Suchergebnisse

Examines the issue of recognition of states that was the topic of a recent roundtable discussion at the Institute for Contemporary International Studies of the Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Intellectuals, diplomats, institutional leaders, & department heads from all over Russia came together to restore the link between intellectual centers & the country's leaders in order to provide foreign policy with a sounder intellectual foundation. It is pointed out that the recognition of states became especially relevant following declarations of independence by Kosovo, South Ossetia, & Abkhazia. Issues discussed included the basic criteria for the recognition of states; legal/political aspects of recognition; the impact of international law on the recognition of a state; & whether Russia's recognition of Abkhazia & South Ossetia was the right decision. Historical conditions that expedited the evolution of an unrecognized state entity were explored, along with the mutual recognition unrecognized states grant each other; distinctions between declarative & constitutive theories of recognition; & contradictions between the right to self-determination & the principle of territorial integrity. Adapted from the source document.

This electronic version has been made available under a Creative Commons (BY-NC-ND) open access license. Published in association with the United Nations, this book builds on the existing body of literature on gender and democratization by looking at the relevance of national machineries for the advancement of women. It considers the appropriate mechanisms through which the mainstreaming of gender can take place, and the levels of governance involved; defines what the interests of women are, and how and by what processes these interests are represented to the state policy making structures. Global strategies for the advancement of women are considered, and how far these have penetrated at national level, illuminated by a series of case studies - gender equality in Sweden and other Nordic countries, the Ugandan ministry of Gender, Culture and Social services, gender awareness in Central and Eastern Europe, and further examples from South Korea, the Lebanon, Beijing and Australia

We extend theories of congressional parties & committees to the state legislative setting, using the variation among legislatures to explore the links between elections & parties, & between parties & committees. We examine elections by comparing the electoral concentration of parties to measures of conditional party government. We examine informational & partisan theories of committees by looking to the relationship between committee representativeness & conditional party government. With data from eleven states, we find that competitive party systems breed highly polarized legislative parties, & these two traits lead to representative committees. 3 Tables, 4 Figures, 20 References. Adapted from the source document.

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On the basis of interviews made with twenty seven leading personalities from cooperatives and government institutions, it is identified, that two main dimensions, the economic and the social, are emphasized by different interest groups involved in the cooperative process. It is also indicated that the relationship between state and cooperatives, in varying degrees, combines these two basic dimensions over time in the actual cooperative law and thus focuses on one dimension, neglecting the other.Relationship is meant to anchor the economic and the social values of cooperatives in the political process, and enable them to be accepted. In conclusion, it can be argued that the state can influence the character of cooperatives by selecting specific actors in specific processes. For this reason, in order to secure a sustainable autonomous development of cooperatives, it is important to synthesize and take into consideration different interests in future relations between cooperatives and the state.

"Focusing on the Southwestern Silk Road on China's rugged southern periphery in the 8th-13th centuries, James Anderson explores borderland relations between imperial China and its neighbors, as expressed in trade in tribute articles and the thriving interregional horse market."

AbstractResearch on informal housing tends to focus overwhelmingly on less developed countries, downplaying or ignoring entirely the presence of informality in United States housing markets. In actuality, a longstanding and widespread tradition of informal housing exists in the United States but is typically disregarded by scholars. In this article we draw on three definitions of informality—as non‐compliant, non‐enforced, or deregulated economic activity—to characterize examples of informality in US housing markets, focusing in particular on five institutions that govern housing market activity in this country: property rights law, property transfer law, land‐use and zoning, subdivision regulations, and building codes. The cases presented here challenge the notion that informality is absent from US housing markets and highlight the unique nature of informal housing, US style—namely, that informal housing in the US is geographically uneven, largely hidden and typically interwoven within formal markets. We conclude with a discussion of how research on informal housing in the US can inform research in the global South.