gøre dette blev tre specifikke mål formuleret med hensyn til affaldskarakterisering, fysisk forbehandling og europæiske rammebetingelser: • Karakterisering af individuelle materialefraktioner tilstede i dansk KOD vedrørende deres biokemiske metanpotentiale og andre parametre af betydning for behandling med bioforgasning. • Beskrivelse af teknologier til fysisk forbehandling af KOD til bioforgasning, der er tilgængelige i de skandinaviske lande og give de nødvendige oplysninger til at inkludere dem i LCA-modeller vedrørende behandling af KOD. • Bestemmelse af rammebetingelser, der sikrer den bedste miljøprofil af bioforgasning af KOD vedrørende klimaændringer. Affaldskarakterisering, som inkluderede alle EU-lande, samt beskrivelse af alle tilgængelige forbehandlingsteknologier var ikke muligt inden for rammerne af den foreliggende ph.d.-afhandling. Derfor blev affaldskarakterisering begrænset til Danmark, og kun skandinaviske forbehandlingsteknologier blev medtaget, men det antages, at de genererede data til en vis grad kan bruges til at beskrive mere generelle europæiske forhold, hvis landespecifikke data er ikke tilgængelige. Med hensyn til det første specifikke mål blev KOD fra en dansk kommune (hvor kildesortering af organisk dagrenovation er implementeret) håndsorteret, der blev taget prøver af de relevante materialefraktioner, og en række laboratorieundersøgelser blev udført. Materialefraktionerne inkluderede: animalsk madaffald (AFW), vegetabilsk madaffald (VFW), køkkenrullepapir (KT), vegetationsaffald (VW), støbte papfibre, herunder toiletruller og æggebakker (MF), halm fra kæledyr (AS), snavset papir (DP) og snavset pap (DC). For at opfylde det andet specifikke mål blev der udført en grundig vurdering af en ny forbehandlingsteknologi i Danmark efterfulgt af en sammenligning med de alternative forbehandlingsteknologier, som eksisterer i de skandinaviske lande. I forbindelse med teknologivurderingen blev der anvendt principper fra materiale-flow analyse, hvorved teknologiprocessen blev beskrevet, og der blev genereret LCA inventory data. Blandt de eksisterende forbehandlingsteknologier blev skruepresse-, disk screen- og dispersion-baserede processer repræsenteret vha. litteraturdata. Det sidste specifikke mål blev behandlet i to LCA studier. Det første vurderede potentielle klimaændringer ved bioforgasning af KOD i forhold til forbrænding med enkelte materialefraktioner i fokus, og det andet studie vurderede potentielle klimaændringer ved at optimere bioforgasning af KOD i forbehandlingsfasen af livscyklussen. Baseret på det udførte arbejde opnåedes følgende resultater: • Ved brug af GWP kriteriet var der kun én materiale fraktion - VFW - som altid var bedre ved bioforgasning sammenlignet med forbrænding. For AFW, KT, VW og DP, var ydeevnen bedre med bioforgasning, medmindre den blev sammenlignet med et meget effektiv forbrændingsanlæg. Materialefraktioner som MF og DC var kun attraktive for bioforgasning under rammebetingelser, hvor bioforgasning med kraftvarme og forbrænding med hovedsageligt varmeproduktion blev sammenlignet. AS var altid bedst at forbrænde. • I Danmark er madaffald (både kød og vegetabilsk) og køkkenaftørringspapir de vigtigste materialefraktioner, som medfører nedsat GWP ved bioforgasning i forhold til forbrænding, mens inddragelse af andre materialefraktioner vha. KOD sorteringsvejledninger er af mindre betydning. • Den nye forbehandlingsteknologi undersøgt i nærværende afhandling er en lovende løsning til forbehandling af KOD før bioforgasning og har fordele i forhold til skruepresse, disk screen og dispersion-baserede forbehandlingsteknologier. • Ændring af forbehandlingseffektivitet med ± 10% med hensyn til materiale genvundet i biomassen påvirker ikke netto drivhuseffekten ved bioforgasning af KOD ret meget, hvilket betyder, at andre aspekter, f.eks. økonomi, funktionalitet, eller andre miljømæssige aspekter af relevans kan anvendes til at afgøre valg af teknologi for praktiske anvendelse. ; Driven by the Waste Management Directive and the Renewable Energy Directive, the biological treatment of organic household waste, such as food waste from kitchens, now needs to be undertaken by European Union member countries. Anaerobic digestion (AD), which allows for the utilisation of both energy (biogas production) and nutrients (through the agricultural use of digestion residue) is commonly suggested as the best way forward in this regard. The common practice of acquiring organic waste from other waste involves introducing sorting guidelines to citizens, with the corresponding material fractions included in these procedures, followed by the separate collection of source-separated organic household waste (SSOHW). A main topic related to the implementation of this scheme on a large scale is feedstock characterisation. This is important for system optimisation regarding both technical performance, e.g. by predicting methane production and the amount of residue, and also the environmental profile, e.g. by assessing the environmental value of impact contributions when substituting fossil energy and mineral fertilisers. SSOHW is known as a highly heterogeneous waste stream, and thus its characterisation is not an easy task. SSOHW is also accompanied by non-biodegradable impurities in the collected waste fractions. This issue is usually addressed through the physical pre-treatment of SSOHW, at which stage it is desirable to reject the maximum amount of non-biodegradable impurities while minimising biodegradable matter loss. Several well-established technologies, each with its own advantages and disadvantages, are known, and these sit alongside newly emerging solutions. To ensure the environmental sustainability of the waste management sector when implementing the AD of SSOHW, it is important that the process has a better environmental profile than the alternative treatment being displaced, in this case incineration. When comparing AD to incineration, climate change effects indicated by global warming potential (GWP) from a life cycle assessment (LCA) perspective can be used as criteria. The overall aim of this PhD study is to provide background data for the environmental assessment of a wide range of AD of SSOHW implementations in Europe. To achieve this aim, three specific objectives were formulated regarding waste characterisation, physical pre-treatment and European framework conditions: • Characterise individual material fractions present in Danish SSOHW pertinent to their biochemical methane potential and other parameters of importance for AD treatment. • Describe the technologies currently available for the physical pre-treatment of SSOHW prior to AD in Scandinavian countries, and provide the necessary data required to include them in LCA SSOHW management models. • Determine the framework conditions that will ensure the best AD of SSOHW performance when considering climate change. Waste characterisations for all EU member states, as well as descriptions of all available pre-treatment technologies, were not possible to detail within the scope of the present PhD thesis. Therefore, waste characterisation was limited to Denmark, and only Scandinavian pre-treatment technologies were included, but it is assumed that the data, to some extent, can be used to describe more general European conditions if country-specific data are unavailable. Regarding the first objective, hand-sorting of SSOHW in a Danish municipality (where the source separation of organic household waste has been implemented) was performed, desirable material fractions sampled and a range of laboratory investigations performed. The material fractions covered were: animal food waste (AFW), vegetable food waste (VF), kitchen tissue (KT), vegetation waste (VW), moulded fibres (MF), animal straw (AS), dirty paper (DP) and dirty cardboard (DC). For the second objective, a thorough assessment of a new pre-treatment technology in Denmark was followed by making a comparison to alternative pre-treatment technologies in Scandinavian countries. For the technology assessment, the material flow analysis principle was used, in that the technology process was described and LCA inventory data were generated. Amongst existing pre-treatment technologies, the screw press-, disc screen- and dispersion-based processes were represented by data from the literature. The last objective was addressed through two LCA studies. The first assessed climate change effects associated with the AD of SSOHW compared to incineration, by concentrating on individual material fractions, and the second assessed the climate change effects of optimising the AD of SSOHW at the pre-treatment stage of the life cycle. Based on this work, the following results were achieved: • Using the GWP criterion only one material fraction – VFW – was always better for AD compared to incineration. For AFW, KT, VW and DP, performance with AD was better unless it was compared to a highly efficient incinerator. Material fractions such as MF and DC were attractive for AD, albeit only when AD with CHP and incineration with mainly heat production were compared. AS was always better to incinerate. • In Denmark, food waste (both animal- and vegetable-derived) and kitchen tissue were the main material fractions allowing GWP mitigation with AD when it was compared to incineration, while the inclusion of other material fractions with SSOHW sorting guidelines was of less importance. • The new pre-treatment technology introduced in the present thesis is a promising solution for pre-treating SSOHW prior to AD, and it had advantages over the screw press-, disc screen- and dispersion-based pre-treatment technologies. • Any change in pre-treatment efficiency, such as ± 10% material recovered from the biomass, does not affect the net GWP of the AD of SSOHW significantly, meaning that other aspects, e.g. economy, practicality or other environmental aspects of relevance, might be used as guidance when selecting the technology for practical use.

El uso de plaguicidas destinados a prevenir, destruir o controlar cualquier tipo de plaga, incluido vectores de enfermedades, plantas o animales indeseables en la producción de alimentos , ha tenido un aumento significativo en los últimos años, gracias a los múltiples beneficios que genera tanto a productores como a consumidores [1, 2], entre otros el incremento entre la relación costo beneficio, la mejora de calidad y cantidad de las cosechas o la reducción de las pérdidas en la post cosecha. Sin embargo, dicho aumento puede traer algunas consecuencias negativas para el medio ambiente ya que se estima que alrededor de un 2 a 5% de estos cumple con su objetivo principal, el restante interacciona con todos los compartimentos ambientales [3]. La interacción de los plaguicidas con el ambiente genera varios tipos de movimiento, dentro de los que se destacan la lixiviación, la escorrentía o la volatilización. Cada uno de ellos involucra diferentes partes del ecosistema y se relacionan entre sí, con las condiciones climáticas, las características físicas y químicas de los plaguicidas y con los receptores en el medio ambiente. De la amplia gama de plaguicidas existentes en el mercado, los herbicidas son los más importantes en Colombia ya que alcanzaron ventas superiores a los 14 millones 700 mil litros (55,9%) [4]. El destino ambiental de los plaguicidas es una preocupación importante de los gobiernos, particularmente de los herbicidas por su aplicación directa al suelo [5].En los cultivos de arroz se suman dos características adicionales, la primera es que las malezas son la principal plaga, la segunda son las características anaeróbicas de este cultivo, ya que los rendimientos mayores en producción los brinda el arroz de riego o inundado, siendo el más usado en la zona centro [6]. En el presente trabajo de investigación, se evaluó la lixiviación en columna de suelo de los herbicidas metsulfurón metilo y ácido 2, 4 diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D), para dos suelos en condiciones de inundación, ubicados en los municipios de Espinal y Prado, Departamento del Tolima, mayormente productores de arroz. Los ensayos se realizaron empleando columnas de 30 cm de longitud y 10,1 cm de diámetro. La cuantificación de los plaguicidas en las fracciones de lixiviados obtenidas en la base de la columna se realizó mediante técnicas cromatográficas. Una vez terminados los ensayos de lixiviación se realizaron extracciones de suelo, para determinar las concentraciones residuales de herbicidas en función de la profundidad [7]. Se representó la curva de elución (Breakthrough curve, BTC) de bromuro, 2,4-D y metsulfurón metilo en la columna de suelo saturado de agua del Municipio del Espinal. Se obtuvieron los coeficientes del modelo de transporte en equilibrio (CDE1) y no equilibrio (PNE2 y CNE3) mediante el programa CXTFIT 2. 1 que resuelven la ecuación de convección-dispersión, ajustando la curva obtenida de manera experimental [8, 9]. Para el herbicida 2,4-D, se calculó el coeficiente de retardo (R) en los modelos no equilibrio físico (PNE) y no equilibrio químico (2 site). Se observa que el valor estadístico del coeficiente de correlación (R) calculado fue significativamente igual en todos los modelos con respecto al promedio (2,0750,04), aunque el modelo que mejor se ajustó en las condiciones de nuestro experimento fue el de PNE. Con el valor del coeficiente de retardo mejor ajustado por las ecuaciones en PNE, se determinó la constante de adsorción para el herbicida en condiciones anaerobias (22,69 LKg-1), valor coincidente con el calculado por algunos investigadores en condiciones aerobias [10, 11]. Para el metsulfurón metilo se obtuvo la curva de lixiviación con las concentraciones de las muestras, aunque por la forma y la estructura de dicho gráfico no es posible ajustar la curva a las ecuaciones modelo del programa. Con respecto a la columna preparada con el suelo del Municipio de Prado, para el ion bromuro se obtuvo más de un 50% de la curva de elución; por otra parte no se obtuvieron las curvas de elución para el ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético y metsulfurón metilo, ya que a lo largo del experimento se tuvo un flujo (0,04-0,06 ml/h) principalmente debido al alto porcentaje de arcillas dentro de este, razón por la cual se observó una mayor retención del bromuro y los herbicidas. Adicionalmente se observó que el volumen de agua eluido fue ¼ de volumen de poro, durante 6 meses aproximadamente que duró el ensayo. Dicho tiempo no fue suficiente para percolar la totalidad del trazador ni de los herbicidas. Finalmente se realizó la extracción de ion bromuro en el suelo utilizado para la columna de Prado encontrando un porcentaje de recuperación (suma de los lixiviados y la cantidad retenida en el suelo) de 94,6%. Mediante ensayos de degradación en biómetros, se evaluó la degradación en condiciones anaeróbicas para el 2,4-D en las muestras de suelo tanto del municipio de Espinal como el de Prado, encontrando un tiempo de vida media (DT50) para el 2,4-D de 11,13 días en el suelo de Espinal y 7,4 días para la muestra de suelo de Prado. Particularmente se observa la disminución del tiempo de vida media del 2,4-D con el incremento del contenido de arcillas en el suelo, fenómeno que se explica por el mayor retardo que presenta dicho herbicida en las arcillas, aunque la lixiviación se ajuste a las ecuaciones de PNE y la adsorción no sea representativa bajo dichas condiciones. Por otro lado dichos tiempos de vida media reflejan una trasformación rápida del herbicida en el momento que entran en contacto con el suelo, concluyendo que el potencial de lixiviación disminuye por la disminución de la concentración disponible en la matriz de suelo. (Texto tomado de la fuente) ; Pesticide use for preventing, destroying or controlling any pest, including vectors of diseases, unwanted plants or animals in food production, had a significant increase in recent years, thanks to the multiple benefits generated both producers and consumers [1, 2], including the increase between the cost-benefit ratio, improved quality and quantity of crops or reducing post harvest losses. However, this increase may bring some negative consequences for the environment as it is estimated that about 2-5% of these meets its primary objective, the remaining interacts with all environmental compartments [3]. The interaction of pesticides to the environment generates several types of movement, within which stand leaching, runoff or volatilization. Each involves different parts of the ecosystem and relates to each other, with the weather, the physical and chemical characteristics of pesticides and with receptors on the environment. Of the wide range of existing pesticides on the market, herbicides are the most important in Colombia and reaching sales of more than 14 million 700 thousand liters (55.9%) [4]. The environmental fate of pesticides is a major concern of governments, particularly herbicides by direct application to the soil [5]. Rice crops in two additional features are added, the first is that weeds are the major pest, the second are the anaerobic characteristics of this culture, as higher production yields in the irrigated rice provides or flooded, the most used in the downtown area. [6] In the present research, leaching was evaluated in soil column herbicide metsulfuron methyl acid and 2, 4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) for two soils under flooded conditions, located in the municipalities of Espinal and Prado Department of Tolima, mostly rice farmers. The tests were performed using columns of 30 cm long and 10.1 cm in diameter. Quantification of pesticides leachates fractions obtained base was performed by column chromatographic techniques. Once the leaching tests were completed soil extractions were performed to determine the residual levels of herbicide versus depth in [7]. The elution curve (Breakthrough curve, BTC) bromide, 2,4-D and metsulfuron methyl in the Espinal soil column in saturated conditions was plotted. The coefficients of the equilibrium transport model (CDE) and non equilibrium (PNE and CNE) by CXTFIT 2. 1 program is obtained which solve the convection-dispersion equation, adjusting the curve obtained experimentally [8, 9]. For the herbicide 2,4-D, the drag coefficient (R) was calculated in non-physical equilibrium (PNE) models, and non chemical equilibrium (site 2). It is noted that the statistical value of the correlation coefficient (R) calculated was significantly equal in all models from the average (2.075  0.04), although the model that best fit the conditions of our experiment was to PNE. With the value of the drag coefficient for the best-fitting equations PNE, the adsorption constant for the herbicide was determined under anaerobic conditions (22.69 L Kg-1), which coincides with the calculated value by some researchers in aerobic conditions [10, 11]. For metsulfuron methyl curve leaching concentrations of the samples were obtained, although the shape and structure of this graph is not possible to adjust the curve to the model equations program. Regarding the column prepared with soil Township Prado, for the bromide ion was obtained more than 50% of the elution curve; Moreover elution curves for 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and methyl metsulfuron were not obtained, since during the experiment, a flow (0.04-0.06 ml / h) were was mainly due to the high percentage clays within this, which is why a greater retention and herbicide bromide was observed. Additionally it was observed that the volume of eluate was ¼ water pore volume, for about 6 months of the trial. This time was not enough to percolate the entire tracer or herbicides. Finally the extraction of bromide ion in the soil used for column Prado finding a recovery percentage (sum of the leachate and the amount retained in the soil) of 94.6% was performed. By biometers degradation assays, degradation was evaluated under anaerobic conditions for 2,4-D in soil samples from both the town of Espinal like Prado, finding a half-life (DT50) for 2,4 -D of 11.13 days in soil Spinal and 7.4 days for soil sample Prado. Particularly decreased half-life of 2,4-D with increasing clay content in the soil, a phenomenon that is explained by the longer delay having said herbicide in clays is observed, although leaching meets the PNE equations and not representative adsorption under these conditions. Furthermore these reflect the half-lives of rapid herbicide transformation when in contact with soil, concluding that leaching potential decreases by decreasing the concentration available in the soil matrix. ; Maestría

This case study summarizes the findings of desk reviews and a field visit carried out in January 2011 as part of IEG's evaluation of the 2007 Governance and Anticorruption (GAC) strategy. The case study sought to evaluate the relevance and effectiveness of Bank support for GAC efforts over the FY2004-10 period, to assess the contributions of 2007 strategy implementation, and to identify early outcomes and lessons. This Background Paper is based on findings of the mission that visited Liberia in January 2011. The team is particularly grateful for informative meetings with officials from the Government of Liberia, Bank staff, and members of civil society. The evaluation aims to help enhance the Bank's approach to governance and anticorruption and to improve its effectiveness in helping countries develop capable and accountable states that create opportunities for the poor. Pursuant to this objective, the evaluation assessed the relevance of the 2007 GAC strategy and implementation plan, as well as the efficiency and effectiveness of implementation efforts in making Bank engagement with countries and other development partners more responsive to GAC concerns. It also sought to identify early lessons about what works and what does not in helping to promote good governance and reduce corruption. The Liberia case study is based on an extensive desk review as well as a field visit to Monrovia from January 17-22, 2011. It evaluates the relevance and effectiveness of Bank support for governance and anticorruption efforts since the launch of the Bank's GAC strategy in 2007. It elaborates on a desk review of the GAC responsiveness of the Bank's Liberia program and reviews the following GAC entry points: core public sector reform (public financial management and decentralization); demand for good governance (including social accountability issues); GAC in the road sector; and the investment climate. The case study also examines the extent to which the Bank's GAC Strategy has made a difference in staff attitudes toward addressing GAC issues in their operational work. The mission interviewed government, Bank, donor, and nongovernmental organization (NGO) staff based in Washington and in Monrovia.

The devolution of procurement responsibilities to local levels of government is increasingly occurring across South Asia. This trend is significant because increasingly localized decision-making better enables communities to hold government authorities accountable for the effectiveness of public spending, which can lead to various improved development outcomes, such as improvements in quality of service delivery; greater empowerment and understanding by end-users services supplied through public procurement processes; and improved oversight and accountability of service delivery agencies. The objective of this report is to set out an overview of the strategic approach developed by World Bank Institute (WBI) as a component of the Norwegian governance trust fund (NTF) program `procurement and service delivery: establishing effective collaboration between government and beneficiaries on monitoring procurement outcomes`. WBI received funds under the NTF to facilitate the development of context and audience-specific knowledge products by recognized practitioners and civil society organizations in South Asia as part of a broader effort to create a practical curriculum on social accountability in procurement.

This article raises the issue of leakage or loss of information, which can lead to material damage or catastrophic consequences. The analysis of search devices of secret reception means of information different on the principle of work, and methods of search of secret reception means of information is carried out. According to the analysis, we can conclude that the process of finding means of covert receipt of information at the present stage of society qualitatively development goes to another level. Therefore, the search methods and equipment used for this need to be improved, and the problem of analyzing the means of finding means of covert information in order to identify trends and develop modern requirements for them becomes relevant. Methods of concealing the work of secret means of obtaining information used in their development are studied. It should be noted that today it is much easier to make a digital transmitter, using the modern element base of standard means of communication, than to create and configure an "analog" bookmark on a transistor with positive feedback. That is why the possibilities of modern means of obtaining information secretly are influenced by the latest and promising technologies. The latest means of covert information retrieval (radio bookmarks) have the ability to use a variety of methods to hide the data channel, which significantly complicates the process of finding them. In particular, in the case of their use of combined methods of hiding the data channel. Taking into account the latest developments in the field of hidden information, a complete methodological set of requirements for regional design and creation of modern automated search systems, which, in turn, fully meet the process of modern automated search of digital radio bookmarks. These requirements can be used as a technical task in the design of automated software for searching digital radio bookmarks. Key words: information, radio monitoring, analysis, automated software package, search devices. References1. Anansky E.V.chto such radio tabs and how to find them? (part2) / Journal "Security Service" [Electronic resource] access mode: http://www.kvirin.com/articles/267/2. Krivtsun A.V. The use of new possibilities of the radio monitoring and digital analysis complex of "Kassandra-M" signals for the detection of modern special technical means with the transmission of information over the radio channel [Electron resource] / A. V. Krivtsun, A. V. Zakharov // access mode: http://www.inspectorsoft.ru/article.php?id=3883. Zakharov AV Requirements for a prospective analyzer of Wi-Fi networks [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://www.analitika.info/stati3.php?page=1&full=block_article241 (25.05.2019).4. Vlasov A. Wireless office communication: DECT and Wi-Fi. [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://www.dect.ru/dect.html (05.05.2016)5. Search complexes. [Electronic resource]. https://www.das-ua.com/documents/catalog/search-appliances/search-complexes/page-01.php (05.03.2019)6. Laptiev O.A., Musienko A.P., Sobchuk V.V., Borsuk B.M. Method of selecting the optimal radio monitoring input signal for Fourier transform-based software. Scientific periodical of the Control, Navigation and Communication System, Poltava: PNTU,4(56),2019, С.135 – 141.7. Laptiev O.A., Fedorenko R.M., Berestov D.S. Improving the technique of searching for digital radio bookmarks in the Wi-Fi range. Collection of scientific works of the Center for Military Strategic Studies of Ivan Chernyakhovsky NUOU, №2(66),2019., С102 – 10.8. Laptiev O.A. Methods of detection and localization of means of covert receipt of information working in the digital range. Modern information protection: scientific and technical journal. K .: DUT, 2019. № 2(38)., С 25 – 31.9. Oleksandr Laptiev, Anatoliy Biehun, Spartak Hohoniants, Rostyslav Lisnevskyi, Andrii Pravdyvyi, Serhii Lazarenko. Method of detecting signals of means of covert obtaining of information on the basis of approximation of T-spectrum. The Intelligent Control System for infocommunication networks. International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research (IJETER) Volume 8. No. 10, Oktober 2020, pp 6835-6841 Scopus.10. Oleksandr Laptiev, Vitalii Savchenko, Ivan Ablazov, Rostyslav Lisnevskyi, Oleksandr Kolos, Viktor Hudyma. Method of detecting random signals based on determining the deviations of the main parameters of radio signals. International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering (IJATCSE). Volume 9 No. 5 . September-Oktober 2020. pp.9204 – 9209. Scopus. ; В этой статье поднимается вопрос об утечке или потере информации, которая может привести к материальному ущербу или катастрофическим последствиям. Проведен анализ поисковых устройств секретных средств приема информации, различных по принципу работы, и методов поиска секретных средств приема информации. По результатам анализа можно сделать вывод, что процесс поиска средств скрытого получения информации на современном этапе качественного развития общества переходит на другой уровень. Поэтому методы поиска и оборудование, используемые для этого, нуждаются в совершенствовании, и становится актуальной проблема анализа средств поиска средств скрытой информации с целью выявления тенденций и разработки современных требований к ним. Изучаются способы сокрытия работы секретных средств получения информации, используемые при их разработке. Следует отметить, что сегодня сделать цифровой передатчик, используя современную элементную базу стандартных средств связи, гораздо проще, чем создать и настроить «аналоговую» закладку на транзисторе с положительной обратной связью. Именно поэтому на возможности современных средств тайного получения информации влияют новейшие и перспективные технологии. Новейшие средства скрытого поиска информации (радиозакладки) имеют возможность использовать самые разные методы для сокрытия канала данных, что значительно усложняет процесс их поиска. В частности, в случае использования ими комбинированных методов сокрытия канала данных. С учетом последних разработок в области скрытой информации разработан полный методологический комплекс требований к региональному проектированию и созданию современных автоматизированных поисковых систем, которые, в свою очередь, полностью соответствуют процессу современного автоматизированного поиска закладок цифрового радио. Эти требования могут быть использованы как техническое задание при разработке автоматизированного программного обеспечения для поиска закладок цифрового радио. Ключевые слова: информация, радиомониторинг, анализ, автоматизированный программный комплекс, поисковые устройства. Перечень ссылок1. Anansky E.V.chto such radio tabs and how to find them? (part2) / Journal "Security Service" [Electronic resource] access mode: http://www.kvirin.com/articles/267/2. Krivtsun A.V. The use of new possibilities of the radio monitoring and digital analysis complex of "Kassandra-M" signals for the detection of modern special technical means with the transmission of information over the radio channel [Electron resource] / A. V. Krivtsun, A. V. Zakharov // access mode: http://www.inspectorsoft.ru/article.php?id=3883. Zakharov AV Requirements for a prospective analyzer of Wi-Fi networks [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://www.analitika.info/stati3.php?page=1&full=block_article241 (25.05.2019).4. Vlasov A. Wireless office communication: DECT and Wi-Fi. [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://www.dect.ru/dect.html (05.05.2016)5. Search complexes. [Electronic resource]. https://www.das-ua.com/documents/catalog/search-appliances/search-complexes/page-01.php (05.03.2019)6. Laptiev O.A., Musienko A.P., Sobchuk V.V., Borsuk B.M. Method of selecting the optimal radio monitoring input signal for Fourier transform-based software. Scientific periodical of the Control, Navigation and Communication System, Poltava: PNTU,4(56),2019, С.135 – 141.7. Laptiev O.A., Fedorenko R.M., Berestov D.S. Improving the technique of searching for digital radio bookmarks in the Wi-Fi range. Collection of scientific works of the Center for Military Strategic Studies of Ivan Chernyakhovsky NUOU, №2(66),2019., С102 – 10.8. Laptiev O.A. Methods of detection and localization of means of covert receipt of information working in the digital range. Modern information protection: scientific and technical journal. K .: DUT, 2019. № 2(38)., С 25 – 31.9. Oleksandr Laptiev, Anatoliy Biehun, Spartak Hohoniants, Rostyslav Lisnevskyi, Andrii Pravdyvyi, Serhii Lazarenko. Method of detecting signals of means of covert obtaining of information on the basis of approximation of T-spectrum. The Intelligent Control System for infocommunication networks. International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research (IJETER) Volume 8. No. 10, Oktober 2020, pp 6835-6841 Scopus.10. Oleksandr Laptiev, Vitalii Savchenko, Ivan Ablazov, Rostyslav Lisnevskyi, Oleksandr Kolos, Viktor Hudyma. Method of detecting random signals based on determining the deviations of the main parameters of radio signals. International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering (IJATCSE). Volume 9 No. 5 . September-Oktober 2020. pp.9204 – 9209. Scopus. ; Ця стаття порушує проблему витоку або втрати інформації, що може призвести до матеріального збитку або катастрофічних наслідків. Проведено аналіз засобів пошуку секретних засобів прийому інформації, різних за принципом роботи, та методів пошуку засобів секретного прийому інформації. Згідно з проведеним аналізом можна зробити висновок, що процес пошуку засобів прихованого отримання інформації на сучасному етапі якісного розвитку суспільства переходить на інший рівень. Тому методи пошуку та обладнання, що використовуються для цього, потребують вдосконалення, і проблема аналізу засобів пошуку засобів негласної інформації з метою виявлення тенденцій та вироблення сучасних вимог до них стає актуальною. Вивчаються методи приховування роботи секретних засобів отримання інформації, що використовуються при їх розробці. Слід зазначити, що сьогодні набагато простіше зробити цифровий передавач, використовуючи сучасну елементну базу стандартних засобів зв'язку, ніж створити та налаштувати "аналогову" закладку на транзисторі з позитивним зворотним зв'язком. Ось чому на можливості сучасних засобів потайного отримання інформації впливають новітні та перспективні технології. Новітні засоби негласного пошуку інформації (радіозакладки) мають можливість використовувати різноманітні методи приховування каналу даних, що значно ускладнюєпроцес їх пошуку. Зокрема, у разі використання ними комбінованих методів приховування каналу даних. Беручи до уваги новітні розробки в галузі прихованої інформації, повний методологічний набір вимог до регіонального проектування та створення сучасних автоматизованих пошукових систем, які, в свою чергу, повністю відповідають процесу сучасного автоматизованого пошуку цифрових радіозакладок. Ці вимоги можуть бути використані як технічне завдання при розробці автоматизованого програмного забезпечення для пошуку цифрових радіозакладок. Ключові слова: інформація, радіомоніторинг, аналіз, автоматизований пакет програм, пошукові пристрої. Перелік посилань1. Anansky E.V.chto such radio tabs and how to find them? (part2) / Journal "Security Service" [Electronic resource] access mode: http://www.kvirin.com/articles/267/2. Krivtsun A.V. The use of new possibilities of the radio monitoring and digital analysis complex of "Kassandra-M" signals for the detection of modern special technical means with the transmission of information over the radio channel [Electron resource] / A. V. Krivtsun, A. V. Zakharov // access mode: http://www.inspectorsoft.ru/article.php?id=3883. Zakharov AV Requirements for a prospective analyzer of Wi-Fi networks [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://www.analitika.info/stati3.php?page=1&full=block_article241 (25.05.2019).4. Vlasov A. Wireless office communication: DECT and Wi-Fi. [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://www.dect.ru/dect.html (05.05.2016)5. Search complexes. [Electronic resource]. https://www.das-ua.com/documents/catalog/search-appliances/search-complexes/page-01.php (05.03.2019)6. Laptiev O.A., Musienko A.P., Sobchuk V.V., Borsuk B.M. Method of selecting the optimal radio monitoring input signal for Fourier transform-based software. Scientific periodical of the Control, Navigation and Communication System, Poltava: PNTU,4(56),2019, С.135 – 141.7. Laptiev O.A., Fedorenko R.M., Berestov D.S. Improving the technique of searching for digital radio bookmarks in the Wi-Fi range. Collection of scientific works of the Center for Military Strategic Studies of Ivan Chernyakhovsky NUOU, №2(66),2019., С102 – 10.8. Laptiev O.A. Methods of detection and localization of means of covert receipt of information working in the digital range. Modern information protection: scientific and technical journal. K .: DUT, 2019. № 2(38)., С 25 – 31.9. Oleksandr Laptiev, Anatoliy Biehun, Spartak Hohoniants, Rostyslav Lisnevskyi, Andrii Pravdyvyi, Serhii Lazarenko. Method of detecting signals of means of covert obtaining of information on the basis of approximation of T-spectrum. The Intelligent Control System for infocommunication networks. International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research (IJETER) Volume 8. No. 10, Oktober 2020, pp 6835-6841 Scopus.10. Oleksandr Laptiev, Vitalii Savchenko, Ivan Ablazov, Rostyslav Lisnevskyi, Oleksandr Kolos, Viktor Hudyma. Method of detecting random signals based on determining the deviations of the main parameters of radio signals. International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering (IJATCSE). Volume 9 No. 5 . September-Oktober 2020. pp.9204 – 9209. Scopus.

Trumpai apžvelgus UNESCO apibrėžtas skirtingas paveldo tipologijas, dėmesys skiriamas įvairioms kul- tūros vertybėms, kurios, nors ir nepriskiriamos "pagrindinėms" paveldo kategorijoms, simbolizuoja reikšmingą paveldo turtą, siūlantį, be savo įprastos paskirties, daugybę galimybių, kaip jį būtų galima pritaikyti "netradi- cinėms" pridėtinę vertę kuriančioms paslaugoms. Įžanginiame skyriuje pateikiami pavyzdžiai, iliustruojantys netradicinį kultūros paveldą: istorinis maršrutas "Rytų ekspresas", mėlynasis tramvajus Tramvia Blau ar funi- kulierius Tibidabo Funicular Barselonoje; parkai, sodai ir žaliosios erdvės kaip išskirtinių renginių vietos; ypa- tingos ar nykstančios augalijos ir gyvūnijos buveinės; istoriniai piligrimų keliai Via Francigena, El Camino de Santiago de Compostela ir Camí de Cel de Barcelona; Italijos asociacijos Italian Alpine Club (CAI) organizuo- jami Dolomitų kelias ir kalnų žygiai; kruizai, istoriškai reikšmingi komerciniai ir kariniai maršrutai, pavyzdžiui, Viduržemio jūros ir Baltijos jūros turai, maršrutai į Indiją; tradiciniai šou, koncertai, operos, muzikos / šokių renginiai ir ritualai; sausumos ir jūros augalija bei gyvūnija, kuriai gresia išnykimo pavojus; pajūrio ir pakrančių paveldas, pavyzdžiui, švyturiai, istoriniai uostai ir pan. Daugelyje Europos šalių "kultūros paveldui" gali būti priskiriami ir artefaktai, žmonių atrasti daugiau nei prieš 50 metų. Taigi į paveldo apsaugą gali pretenduoti daug įvairių objektų – nuo pirmojo bakelitinio radijo imtuvo ir pokarinių automobilių iki elektroninės kompiuterių įrangos ir dizaino kūrinių. Jeigu etno- gra nės kolekcijos, daug kartų žiūrėtos kino juostos ir TV įrašai taip pat vertinami kaip papildomi elemen- tai (saugomi jau beveik 60 metų), tuomet visa tai sudaro nepakeičiamą ir saugotiną informacijos "šaltinį", kurį dera perduoti ateinančioms kartoms. Be materialiojo paveldo, derėtų saugoti ir nematerialųjį paveldą, pavyzdžiui, muziką, šokius, ritualus, pasakas ir pan., taip pat naujausią, bet ne mažiau svarbų "ateities" pa- veldą. Apsidairius aplink XXI a. ateities muziejus kuratoriaus akimis, gali iškilti pagrįstas klausimas: "Ar ateities kartos, net ir artimos ateities kartos, sugebės suprasti dabartinės kartos kuriamą turinį?" Trumpai panagrinėjus milžiniškus ir įvairialypius paveldo klodus galima užduoti vieną svarbiausių klausimų: "Kaip užtikrinti tinkamą paveldo naudojimą, valorizaciją ir valdymą?" Nepakanka vien tik vadovautis esamu scenarijumi. Būtina pasirengti susitikti su ateities paveldu, galinčiu tapti tikru iššūkiu būsimiems kolekcio- nieriams ar kuratoriams. Paveldas turi daugybę funkcijų ir daugybę vertybių, tad verta gerai ištyrinėti šiuos daugiamačius ir turtingus klodus, kad būtų galima pasinaudoti visais jų teikiamais privalumais. Šiai už- duočiai veiksmingai ir kokybiškai atlikti yra būtina metodologija. "Verčių" požiūrio taikymas analizuojant paveldą galėtų prisidėti sprendžiant problemas ir užtikrintai pagrįsti paveldo išsaugojimo, apsaugos ir val- dymo strategijos apibrėžimą. Šis straipsnis supažindina su logišku požiūriu, nustatant ir grupuojant platų paveldui priskiriamų vertybių spektrą. Nuodugniai išanalizavus vertybes (pradedant nuo akivaizdžiausių), nustatomos naujos vertybės, kurios yra (tiesiogiai) susijusios su inovacijomis ir technologijomis. Vertybių, kurias galima priskirti kultūros paveldui, kiekis didėja, daugėjant suinteresuotųjų šalių, kurios laikomos paveldo naudojimo, konservavimo ir valdymo proceso dalyvėmis. Priimant su paveldu susijusius spren- dimus ir reaguojant į skirtingų suinteresuotųjų šalių poreikius, šių vertybių apibrėžimas yra lemiamas iš esmės dėl to, kad šios vertybės padeda nustatyti konkrečios teritorijos patrauklumo lygį. Kultūros paveldo samprata remiasi įvairialype paklausa, kurią būtina atpažinti visose sudėtinėse kultūros paveldo dalyse, norint nuodugniai ištyrinėti vertybių klodus, kuriuos (kaip bus pristatoma toliau) riboja skirtingi diferen- cijuotos paklausos poreikiai. Norint pasiekti šį tikslą reikia apibrėžti įrankius bei metodus, padėsiančius nustatyti ir vertinti kultūros paveldą atsižvelgiant į skirtingas jam priskiriamų vertybių perspektyvas. Kie- kviena konkreti vertybė išsamiai aprašoma, kad būtų lengviau atlikti atskiro atvejo analizę. Nepaisant visų nukrypimų, plačiąja prasme aiškinama Europos kultūros paveldo idėja perteikia šias vertybes: istorines, atminties, pilietybės, civilizacijos, pripažinimo, tradicijų, meno, mokslo, konservavimo ir technologines. Suvokti vertybių ir kitų skirtingų dalių esmę yra įmanoma pripažįstant ir veiksmingai naudojant mūsų palikimą, vertinant jį kaip sistemą sąveikų tarp įvairių aspektų: paveldo tipologijos (gamtinės, kultūrinės, . nematerialios, . ateities); daugybės "verčių" (ekonominių, investicijų grąžos, socialinių, kultūrinių, išskirtinumo / unikalu- mo ir pan.); geogra nių ypatumų (vertingumo vietinių požiūriu, nacionalinių, regioninių, globalinių, daugiau- sia nevietinių ir pan.); potencialių naudotojų / galutinių naudotojų (ekspertų, specialistų, kolekcionierių, verslininkų, miesto gyventojų, tyrėjų, bendruomenės narių ir pan.). Didžioji dalis šių vertybių yra "potencialios"; kartais nėra galimybių ar poreikio nustatyti jų piniginę išraišką. Daugeliu atvejų išlaidas dengiantis subjektas nėra tas, kuris daug uždirba iš kultūros paveldo "naudojimo", čia susiduriama su savotišku asimetrinės rinkos modeliu. Visuomenės reikmėms skirto kul- tūros paveldo atveju "verčių" "rezultatais" dalijasi skirtingi vertybių grandinės dalyviai, o kultūros paveldą prižiūrinti valstybinė institucija tarp jų būna ne visada. Kartais visas vertybių spektras neatrodo akivaizdus (bent jau) vadovams arba nemanoma, kad būtų tinkama ar "išmintinga" šiomis vertybėmis pasinaudoti. Tokių vertybių naudojimas nebūtinai turi kelti pavojų mūsų paveldui – kultūros vertybės nesivaržo tar- pusavyje, išmintingai jas naudojant, jos nebus "suvartotos". Netgi priešingai, aiškiai apibrėžus vertybių "vertę", jas būtų lengviau atpažinti ir apsaugoti, suformuluojant bazines sąlygas jų tinkamam naudojimui užtikrinti. Toks scenarijus atrodo kaip visiems naudingas susitarimas: miesto gyventojai gali pasinaudoti visais efektyvaus paveldo naudojimo teikiamais privalumais, o suinteresuotosios šalys – džiaugtis didesniu matomu ir išaugusiomis pajamomis. Sėkmingai įdiegtoje sistemoje būtų numatytas struktūrinis vertinimo procesas, atsižvelgiantis ir į speci nes vertinimo procedūras bei rodiklius, ir į ekspertus, prisidedančius prie šios blokinės schemos kūrimo. Daugeliu atvejų šios vertybės iliustruoja, kaip įgyvendinami lankytojų ir naudotojų lūkesčiai. Raktiniai žodžiai: kultūros paveldas, ateities paveldas, išmanusis paveldas, netradicinės kultūros vertybės, paveldo vertinimas, paveldo valdymas. ; Starting from a quick overview of the di erent typologies of heritage as de ned by UNESCO, the focus is made on a wide range of cultural assets that, even not classi ed the 'main' heritage families, represent, however, a relevant heritage asset that apart from the typical use o ers great opportunities to be suitable for 'unconventional' added value services. The introduction provides a selection of examples concerning unconventional cultural assets such as the historical trans- portation means Orient Express, Tramvia Blau or the Tibidabo Funicular in Barcelona; parks, gardens and green areas as scenarios of particular events or peculiar or extinct habitats of ora and fauna; historic itineraries such as via Francigena, El Camino de Santiago de Compostela and the Camí de Cel de Barcelona; the Dolomites and mountain hiking trails of the Italian Alpine Club (CAI); cruises, commercial and military routes important in history such as Mediterranean and Baltic routes, routes to India; traditional shows, concerts, opera, music/dances and rituals; land and marine ora and fauna considered to be at risk of extinction; maritime-coastal heritage such as lighthouses, historical harbours, etc. In many European countries, artefacts realised by human beings more than fty years ago are also considered potential 'Cultural Heritage'. Therefore, a variety of objects might be enlis- ted for protection such as the rst bakelite radio-set, post-war period cars, the early electronic computer equipment and design products. Furthermore, if ethnographic collections, many times movies and TV recordings are considered the complement pictures (that have already been pro- tected for almost sixty years), all of them constitute an irreplaceable 'source' of information to be protected and handed down to posterity. In addition to the tangible heritage, the intangible heritage such as music, dances, rituals, tales, etc. and last but not least the 'future' heritage should be preserved. If we look around in the shoes of a curator of a future museum of the 21st c., it is reasonable to ask ourselves 'Will future generations, even those of the near future, be able to access the content produced by this generation?' Having brie y explored the vast and heteroge- neous universe of heritage, one of the key questions posed to ourselves is 'How can we ensure a proper use, valorisation and management of it?' Along with the current scenario, we should be ready to deal with the future heritage that may represent a real challenge for future collectors or curators. As the heritage represents a multi-function and multi-value domain, there is a need to explore this multidimensional space in order to fully bene t from its richness. Thus, a metho- 129 130 dology enabling to complete the task in an e cient and productive way is required. Application of the 'value' approach in analysing heritage may contribute to solving the problem and provide a valid support in de ning a strategy to preserve, promote and manage it. The present paper outlines the logical approach for identi cation and clustering of the broad range of the values associated with the heritage. The in-depth analysis of values, starting from the more evident ones, leads to identi cation of a set of new values due to or directly connected with innovation and technologies. The plurality of values that can be associated with a cultural asset widens with the variety of stakeholders considered to participate in the process of heritage use, conservation and management. Establishing the values upon making decisions about the heritage and there- fore meeting the needs of di erent stakeholders is crucial, mainly due to the reason that such values contribute to identi cation of the degree of attractiveness of a given territory. The cultural heritage should be considered a system based on the heterogeneous demand to be recognised in its many components in order to investigate the value space throughout its extension that, as it will be outlined later, is delimited by di erent needs of the di erentiated demand; in order to do this, we need to identify and de ne tools and methods of measuring and evaluating the cultural heritage in the di erent perspectives of the value attributable to it. Each speci c value is outlined in detail to facilitate the implementation of the approach to a single case study. The concept of the European cultural heritage, interpreted in the broad sense and with all its declinations, is the bearer of a multitude of values: historical value, testimony, citizenship, civilization, recognition, traditions, artistic, scienti c, conservation and technology. The matter of values and the other di erent elements actively contributing to the overall appreciation and fruitful exploitation of our legacy might be considered a complex of interactions among the following di erent aspects: • Heritage typology (natural, cultural,. intangible,. future) • Wide set of 'values' (economic value, return of investment, social, cultural, exceptionality/uniquely, etc.) • Geographic range (valuable for locals, national, regional, global, non-local mainly, etc.) • Potential users/end users (experts, specialists, collectors, businessmen, citizens, researchers, community members, etc.) Major parts of these values are 'potential'; sometimes there is no chance or need to monetize them. It happens frequently that the one who covers the expenses is not the one who earns much money from the 'use' of the cultural asset, i.e. a kind of asymmetric market model is observed. In case of public cul- tural assets, the 'e ects' of the 'values' are shared among di erent actors in the value-chain, sometimes not including the public body looking after the cultural assets at all. Moreover, sometimes the full set of values is not evident at least to the managers or it is not considered proper or 'wise' to take advantage of them. The exploitation of such values will not necessarily jeopardize our heritage, cultural assets are not rivalling and a wise exploitation will not 'consume' them. On the contrary, a clear identi cation of their 'values' will help to identify and protect them developing the basic conditions to ensure a proper exploitation. Such a scenario looks like a win-win agreement: citizens may bene t from the fruitful exploitation of their own heritage, whereas stakeholders may bene t from enhanced visibility and inco- mes. The full implementation of the system foresees a structured evaluation process taking into account both speci c evaluation procedures, metrics and a network of experts providing their contribution in a kind of block chain architecture. In most cases, these values represent the ful lment of the present expectations of visitors and users. Keywords: Cultural heritage, future heritage, smart heritage, unconventional cultural assets, heritage valorisation, heritage management.

10/28/2020 Professor Asao Inoue selected for top teaching award – Fresno State News www.fresnostatenews.com/2012/05/01/professor-asao-inoue-selected-for-top-teaching-award/ 1/6 PROFESSOR ASAO INOUE SELECTED FOR TOP TEACHINGAWARD Home | PRESS RELEASES | Professor Asao Inoue selected for top teaching award Previous  Next  Professor Asao Inoue, an associate professor of English, has beenawarded the top teaching honor at Fresno State. William A. Covino, provost and vice president for Academic A􀃠􎁡airs, namedInoue as recipient of the 2012 Excellence in Teaching Award. The Provost's Awards announced Tuesday, May 1, also honored: Amanda Adams, assistant professor of Psychology, recipient of theFaculty Service Award Saúl Jiménez-Sandoval, professor of Modern and ClassicalLanguages, Gradvuate Teaching and Mentoring Award William Bommer, professor of Management, Research, Scholarshipand Creative Accomplishment Award Bryan Berrett, associate professor of Communicative Disorders andDeaf Studies, Technology in Education Award.       Search . SECTIONS ACADEMICS  CAMPUS &COMMUNITY  RESEARCH  ALUMNI  PRESS RELEASES  FEATURED VIDEOS  NEWS SOURCES Fresno StateMagazine  CommunityNewsletter  Fresno State  The Collegian  Bulldog Blog  ACADEMICS CAMPUS & COMMUNITY RESEARCH ALUMNI ATHLETICS FEATURED VIDEOS  ABOUT PRESS RELEASES MEDIA GUIDE ARCHIVES10/28/2020 Professor Asao Inoue selected for top teaching award – Fresno State News www.fresnostatenews.com/2012/05/01/professor-asao-inoue-selected-for-top-teaching-award/ 2/6 Four faculty members received the Promising New Faculty award,recognizing exemplary achievements in teaching, research/creativeactivities and/or service among nontenured, tenure-track faculty. Thehonorees are: Juan-Carlos Gonzalez, assistant professor of Educational Researchand Administration. Elizabeth Payne, assistant professor of Theatre Arts. Jason Bush, assistant professor of Biology. Kim Youngwook, assistant professor of Electrical and ComputerEngineering. Asao Inoue , associate professor of English, receives the Excellence inTeaching Award. He has been at Fresno State since 2007. He approachesthe challenge of teaching high-level writing skills with an innovativepedagogy that emphasizes students' roles in their own education. Hefrequently asks students to evaluate and challenge traditionalinstructional environments and to examine alterna tive teaching methodsthat foster greater individual success. One important aspect of histeaching philosophy is getting students to talk about their writing inrhetorical and re􀃖􍙥exive ways. Inoue's on-campus service includes work asorganizer and facilitator for the Symposium on Remediation in Englishand as a committee member for the Improving Student Writing Initiative,Criterion As sessment Committee. His community service includes work ascurriculum designer, teacher, and program assessment coordinator forUniversity 20 (Academic Reading course), Summer Bridge Program, andthe Educational Opportunity Program. He has active memberships in theCon ference on College Composition and Communication, NationalCouncil of Teachers of English, Asian American Studies Association,Rhetoric Society of America, and Council of Writing ProgramAdministrators. In 2000, he received the Faculty Development SeminarAward. His national hon ors and awards include the Ford FoundationPredoctoral Fellowship for Minorities in 2003. Amanda Adams , assistant professor of Psychology, receives the FacultyService Award. She has been at Fresno State since 2006. Her passion forhelping families who have children with autism drives her to createopportunities for students' development, both as practitioners of appliedbehavior analysis and as researchers that disseminate new knowledge.She has worked tirelessly to develop and secure support for the CentralCalifornia Autism Center (CCAC) on campus. The center pro videsopportunities for students to learn to apply Applied Behavior Analysisprinciples, conduct research, and learn important professional skills.Adams provides important service to the local community by educatingpractitioners who treat autism, families who are a􀃠􎁥ected by autism, andpolicy makers who develop programs and provide 􀃕􍕮nancial support fortreating autism. For four years, she has worked with students to plan and Go Bulldogs  Videos  Social MediaDirectory  10/28/2020 Professor Asao Inoue selected for top teaching award – Fresno State News www.fresnostatenews.com/2012/05/01/professor-asao-inoue-selected-for-top-teaching-award/ 3/6 implement Autism Awareness Field Day. She is involved in otherawareness/fundraising events, including the CCAC Gala Fundraiser andannual golf tournament. She is a member of the California Chapter of theAssociation for Applied Behav ior Analysis and received the Provost'sAward for Promising New Faculty in 2009. Saúl Jiménez-Sandoval , professor of Modern and Classical Languagesand Literatures, receives the Graduate Teaching and Mentoring Award. Hehas been at Fresno State since 2000 and has a well-established record ofexceptional graduate teaching. Jiménez-Sandoval has been a driving forcein the development of the Spanish M.A. curriculum, personally developingand teaching 􀃕􍕶ve new seminars for the program. In his teaching, hestresses the basic human emotions of love, despair, and hope. He isdescribed as a proli􀃕􍕣c thesis director and has served on the Spanish M.A.exam com mittee each semester since his arrival. Jiménez-Sandovalbelieves in students' ability to push them selves and excel. His studentshave been accepted to Ph.D. programs at UCLA, Irvine, Berkeley, Stanford,Arizona, British Columbia, and Alberta. He was the recipient of the 2003-04 Research, Scholarship, and Creative Activity Award. Through hisexemplary scholarship, he serves as a model of the teacher-scholar tostudents and faculty. His public lectures include the 2005 InternationalCo􀃠􎁥ee Hour presentation on the sacred role of poetry in Aztec culture,and his articles include his recent publication on the canonical Mexicancoming-of-age novel, Las batallas en el desierto William Bommer , professor of Management, receives the Research,Scholarship and Creative Ac complishments Award. He has been at FresnoState since 2008. Bommer uses his research on a regular basis in theclassroom. His research spans a number of topics in the 􀃕􍕥eld of manage -ment and applied psychology. Two primary areas of research for which heis known internationally are the areas of transformational leadership andorganizational citizenship. Widely published, his research is impressive.His work is commonly cited in college texts and is regularly assigned indoctoral-level seminars. In the past two years, he has been the principalinvestigator on three di􀃠􎀠 erent external grants. These grants have totaledmore than $600,000. His work has been used for doctoral training in the􀃕􍕥elds of management, psychology, marketing, education, andmanagement information systems. He also served as the outside experton two di􀃠􎁥erent dissertation committees in Australia. Bryan Berrett , associate professor of Communicative Disorders and DeafStudies, receives the Technology in Education Award. He has been atFresno State since 1998. In 2010, he was one of four CSU faculty to beawarded Sony's multimedia award. Berrett has demonstratedtremendous leadership in the use of technology at Fresno State,particularly in the development of online classes. He has established a10/28/2020 Professor Asao Inoue selected for top teaching award – Fresno State News www.fresnostatenews.com/2012/05/01/professor-asao-inoue-selected-for-top-teaching-award/ 4/6 remarkable track record of innovative and practical uses of technol ogy.For example, over the last several years, he has been the recipient ofmultiple Digital Campus grants to convert traditional classes into onlinecourse o􀃠􎁥erings. He coordinates the sign language interpreting program,which now has approximately 30 percent of its coursework o􀃠􎁥ered online.He also has integrated the use of audio and visual multimedia into theAmerican Sign Language computer lab. Most recently, Berrett has beenthe department's leader in converting the education graduate programinto an 80 percent online 20 percent face-to-face format. Promising New Faculty Awards 2011-2012 Juan-Carlos Gonzalez , assistant professor of Educational Research andAdministration, has been at Fresno State since 2009. A skilled professorand scholar, he has fully engaged in service to the university and thecommunity. He serves on multiple editorial boards for peer-reviewedjournals and as a proposal reviewer on a national level. He has beenactive in accreditation activities, chaired the International Committee, andorganized a faculty study trip to Costa Rica. Gonzalez has mentored aMcNair Scholar and worked with the Central California Children's Instituteon research projects. He is an enthusiastic participant in the life of theKremen School and the university as a whole. In addition to his regularcourses, he has taught classes in qualitative research methods and criticalrace theory in education. He has already published four articles andpresented at 23 conferences in the United States. He has also presentedin China and in Mexico. Gonzalez has received numerous awards andhonors, including the Dandoyd Research Award for spring 2012. Elizabeth Payne , assistant professor of Theatre Arts, has been at FresnoState since 2008. A highly tal ented designer, she continues to workprofessionally in theatre in New York and in television, where she hasconsulted on the Conan O'Brien Show. She brings to Fresno State herconsiderable skills in design, teaching, mentorship, and communityoutreach. She is a demanding teacher who has transformed the existingcostume design and technology courses and created new ones, such asCostume History and Design Focus on Film. Seamlessly integrating socialand political issues into her discussion of fashion, she demonstrates tostudents why broad cultural knowledge is crucial to successful designwork. Her classes bring together academics and practical, skill-basedtraining. Payne has also been proactive in generating grants, including aFresno State Enhancing Student Information Literacy Grant, which sheintegrated into her Costume History class. In the area of mentorship, shehas had considerable impact — her door is open to all. She is the recipientof the 2012 Fresno County Board of Education Artist in Residence Grant.10/28/2020 Professor Asao Inoue selected for top teaching award – Fresno State News www.fresnostatenews.com/2012/05/01/professor-asao-inoue-selected-for-top-teaching-award/ 5/6 By llarson | May 1st, 2012 | Categories: PRESS RELEASES | 3 Comments SHARE THIS STORY, CHOOSE YOUR PLATFORM!     RELATED POSTS Jason Bush , assistant professor of Biology, has been at Fresno State since2006. Bush has enriched the university environment through his serviceand demonstrated excellence and leadership within the Biol ogyDepartment, the College of Science and Mathematics, and the university,with service on the Cur riculum Committee and the Graduate ScholarshipCommittee. Bush is one of the leading researchers in cancer andproteomic research. He has made 31 presentations since his arrival.Through Dr. Bush's 20 national collaborations, he has been able to extendFresno State resources to develop a broader and resource-richenvironment for his students. He has received $1.5 million in nationalgrants from 􀃕􍕶ve externally funded proposals, including NIH, AmericanCancer Society, Keep-A-Breast Foundation, Susan G. Komen for the Cure,and CSUPERB. Bush was also a co-principal investigator in the $4.5 millionRIMI grant for the development of a research facility in the Central Valley.In addition to ex ternal funding, he has augmented his research with$120,000 in internal grants. He is a consultant and grant reviewer for theSusan G. Komen for the Cure, as well as an active member of theUniversity of California, San Francisco-Fresno Research Group. Youngwook Kim , assistant professor of Electrical and ComputerEngineering, has been at Fresno State since 2008, demonstrating hisdedication to high quality teaching, research and creative activities, andstudent involvement in his research. He has taught a wide repertoire ofundergraduate and graduate courses focusing primarily on highfrequency electronics. Through online methodology, he provides studentswith the opportunity to learn at their own pace. Kim's research focuses onelectromagnetics and the application of Doppler and ultra-wide bandradar systems to human detection applications, such as security,surveillance operations, and search-and-rescue missions. While at FresnoState, he has published several journal papers and six conference papers.His research totals $167,659 in external funding. Currently, Kim ispreparing a proposal on data fusion and target sensing models in wirelesssensor network environments. He is also serving as a grant developmentchair for the Untenured Faculty Organization and is a member of theProfessional Development Committee, the Honors Committee, and theResearch and Grant Review Committee within the Lyles College ofEngineering.10/28/2020 Professor Asao Inoue selected for top teaching award – Fresno State News www.fresnostatenews.com/2012/05/01/professor-asao-inoue-selected-for-top-teaching-award/ 6/6 SAÚL JIMÉNEZ-SANDOVALAPPOINTEDINTERIM PRESIDENTOF FRESNO STATE October 28th, 2020 | 0Comments TRANSPORTATIONINSTITUTE RELEASESPROMISINGFINDINGS OFCOVID-19 PUBLICTRANSIT STUDY October 28th, 2020 | 0Comments NURSING MUNIT CONTFREE HEALSERVICES OWEST FRES October 27th, Comments Fresno State News Hub isthe primary source ofinformation about currentevents a􀃠􎁥ecting CaliforniaState University, Fresno, itsstudents, faculty and sta􀃠􎀻;providing an archive ofnews articles, videos andphotos, as well as links tomajor resources on campusas a service to theuniversity community. CONTACT US CALIFORNIA STATEUNIVERSITY, FRESNO 5241 N. Maple Ave. Fresno, CA 93740 P: 559.278.4240 Email Us SECTIONS ACADEMICS  CAMPUS & COMMUNITY  RESEARCH  ALUMNI  PRESS RELEASES  FEATURED VIDEOS  Sign up for theCommunity Newsletter Fresno State NewsArchives Copyright 2012 - 2016 Avada | All Rights Reserved | Powered by WordPress | Theme Fusion       

Tuki- ja liikuntaelimistön vaivat suomalaisilla varusmiehillä: fyysisen kunnon merkitys riskitekijänä ja lihaskuntoharjoittelun sekä neuvonnan vaikuttavuus äkillisten vammojen ja alaselkäkivun ehkäisyssä Varusmiesten tuki- ja liikuntaelimistön vaivojen aiheuttamia palveluksesta poissaoloja voidaan merkittävästi vähentää lihaskuntoharjoittelulla ja neuvonnalla. 70 prosenttia varusmiehistä hakeutuu varuskunnan terveysasemalle tuki- ja liikuntaelimistön vaivojen takia asepalveluksen kuuden ensimmäisen kuukauden aikana. UKK-instituutin tekemän tutkimuksen mukaan syynä hoitoon hakeutumiseen ovat enimmäkseen rasitusvammat alaraajoissa, alaselkäkipu ja nivelten nyrjähdykset. Kahdella kolmasosalla hoitoa hakeneista varusmiehistä oli enemmän kuin yksi tuki- ja liikuntaelimistön vaiva. Tutkimuksen yhteydessä varusmiehille toteutetun lihaskunto- ja neuvontaohjelman avulla äkillisiä nilkkavammoja voitiin vähentää lähes yhteen kolmasosaan ja alaselkäkivusta aiheutuvat palveluksesta poissaolopäivät vähenivät alle puoleen. Varusmiespalveluksen aikana ilmaantuvia tuki- ja liikuntaelimistön vaivoja ennakoi huono kestävyyskunto yhdistettynä huonoon lihaskuntoon. Myös vyötärölihavuus, suuri painoindeksi, aiemmat tuki- ja liikuntaelimistön vaivat sekä huono koulumenestys ennustavat tuki- ja liikuntaelimistön vaivoja varusmiesaikana. Yleisimmät syyt palveluksen keskeytymiseen ovat tuki- ja liikuntaelimistön vaivat ja toisaalta mielenterveyden ongelmat. Tutkimusjakson aikana joka kymmenes varusmies keskeytti palveluksen terveydellisten syiden takia kahden ensimmäisen palvelusviikon jälkeen. UKK-instituutti tutki varusmiesten tuki- ja liikuntaelinvaivojen yleisyyttä ja riskitekijöitä Porin Prikaatissa Säkylässä yhteistyössä Pääesikunnan, Sotilaslääketieteen keskuksen ja Porin Prikaatin kanssa. Tutkimuksessa seurattiin vuosina 2006—2008 neljää saapumiserää, joihin kuului yhteensä 2 057 varusmiestä. Tutkimukseen valittiin komppaniat, joihin ei ollut erityisiä pääsyvaatimuksia tai ennakkohakua, joten tutkimusjoukko on edustava otos suomalaisista nuorista miehistä. Lihaskuntoharjoittelun ja neuvonnan vaikutuksia vammamääriin ja palveluksesta poissaoloihin tutkittaessa kaksi komppaniaa satunnaistettiin harjoitteluryhmään. Toiset kaksi komppaniaa muodostivat kontrolliryhmän, jossa varusmiehet noudattivat normaalia palvelusohjelmaa. Harjoitusryhmän varusmiehet osallistuivat tasapainoa, kehonhallintaa, liiketaitoa, lihaskuntoa ja liikkuvuutta kehittävään harjoitusohjelmaan, jossa keskityttiin erityisesti alaselälle turvallisen asennon hallintaan. Neuvonnassa opastettiin, miten alaselän asennonhallinta onnistuu varusmiespalveluksen arkirutiineissa ja vapaa-ajalla. Harjoittelukomppanioissa äkillisten nilkkavammojen riski laski 66 % ja alaselkäkivusta aiheutuvien poissaolopäivien määrä väheni 58 % verrattuna kontrolliryhmään. Vastaavanlaista lihaskuntoharjoittelua ja neuvontaa voidaankin suositella integroitavaksi osaksi viikoittaista varusmiespalvelusohjelmaa. Henri Taanilan väitöskirja Musculoskeletal disorders in male Finnish conscripts: Importance of physical fitness as a risk factor, and effectiveness of neuromuscular exercise and counseling in the prevention of acute injuries, and low back pain and disability (Tuki- ja liikuntaelimistön vaivat suomalaisilla varusmiehillä: fyysisen kunnon merkitys riskitekijänä ja lihaskuntoharjoittelun sekä neuvonnan vaikuttavuus äkillisten vammojen ja alaselkäkivun ehkäisyssä) tarkastetaan Tampereen yliopistossa 22.3.2013. Vastaväittäjänä on liikuntalääketieteen professori Urho Kujala Jyväskylän yliopistosta. ; The core of the Finnish Defence Forces is based on mandatory military service. Although the majority of European countries count on professional soldiers in their defence strategy, the Finnish conscription system has maintained its high coverage: approximately 80% of young men in Finland enter into military service. The purpose of this dissertation was to investigate the occurrence, nature, severity, injury mechanisms and risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) including low back pain (LBP) and medical discharge in physically active male Finnish conscripts, and examine whether a neuromuscular training with injury prevention counseling, designed to enhance body control, motor skills and knowledge of prevention methods, was effective in preventing acute musculoskeletal injuries and LBP in conscripts during military training. First, the occurrence, anatomical location, severity and etiology including injury mechanisms and intrinsic risk factors for MSDs among conscripts were examined in studies I and II. Two successive cohorts of 18 to 28-year-old male conscripts (N = 944, median age 19) were followed for six months. MSDs, including overuse and acute injuries, treated at the garrison clinic were identified and analysed. Associations between MSDs and risk factors were examined by multivariate Cox's proportional hazard models. Among 944 conscripts, there were 1629 MSDs and 2879 health clinic visits due to MSDs. The event-based incidence rate for MSD was 10.5 (95% confidence interval (CI): 10.0–11.1) per 1000 person-days. Most MSDs were in the lower extremities (65%) followed by the back (18%), upper extremities including shoulders (11%), head (2%) and other parts of the body (3%). Overuse-related MSDs (70%) were more than twice as prevalent as traumatic MSDs (30%). The majority (69%) of disorders were classified as minor leading to a maximum 3-day exemption from military training, while mild (4-7 off-duty days) MSDs accounted for 20%, moderate (8-28 off-duty days) for 8% and severe (>28 off-duty days) for 3% of all cases. Fractures, bone stress injuries, dislocations and internal knee injuries represented the most severe injuries. Of the traumatic causes of acute MSDs, falling down (17%) and collision with an object (16%) were most commonly associated with MSDs. Marching and running (36%) were the most common activities associated with overuse-related MSDs, followed by carrying and lifting loads (10%). Predictive associations between intrinsic risk factors and MSDs were examined using multivariate Cox's proportional hazard models. The strongest baseline factors associated with MSDs were poor result in the combined outcome of a 12-minute running test and back lift test (hazard ratio (HR) 2.9; 95% CI: 1.9–4.6). In addition, obesity measured as high waist circumference (WC) (HR 1.7; 95% CI: 1.3–2.2) or high body mass index (BMI) (HR 1.8; 95% CI: 1.3–2.4), earlier musculoskeletal symptoms (HR 1.7; 95% CI: 1.3–2.1) and poor school success (educational level and grades combined; HR 2.0; 95% CI: 1.3–3.0) were associated with MSDs. Further and more specifically, the third study examined incidence, severity and predictors of LBP. Four successive cohorts of male conscripts without LBP before military entry (N = 982) were followed for 6 months. Conscripts who suffered from LBP were identified and treated at the garrison clinic. The cumulative incidence of LBP was 16%. Of those 27% (n=42) had recurrent LBP, while the LBP incidence rate was 1.2 (95% CI: 1.0–1.4) per 1000 person-days. The majority (75%) of LBP was classified as minimal, leading to a maximum 3-day exemption from military training, while mild LBP accounted for 15%, moderate for 7%, and severe for 3% of all cases. Five previously symptomless conscripts were discharged prematurely due to LBP. Conscripts with low educational level had increased risk for incidence of LBP (HR 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1–2.3). Moreover, conscripts with low dynamic trunk muscle endurance and low aerobic endurance simultaneously (i.e. having co-impairment) at baseline had increased risk for incidence of LBP. The strongest risk factor was co-impairment of trunk muscular endurance in tests of back-lift and push-up (HR 2.8; 95% CI: 1.4–5.9). The fourth study examining occurrence, reasons and risk factors of military discharge found that low physical fitness is a strong predictor of health problems leading to premature discharge from military service. Of 1411 participants, 9.4% (n=133) were discharged prematurely for medical reasons after the 2-week run-in period, mainly musculoskeletal (44%, n=59) and mental and behavioral (29%, n=39) disorders. Low levels of physical fitness assessed with a 12-min running test (HR 3.3; 95% CI: 1.7–6.4), poor school success (HR 4.6; 95% CI: 2.0-11.0), poor self-assessed health (HR 2.8; 95% CI: 1.6–5.2), and not belonging to a sports club (HR 4.9; 95% CI: 1.2–11.6) were most clearly associated with medical discharge in a graded manner. The following two studies investigated the effect of neuromuscular exercise (NME) with injury prevention counseling to decrease the risk of acute musculoskeletal injuries (study V) and LBP (study VI) during military service. Participants were conscripts of four successive age cohorts (N = 1912). In the pre-study year, before adoption of the intervention, two successive cohorts of four companies (N = 944) were followed prospectively for 6 months to study the baseline incidence of acute injuries and LBP. Then the group randomization was carried out. In the intervention year, two new cohorts of the same companies (N = 968) were followed for 6 months: 501 conscripts participated in NME (intervention group: anti-tank and engineer companies) and 467 conscripts conducted their service as usual in the control group (signal and mortar companies). A NME program and educational counseling were used to reduce acute extremity injuries, and LBP and disability. The NME program was aimed to enhance conscripts' motor and muscular performance with emphasis on the control of the lumbar neutral zone (NZ) and specifically avoiding full lumbar flexion. Counseling was based on the cognitive-behavior modeling. The aims were to increase awareness of military tasks that could lead to acute injuries or were potentially harmful to the lower back, and to enhance understanding and skills to perform them in a less risky manner. In the intervention companies, the risk for acute ankle injury decreased significantly compared to the control companies (adjusted HR 0.34; 95% CI: 0.15–0.78, p=0.011). This risk decline was observed in conscripts with low, as well as moderate-to-high, baseline fitness. In the latter group of conscripts, the risk of upper extremity injuries also decreased significantly (adjusted HR 0.37; 95% CI 0.14–0.99, p=0.047). In addition, the intervention companies tended to have fewer time losses due to injuries (adjusted HR 0.55; 95% CI 0.29–1.04). In the study VI, effectiveness of the NME and counseling for reducing the incidence of LBP and disability was investigated in conscripts with a healthy back, assessed by a questionnaire and routine medical screening by a physician at the beginning of military service. Altogether 472 (23%) conscripts were excluded from the analyses due to previous LBP. Total number of off-duty days due to LBP was significantly decreased in the intervention companies compared to the controls (adjusted HR 0.42; 95% CI 0.18–0.94, p = 0.035). The number of LBP cases, number of health clinic visits due to LBP, and number of the most severe cases showed a similar decreasing trend, but without statistical significance. The findings indicated that exercise and education to improve control of the lumbar NZ had a prophylactic effect on LBP-related off-duty service days in the military environment, and may provide a target for the primary prevention of LBP. The findings of this thesis indicate that MSDs, especially those involving lower extremities and low back, are common among a population-based sample of Finnish conscripts during physically demanding military service. However, a neuromuscular warm-up program with injury prevention counseling designed to enhance motor skills and body control especially considering lumbar NZ, and knowledge of prevention methods can clearly decrease the risk for acute ankle injuries and LBP. Hence, neuromuscular training programs can be recommended to be included in the weekly training schedules of conscripts. Injury prevention counseling especially at the beginning of military service would help to control the injury risk. A similar neuromuscular training as a warm-up or cool-down program for sports and physical exercise as well as in school sports lessons would offer means to reduce the burden of injuries and LBP, and consequently enhance the positive effects of regular physical activity on health.

The thesis focuses on certain characteristics of the state and of state formation in Malawi, with particular emphasis on the effects of development aid. The methodological and theoretical approach draws primarily on social anthropology. Empirical research included multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork in Malawi during 2009. The thesis consists of three papers for publication in journals, each focusing on different aspects of the state and state formation, and an introductory discussion. The first paper – Chiefs and everyday governance: Parallel state organisations in Malawi – looks at the institutional set-up of the state. In Malawi, this includes not only the formal institutions, but also the chiefs: the paper sees the chiefs as not primarily "traditional" leaders, but as an integral part of the state. The paper discusses some implications of the fact that two seemingly incompatible state institutions, often filling the same or similar functions, exist in parallel and are available both for subjects/citizens and for public offices. People are thus subject to parallel rule: they are simultaneously subjects under a state-enforced chieftaincy, and citizens of a modern state. The position of the chiefs in Malawi has been strengthened and expanded during the last two decades. Ironically, this has been possible due partly to policy choices that have been promoted or introduced by donors, but that have paved the way for the strengthening of an institution incompatible with the liberal democratic values emphasised by the same donors. The second paper – Performing good governance: the aesthetics of bureaucratic practice in Malawi – focuses on bureaucratic practice. In the case observed – agricultural subsidy distribution – the policy of the government (and its donors), of targeting only the poorest farmers, contrasts with local norms for more equal sharing. The public office does not have the authority to overrule local norms, and the targeting procedures therefore fail completely to achieve what they were designed for. Nonetheless, they are carried out with enthusiasm. This may be because of the "aesthetic" qualities of those procedures: they create an image, albeit temporary, of a well-functioning state and a well-organised population. The case is used as basis for a discussion of the role of aesthetics in bureaucratic practice and in state formation, and the role of bureaucrats as mediators between incompatible norms and worldviews: by carrying out the stipulated procedures even when they "fail" – but with primacy to the aesthetic aspects rather than the instrumental effects – the bureaucrats make possible the continuation of the subsidy programme, in the interests of all those involved. The third paper – Making and shaping poor Malawians: Citizenship below the poverty line – explores some observed and some potential consequences of the poverty line. The idea of distinguishing between individuals and households according to a "poverty line" has been introduced in Malawi only recently, partly in connection with the UN Millennium Development Goals. The poverty line as it is applied in Malawi – the national response to the global poverty line known as one dollar a day – in most cases has no local equivalent. But when it is used to identify the intended beneficiaries of development interventions, it becomes of increasing economic, social and political relevance. Those classified as "below" the poverty line have exclusive access to certain state resources. But in practice, by the way poverty interventions are organised, these beneficiaries are also subjected to particular forms of governance, including more intense attempts to reform their rationality and behaviour than what is the case for those "above" the line. By the tendency to organise beneficiaries in groups they also tend to interact with government less as autonomous individuals than those who are classified as above the line. In effect, the poverty line serves to distinguish between two types of citizens – perhaps in contrast to policy objectives of including the poorest as equal citizens. The three papers refer to different academic debates, but they all point to aspects of state formation associated with aid and development. This is discussed in the introductory chapters. The main argument here is that all papers demonstrate some forms of dissonance: here used as a metaphor for the difference between how social phenomena appear when seen through the logic of the state, and how social life is experienced in actual, local, daily interactions. Such dissonance is well known in all states, but seems particularly evident in states receiving development aid. The introductory paper discusses aspects of aid and development that can explain this, building on recent critical studies of aid and development in social anthropology. It points to features that are inherent in all aid, but have become increasingly relevant with the recent changes in development discourse that seem to produce dissonance. Aid can therefore increase the dissonance inherent in all states between reality as it is seen in a state logic, and reality as it is experienced locally. ; Den norske tittelen er Bistand, utvikling og statsdannelse i Malawi. Avhandlingen er basert på antropologisk feltarbeid i Malawi og omhandler ulike sider ved stat og styring, med vekt på hvordan staten påvirkes av bistand og utvikling. Avhandlingen består av tre artikler. Den første artikkelen omhandler høvdingenes rolle. I Malawi er høvdingene en integrert del av statsapparatet. Folk på bygda forholder seg oftest til sin høvding som mellomledd til staten, men kan også ha direkte kontakt med offentlige institusjoner. Det fører til at staten består av to parallelle strukturer som i noen grad overlapper, og artikkelen diskuterer enkelte konsekvenser av dette. Videre viser artikkelen til at høvdingene har fått mer makt de siste to tiår. Det har i stor grad skjedd som følge av politikk som er fremmet gjennom vestlig bistand: For det første har høvdingene fått en relativt sett mye sterkere posisjon fordi andre statlige makthavere er blitt svekket. Det skyldes både introduksjon av flerpartidemokratiet (som reduserte partiapparatets makt) og reduksjon i offentlig sektor samt nye former for samhandling mellom offentlige kontorer og enkeltmennesker (mer mindre tvang og mer rettighetsbasert samhandling). For det andre insisterer donorene ofte på at utviklingstiltak skal være lokalsamfunnsbasert og organiseres lokalt på måter som gjør at man blir helt avhengig av høvdingen for å kunne gjennomføre tiltakene. Paradoksalt nok har altså slike donor-interesser ført til en styrking av høvdingene, som er en instisjon helt inkompatibel med de liberale, demokratiske verdiene som bistanden ellers forsøker å fremme. Den andre artikkelen ser på byråkratisk praksis. Den er basert på et case-studie av et statlig, donorstøttet progam for distribusjon av landbrukssubsidier, og ser særlig på prosedyrene som skal sørge for at subsidierte såfrø og kunstgjødsel bare gis til de fattigste bøndene. Artikkelen viser hvordan prosedyrene ikke lykkes i dette fordi landsbyene, under høvdingens ledelse, re distribuerer de subsidierte varene etter kriterier for mer lik fordeling. Men prosedyrene er meningsfulle selv om de "mislykkes". Det kan forstås ved å se dem som estetiske uttrykk framfor som instrumentelle handlinger. De skaper et slags bilde av et velorganisert samfunn og en velfungerende stat, som gir mening selv om det ikke gjenspeiler virkeligheten. Men prosedyrene har også noen praktiske konsekvenser: Det er i praksis ikke mulig å gjennomføre regjeringens (og donorenes) krav til fordeling av subsidier så lenge disse er inkompatible med lokale normer, fordi regjeringen har ikke kapasitet og autoritet nok til å tvinge gjennom sin egen politikk. Ved å gjennomføre prosedyrene likevel, tilfredsstiller man regjeringens og donorenes krav til målretting av landbrukssubsidier. Byråkratene kan (uten å lyve) dokumentere til regjeringen og donorer at subsidiene er blitt distrubert til utvalgte mottakere, og landsbyene kan omfordele i forhold til lokale normer like etterpå. Paradoksalt nok er det nettopp ved å "mislykkes" – og ved at prosedyrene derfor blir mer estetisk enn praktisk relevante – at prosedyrene gjør det mulig å gjennomføre subsidieprogrammet til fordel for alle involverte. Den tredje artikkelen ser på hvordan staten kategoriserer og klassifiserer enkeltmennesker og organiserer statlige tjenester etter dette. Fokuset er på den såkalte fattigdomslinjen, en malawisk tilpasning til den globale fattigdomsdefinisjonen kjent som "en dollar per dag". En slik definisjon samsvarer ikke med noen lokale skillelinjer i Malawi, men når den brukes til å peke ut mottakere av statlige tjenester, blir den både politisk, økonomisk og sosialt relevant. De som ligger "under" fattigdomslinjen får eksklusiv tilgang til noen statlige ressurser, men samtidig utsettes de for andre typer styring. Det er fordi de statlige tjenestene vanligvis kombineres med spesielle måter å organisere folk på, sammen med forsøk på å endre mottakernes måte å tenke og handle på. Det er en naturlig strategi dersom man antar at årsaken til fattigdom ikke er materielle eller eksterne sosiale og politiske forhold, men skyldes noe ved de fattiges egen oppførsel. I sin konsekvens kan man si at fattigsomslinjen etablerer et skille mellom to typer borgere: De som er "fattige nok" til å få hjelp av staten, og de andre som forventes å klare seg selv i markedet. Målet med fattigdomstiltak blir da å omskape de fattigste til gode, markedsvennlige borgere som klarer seg selv uten videre statlig inngripen. I praksis er det ofte liten økonomisk forskjell på de som er "under" og "over" fattigdomslinjen, men de blir gjenstand for forskjellige former for statlig styring. De tre artiklene representerer dermed ganske forskjellige perspektiver på stat og styring, både praktisk og teoretisk. Men de har til felles at de viser til noen endringer når det gjelder stat og styring, som synes å være påvirket av bistand og utviklingspolitikk. Dette diskuteres i avhandlingens innledende del. Denne diskusjonen tar utgangspunkt i at alle artiklene viser til noe som kan kalles "dissonans". Dissonans brukes som metafor på forskjellen mellom statlige måter å forstå og organisere virkeligheten på, og hvordan virkelighet erfares for folk lokalt. Det gjelder på ulike måter i de tre artiklene: I forholdet mellom høvdingstyre og den formelle statsapparatet, i byråkratiske prosedyrer som synes å mislykkes, men likevel har en funksjon, og i et statlig forsøk på å organisere en befolkning etter kriterier som ikke samsvarer med noen lokale måter å se lokalsamfunnet på. Slik dissonans synes å øke som følge av bistand og utvikling, og diskusjonen tar opp noen sider ved bistand som kan forklare dette. Et hovedargument er at de som jobber med bistand – særlig statsansatte i mottakerlandene – må forholde seg til abstrakte ideer i internasjonal utviklingstenking, som ikke passer sammen med lokale forhold. De kan velge ulike strategier for å løse dette problemet, men alle de mest relevante strategiene synes å føre til en økning i forskjellen mellom en "statlig" virkelighet og lokale erfaringer. Disse sidene ved bistand er blitt større med tiden som følge av to forhold. For det første legger de fleste bistandsaktørene stadig mer vekt på å reformere mottakeren, som representerer bredere og mer kompliserte utviklingsmål enn om hovedvekten er å overføre ressurser. For det andre har man nå mer fokus på spesifikke kategorier av enkeltmennesker framfor å se på fattige land og samfunn under ett. Begge disse utviklingstrekk fører til økt behov for å jobbe med aggregert, abstrakt informasjon, framfor spesifikk kunnskap om mottakerne og deres omgivelser. Det gjør at avstanden mellom abstrakte ideer og opplevd virkelighet blir større.

RIJEČ UREDNIŠTVAZa ovogodišnje lipanjske Dane hrvatskoga šumarstva održana je panel rasprava o trenutnoj situaciji u šumama Hrvatske. Naziv rasprave bio je "Hoće li nas šume nadživjeti?". Svrha skupa bila je informirati širu javnost o stanju šumskih ekosustava, ali i o promjenama koje se događaju u njima. Govori li sam naziv skupa dovoljno o ozbiljnosti situacije u kojoj se nalaze naše šume? Promijenjeni klimatski uvjeti koji vladaju na početku 21. stoljeća, donijeli su mnogo neprilika u šumama posljednjih pet godina. Tome treba pribrojiti i nikad veću trgovačku globalizaciju, što doprinosi bržem i lakšem širenju invazivnih vrsta bolesti i štetnika. Danas gotovo da nema ni jedne značajnije šumske vrste drveća koja nema svojih problema. Šume Gorskog kotara sastavljene od jele, bukve i smreke stradale su uslijed klimatskih ekstrema, a potom potkornjaka, nizinske šume hrasta lužnjaka napadnute su hrastovom mrežastom stjenicom, a šume poljskog jasena ubrzano propadaju uslijed više čimbenika, posebice Halare, dok dalmatinske borove šume ozbiljno ugrožava borov potkornjak. Tu su i šumski požari nakon kojih uslijed erozija nestaje i šumsko tlo, što umnogome onemogućuje sanaciju i vodi degradaciji šume. Tako ugroženim šumama smanjuju se financijska sredstva za njihov zaštitu i obnovu, što je sad i definitivno ozakonjeno Zakonom o šumama (NN 68/2018) koji je stupio na snagu 4. kolovoza 2018. O prijedlogu zakona pisali smo u Šumarskom listu 5-6/2018. Saborska rasprava nije donijela zaokret u odnosu na zakonski prijedlog koji je usvojila Vlada Republike Hrvatske. Zakon je ustvari na tragu programa Vlade RH za područje gospodarstva, poljoprivrede i ruralnog razvoja iz listopada 2016. godine. Šumarstvo se u tom programu spominje u potpoglavlju "Aktivno upravljanje šumama, veća proizvodnja i više radnih mjesta u domaćoj drvnoj industriji" s rečenicom: Izmjenom zakonske regulative Vlada će poboljšati i otkloniti poteškoće u načinu raspolaganja šumama i šumskim zemljištima, provoditi razminiranje šuma i šumskog zemljišta, sprječavati ilegalne sječe i trgovine i poticati razvoj domaće drvne industrije koja proizvodi drvni proizvod. Smatramo da takav program baš i nije poticajan za šume i šumska zemljišta. Razminiranje je svakako unaprjeđenje u upravljanju i gospodarenju šumama koje se provodi godinama, kao i najavljeno sprječavanje ilegalne sječe i trgovine, samo za to nema dovoljno pozitivnih pokazatelja, jer je takva djelatnost postala jako unosna na štetu šume i šumovlasnika / šumoposjednika. Početkom godine donesen je i Zakon o poljoprivrednom zemljištu (NN 20/2018, na snazi od 9. ožujka 2018.) koji je propisao, kao i Zakon o šumama, izdvajanje iz šumsko-gospodarske osnove zapuštenog poljoprivrednog zemljišta koje se može privesti poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji i mogućnost davanja takvog zemljišta sukladno Programu raspolaganja u zakup ili prodaju. Omogućeno je i za zemljišta izvan građevinskog područja koja se u katastru vode kao poljoprivredna zemljišta, a u pravilu su zapuštena, da se uključe u šumskogospodarsko područje, jer su troškovi njihovog privođenja poljoprivrednoj namjeni veći od tržišne vrijednosti ili ukupnog iznosa zakupnine toga zemljišta. Ove odredbe trebale bi napokon omogućiti svrsishodnu raspodjelu zemljišta na poljoprivredno i šumsko te njihovo stvarno korištenje. Novi Zakon o šumama uvažio je višegodišnje primjedbe obveznika plaćanja naknade za općekorisne funkcije šuma (OKFŠ), što je u javnosti i medijima često prvo bilo na udaru kao nepotreban i neshvaćen "parafiskalni" namet. Sad se 90 % dosadašnjih obveznika (oko 180 tisuća) izuzima iz plaćanja naknade, jer je prag za obvezu plaćanja godišnji prihod ili primitak veći od 3 milijuna kuna uz zadržanu visinu stope naknade od 0,0265 %. Uvaženo je i traženje jedinica lokalne samouprave o povećanju stopa šumskog doprinosa, pa su one povećane s 3,5 % na 5 % i za jedinice na potpomognutim područjima s 5 % na 10 % prodajne cijene proizvoda na panju. Zakon je uveo i definiciju šumoposjednika: javni šumoposjednik ovlašten za gospodarenje šumom i/ili šumskim zemljištem u vlasništvu Republike Hrvatske, javna ustanova čiji je osnivač Republika Hrvatska i njezine znanstveno-nastavne sastavnice, koje svoju znanstveno-nastavnu djelatnost i znanstvenoistraživački rad obavljaju iz područja šumarstva, pravna osoba čiji je osnivač i vlasnik jedinica lokalne samouprave, a kojoj se odlukom Vlade povjerava gospodarenje te privatni šumoposjednik s podjelom na male (do 20 ha šume i/ili šumskog zemljišta), srednje (od 20 do 300 ha) i velike (većim od 300 ha) šumoposjednike. Za šumskogospodarsko područje ustanovljuje se Registar pri Ministarstvu koji se vodi u elektroničkom obliku, a bit će dostupan pod određenim uvjetima. Registar će sadržavati i dio za izvješćivanje potreban za ispunjavanja međunarodnih i nacionalnih obveza iz sektora šumarstva. Zakon predviđa i izdvajanje namjenskih sredstva u poseban fond za razvoj drvne industrije, što je također jedna od predviđenih aktivnosti u programu Vlade iz 2016. godine.Novi Zakon o šumama pokušao je uvažiti razne promjene koje su se dogodile od donošenja prošloga zakona iz 2005. godine, a koje su nivelirane izmjenama i dopunama kroz proteklih 13 godina, njih ukupno osam. Pokušao se uskladiti i s drugim zakonima iz područja poljoprivrede, zaštite pri­ro­de i okoliša, te strategije EU za šume i sektor koji se temelji na šumama. Potrebno je još uskladiti i donijeti sve podzakonske akte vezane uz zakon.Pitamo se hoće li odredbe novog Zakona o šumama biti na tragu rješavanja nagomilanih problema u šumama Hrvatske?Uredništvo ; EDITORIALA panel addressing the current condition of Croatian forests was organized on the occasion of Days of Croatian Forestry that were held in June 2018. The title of the discussion was "Will forests outlive mankind?" The purpose of the panel was to inform broader public of the condition of forest ecosystems, as well as of the changes taking place in them. Does the title of the panel reflect the seriousness of the danger facing our forests? In the last five years, changed climate conditions occurring at the beginning of the 21st century have inflicted major problems to the forests. Add to this general market globalisation, which contributes to the faster and easier spread of invasive diseases and pests. There is not one important forest tree species today that does not have problems. Forests of Gorski Kotar, which are composed of fir, beech, and spruce, have succumbed to climatic extremes and to attacks of bark beetles. Lowland forests of pedunculate oak are infested with the oak lace bug, while forests of narrow-leaved ash are rapidly deteriorating under the cumulative action of several factors, particularly Halare. Dalmatian pine forests are severely threatened by the pine bark beetle. Forest fires also cause extensive damage. The subsequent erosions lead to the loss of forest soils, which greatly hinders recovery and contributes to the degradation of forests. The financial means needed to protect and regenerate such forests are being minimized and this has now definitely been incorporated in the new Forest Act (Official Gazette 68/2018), which came into effect on August 4th, 2018. A parliamentary discussion did not bring about any changes with regard to the proposed act, which was adopted by the Government of the Republic of Croatia. The Act in fact follows the Government programme for the field of economy, agriculture and rural development of October 2016. In the said programme forestry is addressed in the sub-chapter "Active management of forests, higher production and more work places in the domestic wood industry" with the following sentence: By changing legal regulations, the Government will remove obstacles and improve ways of managing forests and forest land. It will also undertake demining operations in forests and forest land, prevent illegal felling and trade and stimulate the development of domestic wood industry which produces wood products. In our opinion, such programme is not really stimulative for forests and forest land. Demining is certainly an improvement in the management of forests and it has been carried out for years, and so is the announced prevention of illegal felling and trade. However, there are not enough positive indicators for this, since these activities have become very profitable at the detriment of forests and forest owners. At the beginning of the year the Agricultural Land Act was passed (Official Gazette 20/2018, in effect since March 9th, 2018), which regulated, as did the Forest Act, the exclusion of abandoned agricultural land from the forest-management plan and its conversion to agricultural production, as well as the possibility of leasing or selling such land in accordance with the Disposition Programme. The Act also allows for the land outside construction areas, which is listed as agricultural land in the land register but is abandoned in reality, to be included in the forest-management area, since the cost of converting the land for agricultural purposes is higher than the market value or the total amount of rent for such land. These provisions should finally enable a rational division of land into agricultural and forest land, and consequently its proper usage. The new Forest Act has also adopted long-lasting objections made by those obliged to pay a non-market forest function fee. The public and the media often harshly criticized this fee as an unnecessary and incomprehensible "parafiscal" tax. Now, 90% of those obliged to pay the fee (about 180 thousand subjects) are exempt from paying the fee, since the threshold for the obligation has been set down at an annual income or profit higher than 3 million kuna, while the rate of the fee has been retained at 0.0265 %. Demands by local self-management units to raise the rate of forest contribution have also been adopted, and it has accordingly been raised from 3.5 % to 5 %, while for units in subsidized areas it has been raised from 5 % to 10 % of the selling price of the product before felling. The Act also defines a forest owner: a public forest owner authorized to manage a forest and/or forest land owned by the Republic of Croatia, a public institution whose founder is the Republic of Croatia and its scientific-teaching components which carry out their scientific-teaching activity and scientific-research work in the field of forestry, a legal person whose founder and owner is the local self-management unit and which is entrusted with management by a Government decision, and a private forest owner. Private forest owners are divided into small (up to 20 ha of forests and/or forest land), medium (from 20 to 300 ha) and large (more than 300 ha) forest owners. A Register of a forest-management area in the electronic form will be established by the Ministry, and it will be available under certain conditions. The Register will contain a reporting part needed to fulfil international and national obligations in the forestry sector. The Act also provides for the allocation of earmarked means into a special fund for the development of the wood industry, which is also one of the activities in the Government programme from 2016. The new Forest Act has attempted to incorporate different changes taking place since the previous Act of 2005 was passed. There have been a total of eight changes, which have been adjusted by revisions and amendments over the past 13 years. The Act is also coordinated with other laws from the field of agriculture, nature and environment protection, and the EU strategy for forests and forest-based sector. All by-laws related to the Act need to be coordinated and passed.We wonder whether the regulations of the new Forest Act will try to solve the growing problems in the forests of Croatia. Editorial Board