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Предметом данной статьи являются стратегии поведения сельского населения в рамках антирелигиозной кампании 1950–1960-х гг. Главный акцент авторами сделан на изучение поведения сельского населения Алтайского края в ходе кампании против использования икон в повседневной жизни. В методологическом плане авторы опирались на положения крестьяноведов Т. Шанина и Дж. Скотта. Отношения власти и общества по религиозным вопросам остаются малоизученными в рамках антропологии. Источниками для работы стали справки и отчеты районных органов государственной и партийной власти, а также устные исторические источники. Проведенное исследование позволило установить, что сельское население Алтайского края в 1950–1960-е гг. использовало три основные стратегии поведения: продолжение верующими проведения обрядов с использованием икон в тайне от надзорных органов; открытое противостояние представителям власти; полное подчинение требованиям властей.
The article discusses the strategies of behavior of the rural population within the period of the anti-religious campaign from the 1950s to the 1960s in the Altai Territory using the example of the iconoclasm. There are significant differences between the strategies that were used by authorities and society in different periods of existence of the Soviet state as well as in the relationship between the authorities and society concerning religious issues. Due to the wideness of these relations, the main emphasis is placed on the consideration of the process of iconoclasm among the population. The methodological basis of the study was made by peasant scholars T. Shanin and J. Scott. They consider the process of building relations between the authorities and the traditional peasantry. From the authors' point of view, the behavioral patterns of the peasantry in the 1950s and the 1960s related with religion mainly remained within the old tradition. In modern historiography, the "view from below" in the relations between the authorities and society on religious issues remains poorly studied, despite the significant potential of regional subjects in this regard. The source base of research is archival materials from the Altai Krai State Archives, which were presented by references and reports of district bodies of state and party power, as well as oral historical sources and field materials collected during historical and ethnographic expeditions of the Altai State Pedagogical University. The article's conclusion is that the rural population of the Altai Krai used three main strategies during the 1950s and the 1960s. The most common practice was for believers to continue performing ceremonies using icons in secrecy from the supervisory authorities, which aligned with the traditional peasant worldview. Other identified strategies were open opposition to those in authority and complete submission to the demands of the authorities to stop the use of icons in everyday life. The traditional peasant mentality led to a decrease in the popularity of these strategies.

Is there a Muslim disadvantage in economic integration for second-generation immigrants to Europe? Previous research has failed to isolate the effect that religion may have on an immigrant family's labor market opportunities because other factors, such as country of origin or race, confound the result. This paper uses a correspondence test in the French labor market to identify and measure this religious effect. The results confirm that in the French labor market, anti-Muslim discrimination exists: a Muslim candidate is 2.5 times less likely to receive a job interview callback than is his or her Christian counterpart. A high-n survey reveals, consistent with expectations from the correspondence test, that second-generation Muslim households in France have lower income compared with matched Christian households. The paper thereby contributes to both substantive debates on the Muslim experience in Europe and methodological debates on how to measure discrimination. Following the National Academy of Sciences’ 2001 recommendations on combining a variety of methodologies and applying them to real-world situations, this research identifies, measures, and infers consequences of discrimination based on religious affiliation, controlling for potentially confounding factors, such as race and country of origin.

The profitability of pork production may be connected to the relation analysis of pork purchase and corn as well as forage or piglet prices. Using econometric modeling to estimate the profitability of pork production based on borderline price relations: pigs to corn or pigs to piglets is presented in the article. When the relations expand over some level, in pig prices favour, we observe an increasing profitability of pork production. Short period forecasts of farm product prices help to estimate a production profitability. This allows the farmers to take rational decisions on the pig breeding quantity.

Enyew Mekonen,1 Belayneh Shetie,2 Niguse Muluneh3 1Department of Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 2Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 3Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Enyew Mekonen Tel +251946607528Email enyewgetaneh111@gmail.comIntroduction: The psychosocial consequences of the coronavirus pandemic are serious for health professionals including nurses because of a higher level of exposure. Nurses often face huge psychological pressure as a result of workload, long hours, and working in a high-risk environment. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of anxiety, depression, and stress among nurses working in northwest Amhara referral hospitals.Methods: Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 25th September to 20th October 2020. A total of 302 nurses were selected using a simple random sampling technique. A structured pretested self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. The data were entered into EpiData version 3 and analyzed using SPSS version 21. A binary logistic regression model was used to compute bivariable and multivariable analyses.Results: The prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress among nurses was 69.6%, 55.3%, and 20.5%, respectively. Unavailability of a guideline, fear of infecting family, and having chronic diseases increase the risk of developing anxiety. Nurses who did not have a guideline, received negative feedback from families, had a history of mental disorders, and chronic diseases have a higher odds of depression. Working in the night shift, lack of training, fear of infecting family, negative feedback from families, presence of confirmed/suspected cases in the family, and having chronic diseases increase the risk of developing stress.Conclusion: More than two-thirds, more than half, and nearly one-fifth of the nurses had anxiety, depression, and stress, respectively. It is better to create awareness for the community, avail a guideline, train nurses, and give special attention to nurses with chronic disease and a history of mental disorders to minimize the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on nurses and protect their mental health. The government shall develop and implement national programs for occupational health and safety, prevent violence in the workplace, improve psychological well-being, and protect from physical and biological hazards to take care of the mental health of healthcare professionals during this pandemic.Keywords: anxiety, COVID-19, depression, stress, nurses

This article argues that the dominance of precise, linear borders as an ideal in the demarcation of territory is an outcome of a relatively recent and ongoing historical process, and that this process has had important effects on international politics since circa 1900. Existing accounts of the origins of territorial sovereignty are in wide disagreement largely because they fail to specify the relationship between territory and borders, often conflating the two concepts. I outline a history of the linearization of borders, which is separate from that of territorial sovereignty, having a very different timeline and featuring different actors, and offer an explanation for the dominance of this universalizing system of managing and demarcating space, based on the concept of rationalization. Finally, I describe two broad ways in which linearizing borders has affected international politics: by making space divisible in new ways; and underpinning hierarchies by altering the distribution of geographical knowledge resources.

This article contends that just as an excess of conventional arms requires a disarmament processes, so the weaponization of media should be met with an information disarmament process. The article examines elements of this work deployed to assist in the US — Soviet rapprochement of the 1980s. Cases discussed include a mutual textbook review project, citizento-citizen conferences mounted by the Chautauqua Society and a series of forums held via satellite television links called Spacebridges. The emergence of government-to-government information talks in which the United States Information Agency led by Charles Z.Wick engaged various elements of the Soviet state media apparatus is traced. The meetings from 1986 through 1989 are summarized, including the frank discussion of the challenge of disinformation and of mutual stereotyping. It is asserted that this process was more effective than is generally remembered, but success required a rough symmetry within the US/Soviet relationship. The internal crisis within the USSR repositioned the country as a junior partner and led the US to misperceive the end of the Cold War in terms of victory and defeat, with counterproductive results.

Preservation of HUD-assisted housing / Maggie McCarty, Libby Perl -- Testimony of Tammye Trevino, Administrator, Rural Housing Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, before the Subcommittee on Housing and Community Opportunity -- Statement of Toby Halliday, Vice President, National Housing Trust, before the Subcommittee on Housing and Community Opportunity -- Statement of Ricky Leung, Treasurer, National Alliance of HUD tenants, before the Subcommittee on Housing and Community Opportunity, hearing on "affordable housing preservation and protection of tenants" -- Testimony of the Institute for Responsible Housing Preservation, presented by Sarah Metherell, Vice President, Steadfast companies, before the Subcommittee on Housing and Community Opportunity, hearing on "affordable housing preservation and protection of tenants

Amidst the recent resurgence of interest in religion as one of the main 'sources of the self', Max Weber's argument in the Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Religionssoziologie can make an important contribution. The importance of individuation 1 to the rise of capitalism in Weber's account has usually been related to the process of autonomisation of the individual from the 'community of blood' that took place in the Jewish-Christian tradition in the West. The author argues that Weber in fact proposed a much more sophisticated reconstruction of the processes of individuation than is commonly supposed. By means of a comparative reconstruction of the relation between religion, individual and society in several cultural contexts, Weber proposed a complex analysis of different processes of individuation, in which the notion of 'personality' plays a crucial role.

The scientific research is devoted to the problems of legal regulation of labor relations of preschool education employees. The legislative and by-laws that regulate the labor relations of kindergarten workers are analysed. The works of individual scientists in the field of law, who investigated the problems of legal regulation of preschool education are studied.The methodological basis of the study was general scientific and special legal cognitive methods. To study the problem, we used the systemic, theoretical-legal, formal-dogmatic, comparative legal methods of cognition, as well as the state-legal modeling method.The status of teaching staff in a preschool education institution is held by the director, his or her deputy, educators, and the teacher's assistant. In addition, assistants to the educator and nanny, who do not have the status of a pedagogical worker, can work in the kindergarten. At the same time, the legislation does not fix the criteria for distinguishing the functions of an assistant and an assistant educator. The law does not allow distinguishing between a caregiver and a nanny.The following features of the legal regulation of the labor activity of workers in preschool education can be named. The legislation establishes the requirements for persons who wish to work at preschool education institutions. A reduced working time has been established, and an increased duration of the annual basic leave is provided. Legislative and by-laws establish the specifics of remuneration in the field of preschool education. An additional ground is provided for the dismissal of teachers in preschool education - committing an immoral offense.It was proposed to make a list of amendments to the Law of Ukraine On Preschool Education. The rules of law that enshrine the duration of reduced working hours or the leave duration in the field of preschool education should be enshrined in law, and not by-laws.The Law of Ukraine On Preschool Education should provide that teaching staff perform educational and ...

Multiculturalism today become an issue and study materials are attractive for a wide range of knowledge about pluralism in the social order, including in relation to the lives of muslims. This study examines the relationship between Islam and multiculturalism, based on the premise that Islam as a system of doctrine that comes from God's revelation is always growing and developing appropriate socio-cultural context of its adherents, as shown in the history of the classical period. Therefore, the main problem of this study, how the life of multiculturalism in muslim society in that period. So the study aims to map patterns of multiculturalism within the Muslim communities. The research was developed by the historical method, with socio-cultural approach. Based on this study found patterns of multiculturalism as follows: First, the muslim community during the period of the Prophet and the Khulafa al-Rashidun-based Arab culture, and Islam is growing with the development pattern of teaching that accommodate the cultural forms that are rooted in the tradition of al-qabaliyyah al'ashabiyyah. Second, the pattern of growing muslim community in the politics of Arabism, as at the time of the Umayyad Daula, acculturation would encourage the growth of the Muslim-Arab Muslim communities against non-Arabs to the expansion of Islam during this time. Third, multiculturalism patterns more apparent as the reality of pluralism in Muslim society is indicated by the role of communities in the context of non-Arab Islamic culture and civilization construction, as developed Abbasid.

Since the mid-2000s, Bolivia has experienced a re-foundation of the law as a whole, leading to are configuration of the state and relations with its various subsystems. This reconfiguration leads to an original redistribution of political power, on the one hand between the different organs of the state, but also within civil society. The notion of plurinationality thus seems to transcend the new Plurinational State of Bolivia and to act on the very substance of Bolivian law as a new legal paradigm. We wish to demonstrate in this thesis that the Plurinational State of Bolivia, through the 2009 State Political Constitution, is no longer part of the legal paradigm of Modernity, but in a legal paradigm of a new kind : the legal paradigm of plurinationality. This paradigm, in its attempt to transcend modernity, reconfigures several central notions of constitutional law : the state, the production and interpretation of law, the political link between rulers and ruled, and the relationship between State and society. We thus propose to observe the effects of this new legal paradigm on Bolivian law, and we consider that legal paradigm is a forerunner of future developments in our contemporary legal systems. ; La Bolivie connaît depuis le milieu des années 2000 une refondation du droit dans son ensemble, débouchant sur une reconfiguration de l'État et des rapports avec ses différents sous-systèmes. Cette reconfiguration débouche sur une redistribution originale du pouvoir politique, d'une part entre les différents organes de l'État,mais aussi au sein même de la société civile. La notion de plurinationalité semble donc transcender le nouvel État plurinational de Bolivie et agir sur la substance même du droit bolivien en tant que nouveau paradigme juridique. Nous souhaitons démontrer dans cette thèse que l'État plurinational de Bolivie, au travers de la Constitution politique de l'État de 2009, ne s'inscrit plus dans le paradigme juridique de la Modernité, mais dans un paradigme juridique d'un genre nouveau : le paradigme juridique de la plurinationalité. Ce paradigme, dans sa tentative de dépasser la Modernité, reconfigure plusieurs notions centrales du droit constitutionnel : l'État, la production et l'interprétation du droit, le lien politique qui relie gouvernants et gouvernés, la relation entre l'État et la société. Nous proposons ainsi d'observer les effets de ce nouveau paradigme juridique sur le droit bolivien, et nous considérons que ce dernier est précurseur des évolutions à venir dans nos systèmes juridiques contemporains.

The principle of subsidiary nature is a political instrument considered by the author as a mechanism of solving controversies among the organs of the European Community & national governments of the European Union (EU). This fact generates disagreements about different levels of government. Examined here is the EU's interest in a clear definition of that principle & in the recognition & application on the part of its member states so that the integration process moves forward. Adapted from the source document.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Author -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Regional Organizations and Normative Arguing -- Organization of the Book -- References -- Chapter 2 The Politics of Normative Arguing in Regional Organizations -- Regionalism and International Society -- Regional Primary and Secondary Institutions: A Framework -- Organizational Stability and Change -- Theoretical Benefits -- Analytical Approach and Methods -- References -- Chapter 3 Decolonization: Setting the Stage for Regionalism -- The Institutions of the Colonial International Society -- Dismantling Imperialism -- The Second World War and its Impact on Feedback Effects -- Normative Arguing and Asian Decolonization -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 4 Founding Years: Building Regional Organizations in Postcolonial Spaces -- The EEC's Association Framework and the Imperial Question, c. 1945-1963 -- The Empires Strike Back -- African Decolonization and the Emergence of Developmentalism -- ASEAN and the Issue of Nonalignment, c. 1945-1967 -- New Discursive Arenas, Nonintervention and Anti-hegemonism -- Building ASEAN -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 5 Legal Integration: Regionalizing Judicial Authority -- The Constitutionalization of EC Law and European Citizenship, c. 1961-1992 -- The Institution of Democracy and the Constitutionalization of Community Law -- Toward European Citizenship -- The ASEAN Charter and Dispute Settlement, c. 1976-2007 -- Building Momentum for Legal Integration -- The Charter-An ASEAN Constitution? -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 6 Enlargement: Redefining Regional Boundaries -- EU Enlargement and the European Neighbourhood Policy, c. 1961-2007 -- The Greek and Spanish Applications and the End of the Cold War as Exogenous Shocks -- Toward Copenhagen: Debating Membership Institutions -- Dealing with a New Neighborhood.

Cover -- Half Title -- Dedication -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction: Law, Disorder and the Nation -- Public disorder in the 1980s: 'hell-bent on confrontation' -- Methodology -- Structure of the book -- 1 Marxism, Postmodernism, and the Racialisation Problematic -- Introduction -- Marxism, neo-Marxism and 'race' -- The classical Marxist approach -- The migrant labour model -- The relative autonomy model -- The postmodern challenge -- Reconceptualising 'race': a critically realist racialisation problematic -- Summary and conclusion -- 2 Liverpool, 1919: '...To Make An Honest Bread' ? -- Introduction -- Background and context -- Explaining the disorders -- Fears surrounding miscegenation -- Competition for employment -- Citizenship and 'difference' -- 'Safe on sacred ground' -- Conclusion -- 3 Political Disorder in 1930s Britain: 'Coloured Shirts and Tin Trumpets' -- Introduction -- Background and context -- Olympia, 7 June 1934: 'wholly unnecessary violence' -- 'The Battle of Cable Street', 4 October 1936: 'they shall not pass' -- Explaining the disorders -- Jews in the East End of London: 'you've got to be a good Yiddisher boy' -- Fascism, violence, and the British tradition: 'un-British weeds in British soil' -- Conclusion -- 4 Nottingham and Notting Hill 1958-59: 'Ostentatious Blacks and Rowdy Whites' -- Introduction -- Background and context -- Explaining the disorders -- Housing, unemployment, and national assistance -- Immigration -- Youths, crime, and social nuisance -- Pimping, sex, and 'silly girls' -- Liberal, charitable, and community groups -- Conclusion -- 5 Broadwater Farm, October 1985: 'This is not England' -- Introduction -- Background and context -- Explaining the disorders -- The primacy of law and order -- The racialisation of the disputes

Relations between Israel & the Gulf states are not anything new. In the immediate aftermath of the 1993 Oslo Accords, both Qatar & Oman established low-level yet open diplomatic ties with Israel. In 2010, Ha'aretz reported that the former Israeli foreign minister, Tzipi Livni, was on friendly terms with Shaykh Abdullah bin Zayed despite the absence of formal diplomatic ties between the two states. The shared suspicion towards the regional designs of Iran that underpinned these ties even extended to a secret dialogue between Israel & Saudi Arabia. Cooperation between Israel & Saudi Arabia in thwarting Iran's regional ambitions also casts light on Washington's lack of strategic leadership. Jones & Guzansky contend that ties between Israel & many of its Gulf counterparts are now more vibrant than ever before. They constitute a tacit security regime which does not preclude competition in other areas.