Fourth World theory is a methodology for examining and developing greater understanding of the extent of the distress and abandonment commonly found in the cores of American cities resulting from de-industrialization, historic segregation and discrimination patterns, suburban sprawl, erosion of a viable tax base, racism, inability to embrace the concept of desegregation and civil rights legislation, fear, despair, crumbling infrastructure systems, disinvestment in urban school systems, and environmental justice issues. This article uses the analytical lens of Fourth World theory to examine how such structural and cultural forces contributed to the severely distressed conditions now found in the city of Gary, Indiana. Tracking its one-hundred-year history, from its founding as an industrial town through its post-industrial decline occurring during the city's first African-American mayor's five terms in office, the methodology clearly demonstrates how the social construction of race has systematically undermined every aspect of Gary's overall quality of life. To illustrate that this city is not an anomaly but rather reflects a typical pattern of disparity and uneven development arising from racist practices, Gary is compared to other cities of similar size and also to the much larger Detroit. The article triangulates academic literature, news media archives, and an oral history provided by the mayor to show how Gary evolved from being a model industrial city to a cauldron of racial disparity. The paper concludes by arguing that continued absence of reflection on the nation's historical racialization of place threatens not just impoverished communities of color, but also the sustainability of the entire nation.
En el presente trabajo analizamos los problemas a los que se enfrentan los Poderes Legislativos Nacionales a la hora de maximizar su influencia en los procesos de toma de decisiones a nivel regional para incidir así sobre la dirección y la marcha del proceso de integración. Abordando el caso del MERCOSUR, nos centramos en tres aspectos: lo que denominamos insuficiencias estructurales, derivadas en parte del rol subordinado asignado a los Poderes Legislativos por los Tratados fundantes del proceso de integración; las asimetrías relativas de poder y de capacidades entre Poderes Legislativos y Poderes Ejecutivos y, por último, los problemas derivados de la manera en que los Poderes Legislativos han enfrentado las limitaciones señaladas de manera de optimizar su participación. ; This work analyzes the problems faced by the National Legislative Powers when it comes to maximizing and/or empowering its influence on the decision making processes at a regional level to influence on the integration process management. We focus on three aspects we consider fundamental: what we call "structural insufficiency", derived partly from the subordinated role assigned to the Legislative Powers by the main Treaties of the integration process; the relative asymmetries of power and capabilities among Legislative Powers and Executive Powers and, finally, the problems stemming from the way the Legislative Powers have faced the stated limitations so as to optimize its participation in the integration. ; Fil: Ramos, Hugo. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias. Centro de Estudios Sociales Interdiciplinarios del Litoral; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina
There are various causal and contributing factors for radicalisation, depending on the unique perceptions of each individual, society, or region. This thesis seeks to find out causal factors radicalising the young population in south-eastern Turkey, through semi-structured interviews and non-participant observation. Radicalisation is being handled critically in this thesis. It is not always supposed to cause a problem. Radicalisation might have 'benign' aspects in transforming society and personal perspectives. 'Why does the youth radicalise?'; 'What are the conditions or motivations pushing the young population to the point of radicalisation?'; 'Do they radicalise or get radicalised by the circumstances?' Here it is the thesis undertakes to find out the answers to such questions.
The paper presents a series of arguments which indicate that significant historiographic works describing and analyzing bygone political phenomena as well the literary works which picturesquely depict political situations and human destinies - with their specific approaches and methods - contribute to the better insight and understanding of the phenomena in the political life which philosophy and social sciences express by notions. Social and political life have their bright and dark sides. It is less arguable that political sciences - in the study of phenomena included in their topic -find great help in history, if it is - as Leopold von Ranke advised - oriented only to "show what really happened". Historical studies, specially the ones of the socalled great historians, present to us the images of the situation in a certain period or event with all significant details and contribute to the understanding of that phenomenon, helping to clarify its essence. Thus for example, Appian's Roman Civil Wars or Tacitus' descriptions in The Annals of the suffering of the innocent victims in the power struggle during civil wars and during the ferocious persecution of Christians -innocent, but accused of all possible crimes. What astonishes the reader is the grea similarity between the phenomena, processes, actions happening two millennia ago and in the 20th century. Philosopher and political thinkers (like Aristotle), but also some historians (like Thucydides) offer explanations why some patterns repeat and why they would "keep repeating". In Khalil Inalcik's work, we find detailed descriptions of brutal mutual killings among the sons of the majority of the Turkish sultans in the power struggle after their fathers' death. Generalizing on the basis of the material provided by history, we reach an entire string of general notions in political and social sciences. Great thinkers and writers, from the oldest Eastern and the greatest antique philosophers till the ones from the 20th century, used found inspiration and drew ideas and incentives or material from the sources with which they supplemented their theoretical categories, notions and explanations, including the images of political life. These sources are represented in the great literary works. Contradictory opinions about the character and significance of ail and literature are found in Plato's and Aristotle's writings. Aristotle, who analyzed this problem, presented arguments why literary insights - precisely because of the character of insights they offer - deserve to stand in the same pedestal with philosophy. He used the expression he himself introduced to mark one aspect of the effect of art and literature - and that is catharsis. Psychology facilitates our insights into the motives and consequences of the participants' behavior social psychology being particularly important, but also ethics. The means used to convey a certain truth is less important, its essence is more important. Several Greek philosophers (Parmenides, Empedocles, Xenophon) even the Roman ones (for example, Lucretius Cains) wrote their philosophical treatises in verse. Kant's famous words Sapere aude! with which he asks people to have courage to use their own mind and thus become enlightened originate from the Roman poet Horace, and Michel de Montaigne also used them. Plato and Aristotle referred not only to the available sources about preceding philosophical ideas and political systems, including the first Greek historians, but also to the tragedians, primarily Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides, to the comedy writers (like Aristophanes), to the lyricists (Solon, Simonides, Archilochus). When Aristotle expounds one of the key categories of his political theory about man as a political animal (zoon politikon), he refers to Homer to confirm what he himself believes. Anica Savic-Rebac quotes Strabo's formulations about poetry as "the first philosophy", as well as about Homer's work as "poetic philosophy" and as a source of every kind of wisdom, even every kind of knowledge. With his ideas and images he presented in his literary works, Dostoyevsky influenced several philosophers (Nietzsche, Camus and others) and scientists (Freud, Adler and others). "The philosophy of existence" and its ethical orientation were presented not only in the philosophical, but also in the literary works (Kierkegaard, Sartre, Camus). The so called philosophy of the absurd and "the literature of the absurd" mutually merge and supplement. Not even the best 20th century theoretical treatise about the nature of power - like those by Charles Merriam, Bertrand Russell, Bertrand de Jouvenel or Harold Lass well can depict what man gets to know through the tragedies of Marlowe Shakespeare, Goethe, in which main participants are driven and urged by the yearning to achieve absolute power. "The Great Inquisitor", "The Iron Heel" "Dark at Noon", but also the personalities like Raskolnikov or Verhovensky from the novel The Possessed help us to understand many things. "Gulag" became a political notion because of the title of the novel Gulag. Literature-antiutopia pointed to the dangers of the closed mind and of the technological society before scientific studies had done that.
Contemporary research exploring the Fair Trade movement does not provide a clear answer whether the overall impact of Fair Trade is positive or negative and what are the real motives of Fair Trade consumers. In the paper we investigate whether the assumptions of selected heterodox schools (feminist, ecological and humanist) fit better to the reality of the Fair Trade movement than those of the neoclassical theory. Although 'better fitness' does not necessarily mean 'better explanation', the mismatch with reality may constitute an obstacle in identifying a crucial aspect of the researched phenomenon (i.e. Fair Trade), harming explanation of its existence and development.
This book is about the city of Peiping in China, also known as Beijing and Peking, and a city of great historical significance. Divided into three parts, this work explores Peiping first as a frontier city at a time when the Great Wall was established, from the Chou dynasty (ca.1122-220 B.C.) until the T'ang Dynasties up to the Khitan Occupation (A.D. 590-937). The second part explores Peiping as it becomes a national centre, through the Liao Dynasty and the Chin Dynasty, until 1234, and the third part explores how it became the capital of the Chinese empire, until 1911. This work is a historical geography and the introduction details topographical features and geographical relations of the city, describing the way in which the mountains rise from the plain creating concave arms to enclose Peiping, leading to the name, the 'Bay of Peiping'. We learn that the mountains frequently reach over 3000ft and have practically no foot-hills, whilst the bay itself is filled with sediments of gravel, sand, loam and loess which have been deposited in horizontal strata, to a great depth. Numerous illustrations and figures are included, and readers will see how the city sits between two rivers, the Hun (浑河 or Muddy River) and the Pai (白河 or White River). These chapters reveal how each river has made its contribution to the material development of the city and its environs, including through irrigation and as the Hun River shifted its course. Owing to the geography of the region, almost all roads leading from the northern lands of Mongolia and Manchuria to the great plain of North China in the south are bound to converge at Peiping. The historical consequences of this, as well as local climate conditions and other aspects of geography are explored in this book, which traces the historical rise to eminence of Peiping
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This thesis aims to question the way in which development policies, principally those related to agriculture, impact the adaptation to climate change of livestock farmers in the Senegal River delta. The first part of the thesis examines the concept of adaptation to climate change in the perspective of the institutional globalisation of the concept. Based on a critical analysis of different definitions of adaptation, we have shown how important it is to consider the political dimension of adaptation, as it should not be analysed solely in relation to climatic factors. These considerations led us to discuss different concepts, such as development and politics, as well as the relevance of certain tools for our study (geohistory, discourse analysis and locks). In a second part, we have highlighted the singularity of pastoralism in the Sahelian area. In addition to the various existing forms, the most important aspect is that pastoralism in the Sahel has demonstrated a capacity to adapt to strong climatic variations. So, the pastoralism in the Sahel have a capacity to respond to the expected consequences of climate change. In addition, we have shown the weaknesses of livestock policies and adaptation in Senegal. This has further emphasized the need to apprehend the consequences of public policies that have an impact in terms of resource management. We have thus shown that there is a political trajectory driven by French settlers that has led to significant environmental changes impacting the adaptive capacity of livestock farmers. Also, our review of current policies that have an impact on pastoral resources has shown that they do not always guarantee the protection of these resources, even if some try to regulate them. Moreover, they sometimes create obstacles to pastoral mobility, which is the basis of the adaptation strategy of herders in the Sahelian area. In a third part, the discursive analysis highlighted the imposition of a discourse, somewhat self-fulfilling, on agribusiness and inclusive growth, as well as ...
This thesis aims to question the way in which development policies, principally those related to agriculture, impact the adaptation to climate change of livestock farmers in the Senegal River delta. The first part of the thesis examines the concept of adaptation to climate change in the perspective of the institutional globalisation of the concept. Based on a critical analysis of different definitions of adaptation, we have shown how important it is to consider the political dimension of adaptation, as it should not be analysed solely in relation to climatic factors. These considerations led us to discuss different concepts, such as development and politics, as well as the relevance of certain tools for our study (geohistory, discourse analysis and locks). In a second part, we have highlighted the singularity of pastoralism in the Sahelian area. In addition to the various existing forms, the most important aspect is that pastoralism in the Sahel has demonstrated a capacity to adapt to strong climatic variations. So, the pastoralism in the Sahel have a capacity to respond to the expected consequences of climate change. In addition, we have shown the weaknesses of livestock policies and adaptation in Senegal. This has further emphasized the need to apprehend the consequences of public policies that have an impact in terms of resource management. We have thus shown that there is a political trajectory driven by French settlers that has led to significant environmental changes impacting the adaptive capacity of livestock farmers. Also, our review of current policies that have an impact on pastoral resources has shown that they do not always guarantee the protection of these resources, even if some try to regulate them. Moreover, they sometimes create obstacles to pastoral mobility, which is the basis of the adaptation strategy of herders in the Sahelian area. In a third part, the discursive analysis highlighted the imposition of a discourse, somewhat self-fulfilling, on agribusiness and inclusive growth, as well as ...
This thesis aims to question the way in which development policies, principally those related to agriculture, impact the adaptation to climate change of livestock farmers in the Senegal River delta. The first part of the thesis examines the concept of adaptation to climate change in the perspective of the institutional globalisation of the concept. Based on a critical analysis of different definitions of adaptation, we have shown how important it is to consider the political dimension of adaptation, as it should not be analysed solely in relation to climatic factors. These considerations led us to discuss different concepts, such as development and politics, as well as the relevance of certain tools for our study (geohistory, discourse analysis and locks). In a second part, we have highlighted the singularity of pastoralism in the Sahelian area. In addition to the various existing forms, the most important aspect is that pastoralism in the Sahel has demonstrated a capacity to adapt to strong climatic variations. So, the pastoralism in the Sahel have a capacity to respond to the expected consequences of climate change. In addition, we have shown the weaknesses of livestock policies and adaptation in Senegal. This has further emphasized the need to apprehend the consequences of public policies that have an impact in terms of resource management. We have thus shown that there is a political trajectory driven by French settlers that has led to significant environmental changes impacting the adaptive capacity of livestock farmers. Also, our review of current policies that have an impact on pastoral resources has shown that they do not always guarantee the protection of these resources, even if some try to regulate them. Moreover, they sometimes create obstacles to pastoral mobility, which is the basis of the adaptation strategy of herders in the Sahelian area. In a third part, the discursive analysis highlighted the imposition of a discourse, somewhat self-fulfilling, on agribusiness and inclusive growth, as well as ...
This thesis aims to question the way in which development policies, principally those related to agriculture, impact the adaptation to climate change of livestock farmers in the Senegal River delta. The first part of the thesis examines the concept of adaptation to climate change in the perspective of the institutional globalisation of the concept. Based on a critical analysis of different definitions of adaptation, we have shown how important it is to consider the political dimension of adaptation, as it should not be analysed solely in relation to climatic factors. These considerations led us to discuss different concepts, such as development and politics, as well as the relevance of certain tools for our study (geohistory, discourse analysis and locks). In a second part, we have highlighted the singularity of pastoralism in the Sahelian area. In addition to the various existing forms, the most important aspect is that pastoralism in the Sahel has demonstrated a capacity to adapt to strong climatic variations. So, the pastoralism in the Sahel have a capacity to respond to the expected consequences of climate change. In addition, we have shown the weaknesses of livestock policies and adaptation in Senegal. This has further emphasized the need to apprehend the consequences of public policies that have an impact in terms of resource management. We have thus shown that there is a political trajectory driven by French settlers that has led to significant environmental changes impacting the adaptive capacity of livestock farmers. Also, our review of current policies that have an impact on pastoral resources has shown that they do not always guarantee the protection of these resources, even if some try to regulate them. Moreover, they sometimes create obstacles to pastoral mobility, which is the basis of the adaptation strategy of herders in the Sahelian area. In a third part, the discursive analysis highlighted the imposition of a discourse, somewhat self-fulfilling, on agribusiness and inclusive growth, as well as ...
La présente Note de Politique propose un modèle de rapport du processus d'analyse d'impact relative à la protection des données (AIPD) dans l'Union européenne (UE). Basé sur le cadre et la méthode pour l'analyse d'impact précédemment élaborés (voir respectivement la Note de Politique N° 1/2017 et la Note de Politique N° 1/2019), le modèle proposé est conforme aux exigences des Articles 35–36 du Règlement Général sur la Protection des Données (RGPD) et reflète les meilleures pratiques relatives à l'analyse d'impact. Il présente en outre cinq nouveaux aspects. Premièrement, il vise l'exhaustivité afin de fournir les conseils les plus avisés et robustes possibles pour la prise de décision. Deuxièmement, il vise l'efficacité, dans le sens où il veut produire des effets tout en utilisant le moins de ressources possible. Troisièmement, il vise à examiner et accommoder les points de vue des différentes parties prenantes, même si le point de vue des particuliers sera prédominant. Pour cette raison, il favorise la réflexion sur les droits fondamentaux, notamment en exigeant une justification pour chaque choix à réaliser, ce qui va au-delà d'une simple opération consistant à « cocher une case ». Quatrièmement, il vise à adopter l'approche de « legal design » afin de guider les évaluateurs d'une manière pratique, aisée et intuitive à travers les 11 étapes du processus d'analyse en fournissant les explications nécessaires à chaque étape, tout en offrant une structure composée de champs à compléter et de tableaux extensibles et modifiables. Cinquièmement, il accepte de ne pas être définitif du fait qu'il devra être révisé au fur et à mesure de l'expérience acquise lors de son utilisation. Le modèle est principalement destiné aux évaluateurs auxquels les responsables du traitement de données ont confié la réalisation du processus d'analyse, mais il peut également aider les autorités de protection des données (APD) au sein de l'UE à développer (adapter) des modèles pour les AIPD se rapportant au champ de leurs propres ...
This thesis aims to question the way in which development policies, principally those related to agriculture, impact the adaptation to climate change of livestock farmers in the Senegal River delta. The first part of the thesis examines the concept of adaptation to climate change in the perspective of the institutional globalisation of the concept. Based on a critical analysis of different definitions of adaptation, we have shown how important it is to consider the political dimension of adaptation, as it should not be analysed solely in relation to climatic factors. These considerations led us to discuss different concepts, such as development and politics, as well as the relevance of certain tools for our study (geohistory, discourse analysis and locks). In a second part, we have highlighted the singularity of pastoralism in the Sahelian area. In addition to the various existing forms, the most important aspect is that pastoralism in the Sahel has demonstrated a capacity to adapt to strong climatic variations. So, the pastoralism in the Sahel have a capacity to respond to the expected consequences of climate change. In addition, we have shown the weaknesses of livestock policies and adaptation in Senegal. This has further emphasized the need to apprehend the consequences of public policies that have an impact in terms of resource management. We have thus shown that there is a political trajectory driven by French settlers that has led to significant environmental changes impacting the adaptive capacity of livestock farmers. Also, our review of current policies that have an impact on pastoral resources has shown that they do not always guarantee the protection of these resources, even if some try to regulate them. Moreover, they sometimes create obstacles to pastoral mobility, which is the basis of the adaptation strategy of herders in the Sahelian area. In a third part, the discursive analysis highlighted the imposition of a discourse, somewhat self-fulfilling, on agribusiness and inclusive growth, as well as ...
This thesis aims to question the way in which development policies, principally those related to agriculture, impact the adaptation to climate change of livestock farmers in the Senegal River delta. The first part of the thesis examines the concept of adaptation to climate change in the perspective of the institutional globalisation of the concept. Based on a critical analysis of different definitions of adaptation, we have shown how important it is to consider the political dimension of adaptation, as it should not be analysed solely in relation to climatic factors. These considerations led us to discuss different concepts, such as development and politics, as well as the relevance of certain tools for our study (geohistory, discourse analysis and locks). In a second part, we have highlighted the singularity of pastoralism in the Sahelian area. In addition to the various existing forms, the most important aspect is that pastoralism in the Sahel has demonstrated a capacity to adapt to strong climatic variations. So, the pastoralism in the Sahel have a capacity to respond to the expected consequences of climate change. In addition, we have shown the weaknesses of livestock policies and adaptation in Senegal. This has further emphasized the need to apprehend the consequences of public policies that have an impact in terms of resource management. We have thus shown that there is a political trajectory driven by French settlers that has led to significant environmental changes impacting the adaptive capacity of livestock farmers. Also, our review of current policies that have an impact on pastoral resources has shown that they do not always guarantee the protection of these resources, even if some try to regulate them. Moreover, they sometimes create obstacles to pastoral mobility, which is the basis of the adaptation strategy of herders in the Sahelian area. In a third part, the discursive analysis highlighted the imposition of a discourse, somewhat self-fulfilling, on agribusiness and inclusive growth, as well as ...
This thesis aims to question the way in which development policies, principally those related to agriculture, impact the adaptation to climate change of livestock farmers in the Senegal River delta. The first part of the thesis examines the concept of adaptation to climate change in the perspective of the institutional globalisation of the concept. Based on a critical analysis of different definitions of adaptation, we have shown how important it is to consider the political dimension of adaptation, as it should not be analysed solely in relation to climatic factors. These considerations led us to discuss different concepts, such as development and politics, as well as the relevance of certain tools for our study (geohistory, discourse analysis and locks). In a second part, we have highlighted the singularity of pastoralism in the Sahelian area. In addition to the various existing forms, the most important aspect is that pastoralism in the Sahel has demonstrated a capacity to adapt to strong climatic variations. So, the pastoralism in the Sahel have a capacity to respond to the expected consequences of climate change. In addition, we have shown the weaknesses of livestock policies and adaptation in Senegal. This has further emphasized the need to apprehend the consequences of public policies that have an impact in terms of resource management. We have thus shown that there is a political trajectory driven by French settlers that has led to significant environmental changes impacting the adaptive capacity of livestock farmers. Also, our review of current policies that have an impact on pastoral resources has shown that they do not always guarantee the protection of these resources, even if some try to regulate them. Moreover, they sometimes create obstacles to pastoral mobility, which is the basis of the adaptation strategy of herders in the Sahelian area. In a third part, the discursive analysis highlighted the imposition of a discourse, somewhat self-fulfilling, on agribusiness and inclusive growth, as well as ...
