Suchergebnisse

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of four types of "soft" information and communication technologies (ICT) capital related to ICT knowledge and skills (ICT personnel, ICT training of ICT personnel and users, ICT unit) on the innovation performance of Greek firms. Furthermore, the paper compares these effects with the ones of the hard ICT capital and also of four important "traditional" innovation determinants identified from previous research in this area (demand expectation, price and non-price competition, market concentration).Design/methodology/approach– A quantitative methodology has been adopted for investigating the above effects, based on the estimation of regression models. Using data collected through a survey based on a structured questionnaire from 271 Greek firms, innovation models have been estimated, having as independent variables measures of hard ICT capital, the examined four types of soft ICT capital and also the above traditional innovation determinants.Findings– The paper has been concluded that in the innovation averse Greek national context the examined traditional innovation determinants have very low impact on firms' innovation performance, however, on the contrary both hard ICT capital, and three out of the four examined types of soft ICT capital (ICT personnel, ICT training of ICT personnel and users) have positive impact on both process and product/services innovation. Furthermore, it has been found that the total effect of these three knowledge and skills related types of soft ICT capital on innovation performance is stronger than the effect of the hard ICT capital.Research limitations/implications– The main limitations of the paper are that it uses simple innovation performance measures (not distinguishing between different types of innovations), and also is based on firm-level data collected from a single country. The paper has interesting implications for future research on the impact of the relation between ICT and innovation, which should not any more neglect the soft ICT capital, but consider various types of both hard and soft ICT capital.Practical implications– The results of the paper can be useful to firms' chief information officers and chief executive officers and also to consultants and practitioners interested in maximizing the exploitation of the innovation potential of ICT, in order to understand the hard and soft aspects of ICT that have to be developed for this purpose and optimize firms' ICT-related investment.Originality/value– The limited previous empirical literature concerning the effect of ICT on innovation focus on the hard ICT capital (mainly on ICT equipment) and neglect the role of the soft ICT capital. The paper contributes to fill this research gap, by examining the effects of three types of ICT capital, and also – for comparison and regression models' completeness purposes – of hard ICT capital and of four traditional innovation determinants, on firms' innovation performance.

La institucionalización de la Gestión de Calidad en las Administraciones Públicas Españolas que tiene lugar durante la década de 2000 partiendo del marco de la Nueva Gestión Pública ha servido para consolidar la que ha sido una de las principales estrategias de modernización delas Administraciones Públicas en España. También ha facilitado un cambio cultural impulsando la apertura de las Administraciones Públicas a losnuevos retos que la modernización plantea en la actualidad: transparencia y buen gobierno, sostenibilidad e innovación.La crisis económica ha puesto en cuestión la Gestión de Calidad como estrategia en las Administraciones Públicas, para las que se proponennuevas líneas de modernización que, en muchos casos carecen de la oportuna perspectiva integral de la gestión y que abordan el proceso de modernización de una manera fragmentaria.Los autores, llevan a cabo una aproximación al análisis de la implantación de la Gestión de Calidad en los tres niveles de la Administración,aunque más centrado en la AGE en la que disponen de fuentes primarias, para realizar un balance acerca del grado de desarrollo de esta cultura degestión en las Administraciones Públicas Españolas. La conclusión del mencionado análisis es que la estrategia de implantación de la Gestión de Calidad en las Administraciones Públicas españolas,no solo sigue teniendo plena vigencia sino que constituye un paso necesario para abordar los nuevos retos que plantea la modernización en elámbito público desde una perspectiva racional y en concordancia con las necesidades y expectativas de la ciudadanía. ; Institutionalizing Quality Management in Public Administrations of Spain was developed during the 2000s in the context of the New Public Management. The process served to strengthen the quality management as the main strategy of modernization of public administrations in Spain as well as to promote cultural change and drive the opening of government to the new challenges of modernization today: transparency and good governance, sustainability and innovation and new challenges for smart government. The economic crisis has called into question the Quality Management Strategies in Public Administration. In this time new lines are proposed for modernization, but in many cases, they lack a comprehensive management perspective and focus on the process of modernization in a fragmentary way. The authors analyzed the implementation of Quality Management at all three levels of the Spanish government, but more focused on the national administration, where primary sources of information are available. The article offers a perspective on the level of development of this management culture in the Public Administrations of Spain. The conclusion is that the strategy of implementation of Quality Management in the Spanish government not only remains full valid but is a critical need to confront the new challenges of modernization in the public sphere from a rational perspective and consistent step with the needs and expectations of citizens.

Markus Scholze Bakk.rer.soc.oec.Integration der Roma in der EUIm Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird der Schwerpunkt auf die Integration der Roma in der Europäischen Union gerichtet. Mit einer Bevölkerungsanzahl zwischen geschätzten 10 bis 12 Mill. Menschen, sind die Roma die größte ethnische Minderheit in Europa. In vielen europäischen Mitgliedstaaten ist die Integration der Roma unzureichend und ethnische Konflikte sowie rassistische Übergriffe stehen auf der Tagesordnung. Besonders in Südosteuropa ist die sozioökonomische Situation der Roma miserabel. Die aktuellen Probleme sind vor allem Armut, mangelnde Bildung, Arbeitslosigkeit und Diskriminierung.Vor einigen Jahrhunderten wurden die Roma aufgrund der wirtschaftlichen und politischen Situation aus ihrer ursprünglichen Heimat in Indien vertrieben und emigrierten in mehreren Phasen nach Europa. In Europa konnten sie weder einen eigenen Nationalstaat gründen, noch ein Territorium für sich beanspruchen. Sie waren demnach gezwungen auf Wanderschaft zu gehen, um einen Ort bzw. immer wieder neue Plätze zu finden, wo sie sich eine Existenz aufbauen konnten. In der frühen Neuzeit wurde ihre Migration quer durch Europa von ständiger sozialer Ausgrenzung und Feindseligkeit begleitet. Der Höhepunkt der Diskriminierung gipfelte im Holocaust, wo tausende Roma ihr Leben lassen mussten.Durch die Wechselwirkung von Ausgrenzung und Selbstschutz entwickelten die Roma-Minderheiten keine großen Ambitionen sich in die Gesellschaft einzugliedern und an den sozialen Strukturen zu partizipieren. Die Institutionen der Europäischen Union bemühen sich seit einem Jahrzehnt die Roma in Europa besser zu integrieren und ihre Situation nachhaltig zu verbessern. Integration muss auf Seiten der EU bzw. der Mitgliedstaaten stattfinden, sowie auf Seiten der Roma selbst, um eine langfristige Verbesserung der Roma-Situation herbeiführen zu können. ; Markus Scholze Bakk.rer.soc.oec.Integration of Roman people in the European UnionIn the frame of this thesis, the focus is directed towards the integration of Roma in the European Union. With a population estimated between 10 and 12 million people, Roma are the largest ethnic minority in Europe. The majority of Roma lives in South Eastern Europe. In many European Member States the integration of Roma is inadequate and ethnic based problems against the Roma are on the daily agenda. Particularly in South Eastern Europe is the social-economic situation of the Roma very bad. Extreme poverty, lack of education, unemployment and discrimination are the main problems today. Many centuries ago, the Roma left their native country India, because of political and economic persecution and migrated in a few stages to Europe. They couldnt establish their own national state in Europe, and so they were forced to look for a place to live and launch their social-economic existence. In the early modern period the migration process was accompanied by social marginalization and social hostility all over Europe. The summit of the discrimination and racism was the holocaust where thousands of Roma have lost their lives.Due to the interaction of exclusion and self-protection the Roma didnt have any great ambitions to integrate themselves into the society and participate at any social structures. For at least one decade the European Union institutions strive increasingly to integrate the Roma in Europe better and improve their situation sustainable. To achieve this, the EU has created a number of measures. But it needs the political intention of the Member States to implement these measures actually.Integration must take place on the part of the EU respectively the Member States, as well as on the part of the Roma themselves, in order to bring a long-term improvement of the Roma situation. ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Masterarb., 2013 ; (VLID)227390

Die Steiermark war nach dem Krieg von gleich fünf Nationen besetzt: den Amerikanern in der Obersteiermark, den Sowjets in der Oststeiermark, Bulgaren und jugoslawischen Partisanen in der Südsteiermark und Briten in der Weststeiermark. Doch ein Gefühl war sowohl Siegern als auch Besiegten gleich: das Gefühl den Krieg überlebt zu haben. Für viele fing ein neues Leben an. ?There must be no fraternization, this is absolute? stand am Beginn der britischen Besatzungszeit in der Steiermark. Dieses strikte Verbot für die britischen Besatzungssoldaten sollte die Begegnung mit der steirischen Bevölkerung regeln. Dennoch wurden ?chocolate girls/Fräuleins? zu Synonymen der Annäherung zwischen Besatzern und Einheimischen, doch nicht ohne bitteren Hintergrund des vergangenen Krieges. Wenn auch die Rolle der Besatzer und die der Besiegten vorgegeben war, entwickelten sich sehr unterschiedliche zwischenmenschliche Beziehungen. Vor allem junge Steirer waren von den Neuheiten, die die Besatzer mitbrachten, begeistert. Viele Kinder wagten die ersten Annäherungsversuche und saugten Dinge wie britische Musik, Mode und Lebensstil in sich auf. Diese Begegnungen beeinflussten die Beteiligten auf beiden Seiten. Vieles wurde von den Briten übernommen, die ihrerseits besonderen Wert darauf legten, einen guten Eindruck zu hinterlassen und die großzügig Kunst und Kultur, den Wiederaufbau und die britisch-österreichischen Beziehungen förderten. Ihre Hoffnungen lagen bei der Jugend, die zukünftig die Politik und die Gesellschaft Österreichs bestimmen würde. Österreich orientierte sich an der westlichen Staatengemeinschaft und öffnete sich nach einer langen Zeit der Isolation unter den Nationalsozialisten der Welt. Westliche Konsumgüter und viele britische Gewohnheiten wurden von Steirern übernommen wie der Valentinstag, Jazz und Mode. Nicht Denkmäler und strikte Gesetze, sondern der Umgang miteinander hinterließ positive Spuren und blieb somit vielen Zeitzeugen und Zeitzeuginnen in Erinnerung. ; After the war Styria was occupied by even five nations: Americans in upper Styria, Soviets in Eastern Styria, Bulgarians and Yugoslav partisans in Southern Styria and British in Western Styria. Yet one feeling defeated and winners had in common: the feeling having survived that horrible war. For many of them a new life began. ?There must be no fraternization, this is absolute?, stood at the beginning of the period of British occupation in Styria. This strict ban for British occupying soldiers was meant to rule the contact with the Styrian people. Nevertheless ?chocolate girls? and ?Fräuleins? became synonyms of an approach between the occupying forces and the local population, always with the bitter background of the past war. Even though the role of the occupying forces and the defeated people was pre-determined, there came up various relations between people. Above all young Styrians were enthusiastic about the new things which the occupying forces had brought. Many times children dared the first approach and absorbed things like British music, fashion and the British way of life. Those different ways to meet had influence on both sides. Many things were taken over by the British, who, on the other hand, set specially great store on leaving a good impression and thus supported arts and culture, the recovery and the British Austrian relations. Theire hope was first of all with the young people, who would determine politics and the Austrian society in future. Styria followed the Western confederation and opened herself after the long period of isolation under the National Socialists to the world. Western consumer goods and many British customs were taken over by the Styrians, e.g. Valentin`s day, jazz, fashion. Not monuments and strict laws, but first of all the way of contact with each other left positive traces and so stayed in mind with many contemporaries. ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2013 ; (VLID)232054

U radu se, uz korišćenje etnografskog metoda posmatranja s učestvovanjem, razmatra studija slučaja ekonomskog ponašanja stanara jedne zgrade u centru Beograda. Spoljašnji pokazatelji potrošnje, kao i saznanja istraživača o prihodima izvesnog broja stanara, ukazivali su na zaključak o znatnom udelu sive ekonomije u prihodovnoj strani posmatranih domaćinstava. Namera rada je da, u okviru ovde tek skicirane "antropologije neformalnog prihodovanja", ukaže na manjkavosti zvaničnih statističkih podataka o prihodima građana na osnovu kojih se prave procene visine standarda, ostavljajući van statistike i zvaničnih saznanja veliku oblast neformalnih oblika prihodovanja koji znatnom broju građana u Srbiji omogućava lakše preživljavanje i bolji materijalni položaj od zvaničnih procena. Takođe, jedna od namera rada bila je da, povezujući sivu ekonomiju i političko ponašanje građana, ukaže na činjenicu da je u poslednje dve decenije bunt građana u Srbiji uvek bio motivisan političkim a ne ekonomskim razlozima, što bi se dalo očekivati s obzirom na, u javnom diskursu, često isticanu katastrofalnu ekonomsku situaciju u zemlji. . ; The paper represents a case study of the economic behavior of the tenants of a building in downtown Belgrade. The data was gathered through ethnographic methods of observation and informal interviews. The external indicators of spending, as well as the researcher's knowledge about the professions and income of a number of tenants pointed toward the conclusion that informal economy plays a major role in the earnings of the observed households. The goal of this paper is to point out the shortcomings of official statistical data on the income of Serbian citizens on which assessments of the standard of living are based. The outline of an "anthropology of informal earning" is given, and suggested as a way to access information on a wide variety of informal means of acquiring income which are left out of formal statistics, yet enable a significant proportion of Serbian citizens to attain a better standard of living than is suggested by official data. Another goal was to, by making a connection between informal economy and the political choices of Serbian citizens; point out the fact that the revolts occurring over the past two decades were mainly motivated by political and not economic reasons as would be expected. This is especially relevant, keeping in mind the catastrophic economic situation in the country which is often emphasized in public discourse, and taking into account the different events and parameters - starting with the hyperinflation in the first half of the 90's, international sanctions, the increase in public spending on the part of all the regimes that had been in power, great budget deficits and national debt, up to and including the lack of much needed economic reform. Given all this, it is confounding that economic reasons do not cause the people to revolt, unless, we look to the informal economy which allows a significant number of Serbian citizens to have a more comfortable existence than public data suggests.

En este artículo se analizarán las memorias de trabajadores que vivieron instancias de conflictividad laboral entre los años 1973-1976 dentro del diario La Nueva Provincia (LNP), el principal medio gráfico de la ciudad de Bahía Blanca. Estos conflictos respondieron al reclamo salarial de los trabajadores gráficos y a las demandas de cumplimiento del convenio colectivo firmado por la empresa y los representantes gremiales en el año 1975. La lucha de estos trabajadores resultó debilitada desde el accionar de la empresa y desde un contexto nacional en el cual la represión y el terror se convirtieron en moneda corriente y fueron la antesala del terrorismo de Estado instaurado a partir del golpe del 24 de marzo de 1976. En julio de ese año, fueron encontrados en las afueras de Bahía Blanca los cuerpos sin vida de dos de los principales sindicalistas del taller de LNP, quienes encontraron la muerte como consecuencia de su militancia gremial y su participación activa en este conflicto con la empresa que mejores relaciones había cosechado con los sectores militares de la ciudad. El análisis en este trabajo estará estructurado a partir de un primer apartado donde se introducen algunos conceptos sobre la relación entre Historia y Memoria; un segundo apartado en el cual se analizan las problemáticas de la reconstrucción histórica en torno a la multiplicidad de memorias; y una tercera parte en la cual se profundiza sobre la cuestión de la temporalidad en las memorias, las pujas/conflictos/disputas por la interpretación del pasado y los silencios y obliteraciones como intentos de cancelar la memoria. ; In this article we will analize workers's memories about labor conflicts between the years 1973- 1976 in Bahía Blanca´s main newspaper. The causes of those conflicts were the claim of workers for salary recomposition and fulfillment of the collective labour agreement signed between the company and workers´s representants in 1975. The struggle was weakened from the actions of the company and from one national context in which the repression and terror became a commonplace. In July 1976, after the coup of state on march 24th, were found on the outskirts of Bahia Blanca, the lifeless bodies of two of the leading trade unionists of La Nueva Provincia newspaper; who were killed because of their union membership and active participation in this conflict. The analysis in this paper will be structured from: a first section, which introduces some concepts about the relationship between History and Memory, a second section which discusses the problems of historical reconstruction around the multitude of memories, and a third one, in which delves into the question of temporality, into the conflicts and disputes over the interpretation of the past and the silences and obliteration as attempts to cancel the memory. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

Immer wieder im Laufe der Geschichte kam es zu Wirtschafts- und Finanzkrisen. Besonders die letzte Banken- und Finanzkrise ab 2007 entfaltete schwerwiegende Auswirkungen auf die gesamte Wirtschaft und zahlreiche Banken weltweit mussten ihre Insolvenzen ankündigen. Neben den Basel III Rahmenbedingungen für Banken wurden weitere Möglichkeiten beziehungsweise vorbeugende Maßnahmen entwickelt, um in Zukunft besser mit Bankinsolvenzen umzugehen und um diese weitgehend zu vermeiden. Eine dieser Möglichkeiten ist die Errichtung einer Bad Bank. Des Weiteren ist die Europäische Union und damit auch Österreich in der Planungsphase eines sogenannten Bankentestaments. Diese zwei Aspekte stellen den Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit dar. Es werden dabei das Konzept der Bad Bank und Gründe für die Errichtung als auch verschiedene Ausgestaltungsformen näher analysiert. Die Schritte zur Errichtung einer Bad Bank, als auch deren Vor- und Nachteile werden aufgezeigt. Anhand von zwei Praxisbeispielen soll die Entwicklung der Bad Bank als auch ihrer dazugehörigen Kernbank beschrieben werden. Prinzipiell lässt sich festhalten, dass durch die Errichtung einer Bad Bank die Kernbank wieder wettbewerbsfähiger wird, da die Kernbank von toxischen Assets und notleidenden Krediten bereinigt wird und damit strategisch besser aufgestellt ist und eine transparentere Struktur aufweist. Der zweite Schwerpunkt widmet sich dem Thema Bankentestamente. Hierbei wird vor allem auf die derzeitige Situation in Österreich näher eingegangen und der Gesetzesentwurf, der bereits auf große Kritik stieß, beleuchtet. In Österreich sollen Banken in Zukunft Sanierungspläne und Abwicklungspläne erstellen. Zudem wird die Finanzmarktaufsicht mit Frühinterventionsmaßnahmen befugt. Völlig ungeklärt ist jedoch die Abwicklungsfinanzierung und inwieweit sich Banken national übergreifend gegenseitig aushelfen sollen, beziehungsweise inwieweit diese neuen Regelungen mit den bisherigen Gesetzen und Vorschriften vereinbar sind. ; The banking and financial crisis of 2007 had very serious impacts and adverse consequences on the economic system and it caused several bank insolvencies. The Basel III framework has been developed to limit the risk of banks becoming illiquid. Within the last few years, further measures to deal with bank insolvencies have evolved. This master thesis deals with two of these possibilities, namely Bad Banks and Bank Testaments. First, the concepts of Bad Banks as well as reasons for establishing Bad Banks are outlined. Further, different Bad Bank models are illustrated as well as advantages and disadvantages are demonstrated. Finally, two examples of real Bad Banks in practice are shown. Basically, Bad Banks enable the Good Bank to become more competitive and gain a more transparent structure. Toxic assets and non performing loans are removed from the balance sheet of the Good Bank and transferred to the Bad Bank. Therefore, the Good Bank is able to strategically reframe. The other central part of the master thesis deals with the Bank Testaments. The European Union wants banks to establish plans that outline how to proceed and which steps to take in case the bank faces financial difficulties. The focus of this part of the master thesis is on the situation in Austria and its draft law. Austrian banks are obliged to develop recovery and resolution plans in future. Additionally, the financial market authority is allowed to intervene much earlier and take legal action when banks find themselves in financial troubles. Still, many aspects are not dealt with in the Austrian draft law. It is not clear which instruments are used in case of liquidation and how this liquidation will be financed. Additionally, it is not resolved whether there will exist cross-border financial aid among banks and whether the new regulations are compatible with the current jurisdiction or not. ; Christina Wild ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Masterarb., 2013 ; (VLID)232466

Diese Diplomarbeit behandelt das Thema "Das strafrechtliche Kompetenzpaket ? Änderungen im Bereich der vermögensrechtlichen Sanktionen"; und zwar die Rechtslage vor und nach den Änderungen samt des Gesetzgebungsverfahrens.2010 beschloss der Nationalrat ein Maßnahmenpaket aufgrund zahlreicher hochkomplexer Wirtschaftsstrafverfahren im Zuge der Finanzkrise, welche die Strafjustiz vor neue Probleme und Herausforderungen stellten und sie dadurch auch erheblicher medialer Kritik aussetzten. Im Zuge des strafrechtlichen Kompetenzpakets (im folgenden sKp) wurde das materielle Strafrecht insofern novelliert, als durch die Änderungen der vermögensrechtlichen Anordnungen, deren Anwendung nun erleichtert werden sollte; auch das Prozessrecht erfuhr einige Änderungen.Grundsätzlich ergeben sich nun durch die Neuregelung bereits Schwierigkeiten bei der Einordnung der vermögensrechtlichen Sanktionen. Durch den neu gefassten Verfall bzw den erweiterten Verfall (früher "Abschöpfung der Bereicherung") hat sich ein Meinungsstreit entwickelt, ob es sich beim Verfall ? aufgrund des Wechsels vom Netto- zum Bruttoprinzip ? weiterhin um einen quasi-kondiktionellen Ausgleichsanspruch handelt, oder ob dieser dadurch nun einen pönalen Charakter erhalten hat, welcher den allgemeinen Regeln der Strafzumessung folgend, selbstverständlich bei der Zumessung der Geld- oder Freiheitsstrafe entsprechend Berücksichtigung finden müsste.Durch das sKp wurde die Konfiskation im § 19a StGB neu eingeführt. Dadurch wurde die Möglichkeit geschaffen, Tatwerkzeuge, welche zur Begehung einer vorsätzlichen Straftat verwendet wurden oder durch die Begehung hervorgebracht wurden, zu konfiszieren, ohne dass ? im Unterschied zur Einziehung nach § 26 StGB ? von diesen Gegenständen eine Gefährlichkeit auszugehen hat. Die Konfiskation wird von der herrschenden Meinung als (Neben-)Strafe betrachtet und ist unglücklicherweise sehr weit gefasst.Die Einziehung im § 26 StGB blieb ? als vorbeugende Maßnahme ? unverändert. ; This diploma thesis deals with the subject-matter of "The Criminal Responsibility Package ? Amendments in the range of proprietary penalties", namely the legal situation prior to and after the alterations together with the legislative procedure. In 2010 the National Assembly resolved a package of measures on the basis of numerous highly complex economic criminal procedures in the course of the financial crisis which presented the criminal justice with new problems and challenges and as a result it was subject to substantial criticism on the part of mass media. In the course of the Criminal Responsibility Package (hereafter CRP) substantive criminal law was amended in so far as by the changes in proprietary regulations, the application should now be easier; there were also some alterations within the procedural law. Basically, due to the new regulation there are already some difficulties with the classification of proprietary sanctions. Because of the new defined forfeiture or extended forfeiture (previously "absorption of enrichment") a controversy has emerged whether in case of the forfeiture ? due to the change from net to gross principle ? it is still a virtually-condictional compensation claim, or whether it has developed a punitive character; if this is the case, the forfeiture has to be explicitly taken into account while assessing the penalty.As a result of the CRP the confiscation was re-launched in § 19a of the Criminal Code. This regulation creates a new possibility to confiscate crime instruments which were used to commit a deliberate crime or were produced as a result of the commitment, without danger having to come from these objects ? as opposed to the redemption in § 26 of the Criminal Code. According to the prevailing opinion, confiscation is treated as an (additional) punishment and is unfortunately very broadly defined. The redemption in § 26 of the Criminal Code ? as a precaution ? remained unchanged. ; vorgelegt von Ksenija Omatova ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2013 ; (VLID)233891

The children's songs of the poet and singer María Elena Walsh (Argentina 1930-2011) are a milestone in the repertoire of the Spanish song in Argentina and Latin America. With simple metaphors and original melodies she dared to approach and incorporate the concept of cultural identity into children's songs, and songs for students, who make up an especially sensitive sector of the population, in the decade of the seventies. Until then the themes of children's or student's songs, which had always interested Argentinian musicians since the end of the XIXth century, were based on poetry which celebrated flora, fauna, customs and inhabitants, amongst other things, in Argentina, with music related to national folklore and popular tradition, all of which was aimed at provoking a feeling of belonging to the homeland.Maria Elena Walsh belongs to the generation which aimed to renew the traditional view of children's songs. She incorporates the vision of Panamerica like Guillermo Graetzer (1914-1993) or Violeta Hemsy de Gainza, both pedagogues, did before her. These songs were released by Pro-Music de Rosario and continued by outstanding authors such as Sivia Malbran (Argentina) or Susana Bosch (Uruguay).This paper studies the text and the cultural context which M.E. Walsh expresses in her songs when social and political changes were happening at the end of the XXth and the beginning of the XXIst centuries. ; La aportación de la poetisa e intérprete argentina María Elena Walsh (1930-2011), supone un hito en el repertorio de canciones infantiles al que se tiene acceso en Argentina y Latinoamérica. Ella se atreve a plantear, bien entrada la década de los setenta, la realidad social en metáforas sencillas y melodías originales, incorporando la idea de identidad intercultural a partir del conocimiento de la entorno y ofreciéndola a un sector de población especialmente sensible como es el de los estudiantes. Hasta entonces el cancionero infantil o estudiantil, tema que preocupó permanentemente a los músicos argentinos desde finales del XIX, estaba basado en poseías en las que se reivindican la flora, la fauna, las costumbres, los habitantes del extenso suelo argentino, entre otros temas, musicalizados con variadas alusiones a ritmos y melodías folclórico-tradicionales y con la intención de provocar sentimientos de pertenencia a la tierra. María Elena Walsh pertenece a la generación que intenta renovar esta visión tradicional del repertorio infantil, incorporando la mirada panamericana iniciada años atrás por otros pedagogos como Guillermo Graetzer (1914-1993) o Violeta Hemsy de Gainza, difundidos por el inconfundible grupo Pro-Música de Rosario, y seguida por destacadas autoras como Silvia Malbrán en Argentina o Susana Bosch en Uruguay, entre otro/as. El trabajo que se presenta ofrece un estudio del texto y los contextos culturales que la autora M. E. Walsh plasma en sus cancioneros, en momentos donde los cambios políticos y sociales se suman al final del s. XX y comienzos del XXI.

This study explores the conditions surrounding the closure of traditional movie theatres inWest Africa, particularly in Chad. It will look at the multi-facetted causes, such as thetechnological, economic, political and financial reasons which have led to the transformationof these cinemas into shops or places of worship.It examines the process of setting up film-viewing alternatives that seem typical of Africa:cultural centers run by church congregations, embassies or the Chadian government andespecially "video-clubs" or "cine-clubs", informal establishments of cinema distributionfound throughout the African urban landscape.The detailed analysis of these devices as family businesses, social venues and vectors of abastardized form of cinema culture is at the heart of this research. It allows us to identify theeconomic impact of these players as links in the process that takes a movie from itsreproduction in pirated form by Nigerian or Cameroon companies through to screening beforea Chadian audience.Through interviews conducted within a sample of spectators, we have studied their cinemahabits, behaviour and attachment to the films proposed.The latter is the second main axis of this study, particularly concerning the relationship thatthese audiences maintain with Chadian cinema, and, in a broader context, with cinema fictionitself. This thesis lays the foundations for a reflection on the role that the State could play inimproving the conditions of distribution and reception of African cinema throughout Chad ; Cette thèse explore d'abord les conditions de la disparition des salles de cinéma traditionnelles en Afrique de l'Ouest et spécifiquement au Tchad, en pointant les causes multifactorielles : technologiques, économiques, politiques et financières qui ont conduit à la transformation de ces salles en locaux commerciaux ou en lieux de culte. Elle examine les processus de mise en place de structures particulières au continent africain : centres culturelsrégis par des congrégations, par des ambassades ou par l'Etat tchadien, mais surtout « vidéoclubs» ou « ciné-clubs », établissements informels de diffusion cinématographique omniprésents dans le paysage urbain en Afrique. L'analyse détaillée de ces dispositifs comme entreprises familiales, comme lieux de sociabilité et comme vecteurs d'une forme abâtardie de culture cinématographique est au cœur de cette recherche. Elle a permis d'identifier les logiques économiques de ces acteurs en tant que maillons d'une chaîne qui part des entreprises nigérianes ou camerounaises de reproduction de supports piratés et aboutit au public lui-même.A partir d'entretiens conduits avec un échantillon de spectateurs, nous avons étudié leurs habitudes de fréquentation, leurs comportements, mais aussi l'expression de leurs attachements aux films qui leur sont proposés. Ceci constitue le second axe fort de ce travail,notamment en ce qui concerne le rapport qu'entretiennent ces publics avec le cinéma tchadien et, plus largement, avec la fiction cinématographique. Cette thèse pose enfin les bases d'une réflexion sur le rôle que pourrait jouer l'Etat pour améliorer les conditions de diffusion et de réception du cinéma africain sur le territoire national.

In National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, one of the most controversial decisions of this young century, an intensely divided Supreme Court upheld the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act's most provocative feature-—the Individual Mandate-—under Congress's taxing power. In so doing, the Court rejected what appeared to be the Individual Mandate's more applicable constitutional premise-—Congress's authority to regulate interstate commerce. Yet, neither the Constitution's Taxing Clause nor its Commerce Clause provide the ultimate answer as to whether Congress may regulate the multi-billion dollar healthcare market by compelling unwilling persons to buy private health insurance. The final determination of the Individual Mandate's constitutionality lies within the profound and pivotal tenets of liberty secured by the Due Process Clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. Indeed, the prime criticism against the Individual Mandate is that Government exceeds its legitimate authority—-i.e., infringes liberty—-when it compels individuals to purchase unwanted products, even for the greater public good. As the popular cliché goes, if today Congress can make us buy health insurance, tomorrow it could be cars or broccoli. This Article argues that, to the contrary, the Individual Mandate fully comports with vital liberty interests without opening a "floodgate" whereby Congress can force persons to buy any commodity to promote any purported societal benefit. Specifically, due process protects the innate dignity of every person from even well-meaning impositions by any level of government. In this crucial regard, although courts do not so acknowledge, modern due process jurisprudence has intuited and applied the "metaphysics of morals" espoused by the highly respected Enlightenment philosopher Immanuel Kant. Kantian morality explains modern substantive and procedural due process of law. Among his essential tenets, Kant famously argued that although there is no general duty to aid the poor, Government cannot enact laws that create supplicants; that is, persons who, due to dependence on charity for minimal sustenance, become virtual slaves. When the law itself causes poverty, Government, as the author of that law, has an absolute duty to restore the poor from quasi-slavery to independence. Kant sensibly suggested a tax for the benefit of the indigent, enabling them to regain liberty sufficient to stop begging. The Individual Mandate is the very type of tax that Kant anticipated to prevent individuals from becoming vagabonds—-effectively slaves-—pleading for the vital healthcare that they cannot afford but eventually will need. Thus, the Individual Mandate comports with liberty as vouchsafed by due process. Moreover, Congress cannot exercise such power merely to safeguard even significant commercial markets because unlike acquiring health insurance, consumers who now refuse to buy cars and broccoli will not suddenly need these products to survive but be unable to purchase them absent insurance.

L'Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) est un organisme public de recherche finalisée, ouvert à l'international, conduisant des recherches, souvent en collaboration avec d'autres organismes partenaires ou avec des tiers. Ces recherches portent sur des enjeux sociétaux relevant de trois domaines principaux, l'agriculture, l'environnement et l'alimentation, interagissant avec les domaines liés que sont l'énergie, la chimie, la santé, les territoires. Les questions de recherches, complexes, pour lesquelles la société est en attente de réponses, exigent, à chaque instant, aussi bien de mettre en oeuvre une démarche scientifique rigoureuse, que de s'interroger sur les enjeux éthiques qui en découlent. Pour ce faire, le comité consultatif d'éthique INRA-CIRAD est en appui de la direction de l'Institut et de l'ensemble des personnels pour susciter le questionnement éthique sur les finalités des programmes de recherches et y apporter un éclairage. L'INRA réalise les missions de service public qui lui sont confiées : la production, la diffusion et la valorisation de connaissances nouvelles, considérées comme biens publics, l'expertise, notamment en appui des politiques publiques, la contribution à la formation et à l'innovation, la communication vers la société. En tant qu'établissement public qui mobilise des collectifs de recherche, d'appui et de soutien à la recherche, l'INRA a la responsabilité de servir l'intérêt général. Pour ce faire, l'Institut privilégie la recherche de la pertinence, de l'utilité, de la qualité des résultats dans le respect mutuel, en mettant en avant l'impartialité et l'exemplarité de ses comportements, et en faisant preuve de vigilance sur ces questions. C'est de la responsabilité de l'établissement que de donner des repères déontologiques à l'ensemble de ses personnels pour que chacun puisse inscrire, au coeur de ses missions et activités, l'ambition de servir cet intérêt général de façon impartiale et exemplaire. La charte de déontologie exprime le sens général et les principes que chacun, personnellement, s'engage à respecter dans le cadre des missions qui lui incombent. Elle s'inscrit dans une démarche continue d'amélioration des pratiques professionnelles. Elle est portée par la direction générale de l'Institut et s'adresse à chaque agent qui y travaille, y compris à titre temporaire, l'établissement s'assurant que tous en ont pris connaissance. Elle est adossée à un ensemble de règles législatives, réglementaires ou institutionnelles qui régissent les activités professionnelles de tous. La loi n°83-634 modifiée du 13 juillet 1983 portant droits et obligations des fonctionnaires, le Code de la recherche, le Code de l'éducation, la Charte européenne du chercheur (11 mars 2005)1, la Déclaration de Singapour sur l'intégrité en recherche (2010)2 sont quelques-uns des principaux textes constituant le cadre qui promeut l'exercice de la responsabilité individuelle de chaque agent. En faisant preuve, à l'échelle individuelle et collective, d'un comportement qui met en pratique la charte de déontologie dans toutes ses activités, l'Institut exprime aussi l'ambition de consolider le lien de confiance qui le lie à la société.

Las plantas de generación eléctrica en España pueden vender su energía a través de contratos directamente con los consumidores a los que abastecen, o bien, pueden acudir a diversos mercados eléctricos en función de la tecnología empleada para el mismo. Esto es debido, a que cada planta de generación presenta unas características tecnológicas imponiendo una serie de restricciones técnicas en los mercados a los que acuden. Este suceso, determina el comportamiento del Sistema Eléctrico Nacional así como los ingresos obtenidos por la venta de electricidad. Sin embargo, el comportamiento del mismo es dinámico en el tiempo ya que fluctúa significativamente en función de múltiples parámetros, como puede ser desde los cambios legislativos al incremento del número de centrales de producción. El presente proyecto consiste en la elaboración de una aplicación informática que en base a datos históricos disponibles públicamente analice el comportamiento de estas tecnologías en los diferentes mercados eléctricos en el corto plazo. También permite estimar los ingresos obtenidos por cada tipo de tecnología en función del volumen de energía programado en cada mercado. Para un análisis más profundo del mismo, se permite desglosar la información en las diferentes Unidades de Programación entendiéndose como tal al elemento mínimo con capacidad de ofertar en un mercado. Igualmente con estas unidades se puede obtener tanto el volumen de energía programado en cada mercado como una estimación de sus ingresos. Estos análisis son empleados para estudiar la fuerte interrelación que existe entre los diversos mercados, ya que los resultados obtenidos en cada uno de ellos son determinantes para predecir la evolución de los sucesivos mercados. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ; The power plants in Spain can sell their energy through contracts directly with consumers, or they can participate in many electricity markets. Each generation plant has their own technology with technical restrictions in the markets they attend. This event determines the behavior of the national electricity system as well as income from the sale of electricity. However, the dynamic behavior is the same time as it fluctuates significantly depending on many parameters, such as from the legislative changes to increase the number of production plants. This project involves the development of a software application based on public historical data to analyze the behavior of these technologies in different electricity markets in the short term. It also allows estimating the income from each type of technology based on the volume of energy scheduled in each market. For a deeper analysis, the software application distinguishes between the different Programming Units, that´s to say, the minimum element capable of offering in a market. Also with these units can be obtained either programmed energy volume in each market as an estimate of their income. These analyzes are used to study the strong interrelationship between the different markets, since the results obtained in each of them are crucial to predict the evolution of successive markets. ; Ingeniería Industrial

Anders was a preeminent critic of technology and critic of the atomic bomb as he saw this hermeneutico-phenomenologically in the visceral sense of being and time: the sheer that of its having been used (where the Nietzschean dialectic of the 'having been' reflects the essence of modern technology) as well as the bland politics of nuclear proliferation functions as programmatic aggression advanced in the name of defense and deterrence. The tactic of sheerly technological, automatic, mechanical, aggression is carried out in good conscience. The preemptive strike is, as Baudrillard observed, the opponent's fault: such are the wages of evil. Violence in good conscience characterizes the postwar, cold war era and the present day with its mushrooming effects of neo-fascism under the titles of national security and anti-terrorism. Karl Krauss' 1913 bon mot regarding psychoanalysis as the very insanity it claims to cure [Psychoanalyse ist jene Geisteskrankheit, für deren Therapie sie sich halt] has never been more apt for political translation — straight into the heart of what Lacan called the Real which has 'always been' the political register. Where Habermas and heirs have tended to disregard Anders (as they also sidestep Heidegger and Nietzsche), just as most philosophers of technology (and indeed philosophers of science) have ignored the political as well as the ethical in their eagerness to avoid suspicion of technophobia, we continue to require both critical theory and a critical philosophy of technology, a conjunction incorporating Ander's complicated dialectic less of art in Benjamin's prescient but still innocent age of technological reproduction but and much rather "on the devastation of life in the age of the third industrial revolution." Thus rather than reading Anders' critique of the bomb as limited to a time we call the Atomic Age — as Anders himself varied Samuel Beckett's 1957 Endgame (Fin de partie) as Endzeit that is "Endtime," here invoking the eschatological language of Jacob Taubes as Anders does — this essay connects his reflections on the bomb with his critique of technology and the obsolescence of humanity as of a piece with our dedication to hurling ourselves against our own mortality. This concern with the violence of technology, this hatred of the vulnerability of having been born and having been set on a path unto death (the mortal path that is the path of life) inspires Anders' engagement with the sons of Eichmann — the heirs of those who designed and executed the Nazi death camps and extermination chambers of the Holocaust — and the sons of Claude Eatherly — the heirs of both those who designed and those who as pilots (banality of banality) deployed the bombings that exploded nothing the stuff of the sun itself against the Empire of the Sun in the attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. We, embroiled as we are in wartime after wartime,suppressing public protest on a scale like never before, in country after country across the globe, cannot dispense with Anders today.

El proceso histórico de integración informal entre México y Estados Unidos fue coronado en 1994 con la entrada en vigor del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN). De esa manera, por una parte se dio pie a la generación de condiciones formales para la creación de comercio y la libre movilidad de capitales y, por otra se dejó a las condiciones del mercado y la política, la situación de la migración y la configuración del mercado laboral compartido entre ambos países. A unos meses de cumplirse los veinte años de vigencia del tratado, los saldos son claroscuros. Los objetivos de creación de comercio y atracción de inversión extranjera se han cumplido, sin soslayar que han decrecido en los años posteriores a la crisis de 2009; no así, aquellos que vaticinaban que el tratado sería el punto de inflexión hacia sendas de desarrollo para la economía mexicana. Sin que estas expectativas se hayan logrado, el proceso de integración continúa, adentrado en una fase de profundización, donde más allá de las razones económicas, intervienen factores relacionados con cambios estructurales en ámbitos de interés para Estados Unidos, como son el mercado laboral, la apertura energética y otros asociados a la seguridad nacional de ese país. Todo esto marca tendencias de pérdida de márgenes de maniobra de México, los cuales conducen a una creciente subordinación a los intereses del poderoso vecino. Examinar lo anterior es el objetivo del artículo. ; The historical process of informal integration between Mexico and the United States culminated in 1994 with the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). In this way, it gave rise to the generation of formal conditions for the creation of commerce and free mobility of capitals, but was left to the market conditions and politics, the migration status and the configuration of the labor market shared between both countries. Although NAFTA´s validity term is about to be completed, the balances show contrasting results. The objectives of trade creation and attraction of foreign investment have been met, without ignoring the fact that these have declined through the years after the 2009 crisis; but was not the case for those that where predicted by the ones who believed that the treaty would be the inflection point towards development paths for the Mexican economy. Even though NAFTA expectations have not been achieved, the integration process continues nestled into a deepening phase, where beyond economic reasons, related factors intervene with the structural changes in areas of interest to the United States, such as labor market, opening of the energy sector and others related to national security of that country. All of the above create a declining trend in Mexico's range of maneuver, which derives in their increasing subordination to the United StateS' interests. The objective of this article is to examine the information above. ; 65-78 ; mvazquez@pitic.uson.mx ; semestral