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"This study aims to identify patterns of warfare in the southern French Iron Age through examination of the documentary, settlement, iconographic and osteological evidence for warfare in this region, each within its chronological context and in tandem with one another. The Iron Age of southern France remains relatively unknown in the English-speaking archaeological world. The best known aspects of the archaeological material suggest a society in which warfare was an overriding preoccupation. Major, fortified centres, such as Entremont and Saint-Blaise, and the tradition of 'warrior statues' like those from Entremont and Roquepertuse, suggest that conflict was a recurrent theme. Literary sources, such as Poseidonius have described the indigenous populations of this area as a volatile and warlike people who took the heads of their enemies from the battlefield and displayed or preserved them in their settlements. Finds of skulls, some with nails still embedded in the bone, appear to verify such reports. The pattern of warfare which emerges from this analysis is then discussed within some of the more prominent models of social-anthropological study. This case study offers a more nuanced and contextual interpretation of warfare in the southern French Iron Age and demonstrates how, if treated as a form of social interaction, rather than a breakdown in social norms, might be integrated into wider archaeological interpretations of social and political change"--Publisher's web site

Peacemaking includes a large array of activities from local to global attempts to attain peace. It includes consideration of international, interstate, and intertribal conflict resolution; communal, personal, and interpersonal social justice; deterrence of the use of nuclear weapons; design of international treaties that prevent war or other forms of international conflict; disarmament; international organizations that secure the order among nations; and even, from some points of view, war. As the 20th century drew to a close, we have witnessed peacemakers trying to end ethnic cleansing, reinstate justly elected political leaders, and reach compromises in the ideological differences that perpetuate age-old conflicts. We also see peacemaking in our schools, homes, and workplaces. Philosophers have long been interested in peacemaking in one form or another, and philosophical accounts of peacemaking reflect the variety of perspectives, methods, and activities developed in pursuing peacemaking. In some instances, philosophers expand upon the situations, activities, and methods of the peacemaker in the field. The essays in this volume propose some theoretical arguments for various aspects of peacemaking, offer nonmilitary alternatives to war, and discuss practical examples of peacemaking in daily life. The contributors analyze power relations, language, social groupings, and distribution of resources. At times, they draw insight from social and historical models of conflict and conflict-resolution. This collection of essays on peacemaking aims to enlighten contemporary social and political discussions and contribute to achieving the ever-challenging goal of peace

Self-organised user groups of social and health care services are playing an increasingly significant part within systems of local governance. Based on detailed empirical work looking at the user and 'official' perspective, this report includes studies of user groups and officials in two policy areas - mental health and disability. The authors examine both the strategies user groups adopt to seek their objectives, and explore conceptual issues relating to notions of consumerism and citizenship. Unequal partners thus contributes to our understanding of the role of user self-organisation in empowering people as consumers, and in enabling excluded people to become 'active' citizens. The authors discuss the way in which self-organisation may be supported without being controlled by officials in statutory agencies, highlighting the need to understand and distinguish between user self-organisation and user involvement. The report concludes that if policy makers are genuinely committed to greater user involvement in design, planning and delivery of services, then user self-organisation needs to be both encouraged and supported materially, without being 'captured' or incorporated into management. The research points to the significance of 'user groups' in challenging the exclusion of disabled citizens from all aspects of social, economic, political and cultural life. Unequal partners is essential reading for health and social care policy makers and practitioners, lobby and pressure groups, students and academics in health and social policy and local government studies, and users

Taiwan's legalization of same-sex marriage in 2019 made it the first nation in Asia to grant marital rights to gay and lesbian couples. In the years leading up to legalization, the Marriage Equality Coalition Taiwan (pro-same-sex marriage) and the Coalition for the Happiness of Our Next Generation (anti-same-sex marriage) mobilized large-scale social movements on social media between 2016 and 2017 to influence the legislative process. The network structure and affordances of digital platforms have facilitated communication and mobilization for social movements. However, new technology alone does not guarantee participation, and cultural aspects of mobilization on digital platforms are an important area of study. This paper examines the framing strategies these two organizations used on Facebook pages and the political and cultural contexts that facilitated or constrained frame alignment. A mixed-method framing analysis combining quantitative and qualitative methods of their Facebook posts revealed that the supporting group framed same-sex marriage as an issue of human rights and as a democratic development linked to Taiwan's goal of national independence, whereas the opposing group framed it as a destruction of traditional culture concerning family values and social order. Our analysis identified the distinct features of framing strategy in Taiwan's marriage equality movement and countermovement, including the appeal to nationalism and the downplaying of religion, that were affected by Taiwan's specific political and cultural contexts.

Resumo: Este trabalho é um ensaio que, através de uma revisão da literatura, pretende contribuir para a discussão sobre altas habilidades e criatividade entre todos os personagens envolvidos na prática da educação. Seu objetivo é promover reflexões sobre as diferentes expressões da inteligência humana e sobre como ela pode ser abordada para a melhor condução do desenvolvimento individual e social. Propõe-se que compartilhar com a sociedade em geral as habilidades de cada indivíduo constitui-se em um exercício de cidadania e que inteligência pode ser compreendida como Patrimônio Social. Cabendo, então, à sociedade oferecer todos os recursos, a fim de que todos, com deficiência ou eficiência especial, possam desenvolvê-la plenamente, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento individual e coletivo.Palavras-chave: Funcionamento inteligente. Criatividade. Aspectos educacionais. Educação.Abstract: This work aims, through a literary review, contributes to a discussion about high abilities e creativity among all the characters involved in the educational practice. The main objective is to create reflections about the different expression of human intelligence, and how it could be approached for conduct in a better way the individual and social development. This essay proposes to share with society in general that the abilities of each individual could became an exercise of citizenship and intelligence can be understood as social patrimony. So, it is the society role to offer all the resources, so everyone, with special deficiency or efficiency, could develop individually and socially.Keywords: Intelligent functioning. Creativity. Educational aspects. Education.

This text discusses some results from research on the formation of agroecological networks and subjects in traditional rural communities in the Center-South and Campos Gerais regions of Paraná state. We begin from the discussion of agroecology as a field for social production of knowledge and practices, through which cooperation strategies, disputes, and tensions between different actors at local, regional, and national scales become evident. To do so, three dimensions that mobilize resources and expand capacities for a relative socio-environmental autonomy that theoretically could be driven by agroecological projects are discussed: organizational, epistemological, and technological. A wide variety of social strategies for appropriating, producing, and legitimizing agroecological discourses and practices that reveal territorialization strategies for multiple motives (local social organizations, universities, unions and cooperatives, municipal, state, and federal government) can be seen. Notable among the competing agroecological imagery is that which resembles an ethics of peasantry and traditional knowledge, often diverging from the official scientific and institutional hegemonic beliefs in some aspects with regard to the autonomy of the three dimensions mentioned above. On these terms, we question to what extent various agroecological practices and imagery can mobilize social and ecological capital when appropriated (adapted and hybridized) by local rural communities in order to produce subjectivities and autonomies based on an ethics of peasantry.elocation-id: e2230103Received: 08.24.2021 • Accepted: 02.04.2022 • Published: 02.23.2022Original article / Blind peer review / Open access

AbstractThe basis of a methodology determines whether a research method can fit the core characteristics of a particular academic tradition, and thus, it is crucial to explore this foundation. Keeping in mind the controversy and progress of the philosophy of social sciences, this paper aims to elaborate on four aspects including the cognitive model, the view of causality, research methods, and analysis techniques, and to establish a more solid methodological basis for historical political science. With respect to the "upstream knowledge" of methodology, both positivism and critical realism underestimate the tremendous difference between the natural world and the social world. This leads to inherent flaws in controlled comparison and causal mechanism analysis. Given the constructiveness of social categories and the complexity of historical circumstances, the cognitive model of constructivism makes it more suitable for researchers to engage in macro-political and social analysis. From the perspective of constructivism, the causality in "storytelling," i.e., the traditional narrative analysis, is placed as the basis of the regularity theory of causality in this paper, thus forming the historical–causal narrative. The historical–causal narrative focuses on how a research object is shaped and self-shaped in the ontological historical process, and thus ideally suits the disciplinary characteristics of historical political science. Researchers can complete theoretical dialogues, test hypotheses, and further explore the law of causality in logic and evidence, thereby achieving the purpose of "learning from history" in historical political science.

"Can I help it that in all things God gives witness to himself?" This quote of Titus Brandsma shows his concept of God. This article reflects on the way in which Blessed Titus Brandsma gave witness to God from three perspectives: his mystical theology, his social engagement, and his way of the cross. Brandsma defines mysticism as a particular unification of God and man, whereby the latter becomes conscious of God's presence and, on his part, also unifies himself with God. His writings highlight three key aspects of mysticism that are closely related: mysticism is two-sided, nearby, and embodied. Titus Brandsma was primarily active in the fields of education and journalism. He analysed the contemporary social and political situation and was very critical of national socialism, especially because its basic values were in conflict with the Christian value of love. He regarded the spiritual crisis as more fundamental than the social and economic crises. He offered a new concept of God, which was founded on God's presence in the core of everybody, as a reply to individualism and social exclusion. Finally, this article gives some examples showing the way in which Brandsma gave witness of God during the final months of his life. Brandsma was imprisoned because of his effort for the resistance of the Catholic press against national socialism. Testimonies show that Brandsma could experience God's presence nearby. This helped him remain strong spiritually.

Historical and social science literature has a long tradition of interest in the Nordic model and its permutations and developments. This chapter will make two straightforward and related claims. First, that ideas about the Nordic model circulated in British political circles in the period 1997 to 2010 in the field of healthcare, and second, that this Nordic model was a departure from the 'traditional' social democratic conception of Norden, instead of relying heavily on New Public Management ideas. It will substantiate this claim using a policy diffusion model to analyse think-tank reports, political speeches, and articles from the popular and business press. I will claim that a dual process of policy learning was taking place in the 2000s with a group of broadly social democratic think tanks and media figures engaging with Nordic countries on the one hand and a group of free-market think tanks, journalists and the Conservative Party looking to Central European examples, especially Germany, on the other hand. Labour's use of the Nordic model should, therefore, be seen as a means to defend taxation-funded healthcare against policymakers arguing for the adoption of a social insurance system. What Labour policymakers created was, in historical terms, a distinctive and quite British conception of the Nordic model which emphasised marketising and privatising aspects of Nordic reform trajectories that were consistent with Labour's policy platform for the NHS. ; book is gold OA so final version of chapter is ok to use

The Covid-19 pandemic is an event that spreads the corona virus disease 2019 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) throughout the world. In response to this pandemic, the government has implemented various policies to limit the movement of people to suppress the spread of the Covid-19 virus in Indonesia. One aspect that has changed, due to the Covid-19 pandemic, is the way humans survive because of the many closures by trading offline. This impact was also felt by women who were members of the Fatayat NU (Nahdlatul Ulama) Ciledug organization. Fatayat NU is an Islamic women's organization which is one of the autonomous institutions within NU, which is religious, social and familial. The concept of Fatayat NU activities can be classified into three, namely in the field of regeneration and education, the field of da'wah or Islamic development, and the field of social society. One of these activities is closely related to government programs through the empowerment of MSMEs. The problems faced by Fatayat NU Ciledug, relating to the empowerment of MSMEs are: (1) Lack of knowledge to use social media in terms of publishing business; and (2) Lack of skills in using and processing graphic design applications to create flyers in order to promote their business. The solutions offered to solve these problems are through this community service activity, namely providing online training/workshops by utilizing social media to members of Fatayat NU Ciledug.

The basis of a methodology determines whether a research method can fit the core characteristics of a particular academic tradition, and thus, it is crucial to explore this foundation. Keeping in mind the controversy and progress of the philosophy of social sciences, this paper aims to elaborate on four aspects including the cognitive model, the view of causality, research methods, and analysis techniques, and to establish a more solid methodological basis for historical political science. With respect to the "upstream knowledge" of methodology, both positivism and critical realism underestimate the tremendous difference between the natural world and the social world. This leads to inherent flaws in controlled comparison and causal mechanism analysis. Given the constructiveness of social categories and the complexity of historical circumstances, the cognitive model of constructivism makes it more suitable for researchers to engage in macro-political and social analysis. From the perspective of constructivism, the causality in "storytelling," i.e., the traditional narrative analysis, is placed as the basis of the regularity theory of causality in this paper, thus forming the historical–causal narrative. The historical–causal narrative focuses on how a research object is shaped and self-shaped in the ontological historical process, and thus ideally suits the disciplinary characteristics of historical political science. Researchers can complete theoretical dialogues, test hypotheses, and further explore the law of causality in logic and evidence, thereby achieving the purpose of "learning from history" in historical political science.

Access to information becomes an important of achieving success in various aspects of life. Thus, it is considered the rights of every citizen without being impeded by physical or mental limitations. This study aims to analyze access to information that supports students with visual impairments (blind) in conducting learning activities at the university. This paper uses an interpretive paradigm, which aims to analyze a social reality and how that reality is formed. This research uses a qualitative type that seeks to understand social or human problems, based on the creation of a complete holistic picture that is formed with words, reports the views of informants in detail, and arranged in a natural setting. This research was conducted at the Social and Political Sciences Faculty of Universitas Airlangga (Unair) Surabaya, engaged 11 informants, three of whom were visually impaired students (blind). The supporting informants were 3 lecturers from the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences of Unair who teach visually impaired students, 3 friends of the main informant, 1 university representative, and 1 faculty representative. The study indicated that the assistive technologies have supported learning processes, such as mobile phones, laptops, scanners, and recording devices, were provided independently. The technology was very helpful to obtain information validly and quickly, as well as to understand the contents of the information more easily and assist to share the information with other colleagues.

Abstract: Religion is a force under which we understand the framework of social exclusion or integration across the world. The growing impact of religion on peoples' lives globally has seen a massive resurgence of newly imposed guidelines, rules, and regulations in societies. It has been a great impact on social conditioning, both demographically and psychographically. For an increasing majority of the global population, religion has powerfully anchored forms of identity, meaning, community, and purpose. And the same religion, through cultural roots, has created newer forms of marginalization across the societies and nations. All over the world nowadays people are discussing the problems of marginalized groups -their social, ethnic, economic, and cultural problems. Marginality with all aspects is indeed a major problem to be reckoned with in the world. By and large, most of the marginalized groups constitute minorities religious, ethnic, linguistic, or otherwise- in different countries. There are sub-cultures in mainstream cultures or religions. Invariably they are impoverished people constituting o minority groups. They suffer from economic, social, or political impoverishment and find themselves estranged from this mainstream. Their marginality may vary in degree, extent, or intensity. Most countries and cultures have empowered groups at one pole and impoverished groups at the other and between the two, there are graded levels of power and poverty. This paper discusses the correlation between religion, culture, and the process of marginalization.

While STS scholars generally point out that radioactive waste management (RWM) is a sociotechnical issue, in practice the social and technical aspects are still treated separately. European nuclear regulatory bodies and their technical support organizations (SITEX network) are aware of this issue and are looking for innovative ways to address it. Recently, they created the "Pathways Evolution Process (PEP) Serious Game" dedicated to RWM. With the support of social experts, this foresight game initially aims at challenging RWM strategies and fostering interactions with civil society (SITEX project, 2021). Concretely, PEP Serious Game creates and imposes shared wicked problems that participants must solve together within a specific timeframe. Based on document analysis, semi-structured interviews, participatory observations and ethnographic fieldnotes, this presentation compares two recent national experiences of the Pep Serious Game applied to RWM in France (2019) and Belgium (2021). Both participatory exercises were designed to target young participants with multidisciplinary background and were jointly organized by technical and social experts, with the support of French and Belgian nuclear regulatory bodies and their technical support organizations. Our results highlight how this tool creates, perpetuates or temporarily challenges relationships between technical and social experts (from universities and relevant public administrations) and stakeholders of the future generation. A central question we ask is: what if playing seriously was a way to collectively challenge nuclear waste policies? ; Peer reviewed

The purpose of this paper is to develop an ontological reading of the ethical and epistemic phenomenon that Miranda Fricker (2017) describes as testimonial injustice. In order to do this, we will resort to the ideas put forward by Ian Hacking (2001, 2002, 2006) concerning the relations between social classifications and social kinds. On the one hand, we will deal with the processes that Hacking terms "making up people", namely, processes in which the articulation of certain classifications make possible to existence of certain types of people. We will argue that episodes of testimonial injustice, that express the effects of stereotypical classifications, can be construed as part of the social processes of making up people because those episodes contribute to fabricate the epistemic attributes, such as credibility, of certain types or kinds of people. On the other hand, in order to conceptualize the ontological setting under which the phenomenon of testimonial injustice becomes recognizable and reproachable, we will draw on Hacking's idea of "interactive kinds". We contend that the concept of "interactive kinds" underlines the fundamentally unstable nature of human kinds and that emphasizing this dynamic aspect can illuminate the social conditions that make testimonial injustice ethically blameworthy. In this sense, we will argue that testimonial injustice can become the object of a normative point of view only insofar as the kinds whose existence is made possible by stereotypical classification are already undergoing a process of change.