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In the current time, there is no area in life that is not subject to change. Even within the distribution, changes have taken place in the course of the years. One significant factor of change in the distribution is the introduction of multiple distribution channels - the multi-channel management. The term multi-channel is not new, but for all that it has gained of importance for companies. This statement is valid for companies in the national as well as in the international fields. It has, more or less, substituted the meaning of a single-channel distribution, which was more practiced in the past. Multi-channel management has become a significant issue when coming to the distribution of goods and the market development. Thereby, factors such as the attitude of the competition, the internal development of the company and especially the consumer behavior have determined the enhancement of its importance. Moreover, the development of information and communication technology has led to the introduction of new distribution channels, as e.g. the internet, next to the traditional channels which are the mail order business or the stationary distribution channels among others. The demand for companies offering different purchasing ways respectively channels has been increasing. The reason for this development is the fact that consumers have recognized the variety of ways they are able to choose in order to acquire a product. This involves that consumers set high value on the distribution channels offered by the companies. The increased consumer demand cannot be only noticed in Germany but also in the international context. As a consequence companies have been forced to modify their distribution strategies in order to be able to fulfill the consumer needs and thus assuring the customer retention further on. But the multi-channel distribution is not only a necessity. On the other hand it is linked with additional possibilities for companies. For instance, they can achieve cost advantages such as the increase of the total revenue. The management of parallel running channels is not as easy as one might think and in addition, a multi-channel management bears some risks. These two aspects lead to the necessity that the companies have to be engaged in the involvement of distribution channels, in the arrangement of the channel mix as well as in the coordination of the multi-channel system. It always has to be stressed that the multi-channel management is not only important for the domestic market, but also for the international one. The distribution in the international context is more complex and different from the domestic one. Since the distribution system differs from country to country, it is not possible to apply the same distribution system as in the home country. Therefore, this diploma thesis does not only illustrate the multi-channel management in general but also the international marketing within the scope of the multi-channel management.

"Die 14. Tagung Junger Osteuropa-Experten (JOE-Tagung) versucht unter dem Thema 'Osteuropaforschung - 15 Jahre danach' eine Bestandsaufnahme. In diesem Sinne befassen sich Beiträge aus verschiedenen Disziplinen mit den Erwartungen, Resultaten, Ernüchterungen und Überraschungen der Transformationsprozesse in Osteuropa. Die Diskussionen in den einzelnen Panels beleuchten dabei theoretische, räumliche, politische, wirtschaftliche und alltägliche Dimensionen. Die Tagungen finden seit 1996 regelmäßig unter organisatorischer und fachlicher Leitung der Forschungsstelle Osteuropa und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Osteuropakunde statt." (Autorenreferat). Inhaltsverzeichnis: Elke Fein: Inter-, multi-, transdisziplinär. Überlegungen zu einem integralen, post-post-modernen methodologischen Pluralismus (nicht nur) in der Osteuropaforschung (8-13); Maja Kljucar: Abschied von einer besonderen Methodik der Ostrechtsforschung? Überlegungen zur Untersuchung des kroatischen Rechts der Vorgesellschaften (14-18); Jan Zofka: "Blinded by Ethnicity"? Osteuropaforschung und die Territorialkonflikte im Zerfall der Sowjetunion (19-23); Chris Armbruster: Explaining 1989. Soviet imperial breakdown and structural stasis (24-29); Anne Sophie Krossa: 'Ostmitteleuropa' oder 'Europa'? (30-32); Martin Fischer: Nordosteuropa. Eine Geschichtsregion sui generis? (33-37); Jörg Scheffer: Die Staaten Mittel- und Osteuropas in Einheit und Vielfalt. Kulturräumliche Gliederungen am Beispiel der Tschechischen Republik (38-41); Laura Suna: Region Baltikum: kulturelle Räume in Lettland (42-46); Ewa Agata Dziedzic: Kommen. Bleiben. Gehen. Identitätsmigration transnational? (47-49); Lucian-Boian Brujan: Regionale Entwicklungsprozesse in Rumänien: 'südosteuropäische Besonderheiten' oder Globalisierungstrends? Über die Auswirkungen der Transformation und des EU-Beitritts (50-56); Martin Birtel: Makrostruktureller Wandel und lokale Veränderungen im postsozialistischen Rumänien. Das Beispiel der Siedlungen am Rande des Königsstein Nationalparks (57-65); Jörn Knobloch: Hybride Systeme als Neuordnungskonzept Osteuropas (66-70); Inna Melnykovska: Bunte Revolutionen oder sanfter Autoritarismus. Institutioneller Wandel in der Ukraine und Russland 1998-2005. Nexus zwischen Wirtschaft und Politik (71-75); Marina Sverdel: Ukraine - eine neue Chance für die Pressefreiheit? (76-80); Marina Makhlin: Das Fortbestehen der neopatrimonialen Herrschaftsstrukturen in der Ukraine nach der Orangenen Revolution (81-86); Anja Franke: "Door Opener" und "Watchdogs". Die Rolle von NGOs als Träger von Transparenzdebatten in ressourcenbasierten Staaten der Kaspischen Region am Beispiel von Kasachstan (87-90); Wolfram Pergler: Zivilgesellschaft im Krieg. Die Entwicklung der Arbeitsbedingungen russländischer NGOs im Bereich Tschetschenien zwischen 1994 und 2006 (91-96); Melani Barlai, Florian Hartleb: Fidesz als rechtspopulistische Partei zwischen Regierung und Opposition (97-103); Katrin Bergholz: Externe Demokratieförderung in Osteuropa - Bilanz und künftige Herausforderungen am Beispiel Bosnien und Herzegowinas (104-107); Doris Beer: Institutionentransfer in der Politikberatung der 90er Jahre (108-111); Susanne Schatral: Russische NGOs in Netzwerken gegen Frauen-/ Menschenhandel (112-116); Alena Vysotskaya: Freizügigkeit der Personen in den Beziehungen zwischen der EU und ihren Anrainern Russland und Belarus (117-121); Sonja Guttenbrunner: Eine Chance für die Zusammenarbeit? Der Osterweiterungsprozess und die Entstehung neuer Kooperationsformen zwischen staatlichen und nicht-staatlichen Akteuren (122-125); Mara Kuhl: Allianzen für die europäische Wertegemeinschaft: Staat und Zivilgesellschaft in Estland (126-130); Eniko Baga, Aron Buzogány: Europäisierung subnationaler Politik und die Rolle lokaler Akteure in Mittel- und Osteuropa (131-135); Andreas Lorek: Polens Rolle in der Entwicklung einer "Östlichen Dimension" der Europäischen Union (136-141); Gunter Deuber: Osteuropa zwischen zwei ökonomischen Ordnungsmodellen - "Sozial verantwortliche Unternehmen" mit Indikatorfunktion (142-148); Olena Horban, Andriy Bocharov: Nachhaltigkeit und Wirksamkeit der nationalen Innovationssysteme (NIS) der mittel- und osteuropäischen Länder (MOEL) (149-153); Johannes Winter: Nach Produktion kommt Forschung und Entwicklung. Mittel- und Osteuropa als Ziel für Auslandsinvestitionen in der Automobilindustrie (154-159); Ramona Lange: Das Wirtschaftsklima in der Ukraine nach der "Orange Revolution" - Traum oder Alptraum für Investoren? (160-165); Luise Althanns: Zarenzigaretten und Verbrecherautos: Konsumenten und ihre Produkte im Übergang vom Plan zum Markt in Moskau (166-170); Laura de Roos, Tatjana Hofmann: Moskauer Gastronomie - globale Vielfalt po-russki (171-175); Timofei Agarin: Gesellschaftliche Resonanz des Systemwandels in den baltischen Gesellschaften im intergenerationellen Vergleich (176-179).

Cover -- Contents -- List of Tables and Figures -- Preface -- List of Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- Scope of the Study -- The General Nature and Incidence of the Taxes -- Parliamentary Taxation and National Finance -- Parliamentary Taxation and the Redress of Grievances -- 2 Parliament -- Taxation and the Summons of Parliament -- The Case for Taxation: the Preambles -- Parliamentary Opposition -- The Evolution of a Money Bill -- Drafts and amendments -- Commons and Lords -- Indenture and statute: assent -- 3 The Fifteenth and Tenth -- The Historical Background -- The Levying of the Tax -- The appointment of the collectors -- The charges on the vills -- The delegation of powers within the vill -- Local assessment -- Local collection -- The collectors and the problems of collection -- Opposition to distress: rescues -- Opposition to distress: actions at law -- Collective responsibility: unhelpful colleagues -- The costs of collection -- The time available for collection -- Unpopularity of office: limitations and exemptions -- Exemptions from Liability to the Fifteenth and Tenth -- Exemption by status -- Exemption by custom -- Exemption by statute -- Exemption by petition to the Barons of the Exchequer -- Exemption by prerogative grant -- Summary -- 4 The Evolution of the Directly Assessed Subsidy -- The Fifteenth-Century Background -- The Poll Tax on Aliens of 1488 -- The Subsidy of 1489: Failure -- The Compromise Forms of 1497 and 1504 -- The Attainment of the Final Form of the Directly Assessed Subsidy -- The subsidy of 1513 -- The subsidies of 1514, 1515 and 1516 -- The subsidy act of 1523 and after -- 5 The Directly Assessed Subsidies 1513-47 -- The General Administration of the Subsidies -- Special commissions -- Exemption and division -- Ministerial control over the commissioners -- Assessment -- What was assessed? -- Minimum qualifications -- Rates of payment -- Increased rates of payment -- Exemptions from liability to the subsidies -- Assessment rules -- The procedure of assessment -- The timing of the assessments -- Collection of the Money -- Local collection: the petty collectors -- The high collectors -- The time allowed for collection -- Legal tender -- Transferred liability to payment -- Difficulties arising during collection -- Certification -- The Time Allowed for Levy of the Subsidies -- Anticipations -- The Efficiency of the Administration of the Subsidies -- Efficiency in the certification of assessments -- The accuracy of the assessments -- 6 The Procedure and the Records of the Exchequer -- The Exchequer of Receipt -- Payment by assignment -- Exchequer terms and payment dates -- The Exchequer of Account -- The summons to account -- The death of a collector -- Appearance at the Exchequer: attornies -- The procedure of account -- Debts upon accounts -- Enrolment of debts on the Pipe Rolls -- 7 The Yields of the Taxes -- 8 The Efficiency of the Collection of the Taxes -- Speed of Payment -- Speed of Account at the Exchequer -- Defaults by the Collectors -- The Efficacy of the Forms of Process out of the Exchequer -- Popular Opposition to Parliamentary Taxation -- 9 Taxation and the Political Limits of the Tudor State -- T$13212.

As a result of its political and economic turmoil for much of the postwar period, Italy was considered the "bad seed" in the European community. Harsh ideological divisions, chronic executive instability, inefficient bureaucracy, uneven socio-economic development, organized crime and unbalanced public finances all contributed to this negative perception. Yet a massive economic and social overhaul was launched in the 1990s as part of Italy's efforts to meet the famous Maastricht requirements in order to join the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). This book examines those processes and skillfully analyzes their consequences by exploring the effect they had on governmental and social actions. "Two of Italy's foremost public policy specialists, Ferrera and Gualmini are well placed to tell the story of how Italian political élites, long oriented towards buying off opposition and vested interests by expanding a bloated public debt,were finally confronted with reality by EMU membership criteria. Rescued by Europe is both a fascinating narrative of how governments, employers and unions responded to the EMU imperatives, and an in-depth analysis of how Italy's idiosyncratic labour markets and welfare system function, both for good and ill." Martin Rhodes Professor of European Public Policy, European University Institute, Florence, Italy Maurizio Ferrera is professor of social policy at the University of Pavia, Italy, and a member of the Italian National Commission on Social Exclusion. Elisabetta Gualmini is professor of administrative science at the University of Bologna, Italy. - Als een gevolg van de politieke en economische onrust gedurende lange tijd in de naoorlogse periode, werd Italië gezien als het 'zwarte schaap' binnen de Europese Gemeenschap. Scherpe ideologische tegenstellingen, chronische bestuurlijke instabiliteit, een inefficiënte bureaucratie, abrupte sociaal-economische ontwikkelingen, georganiseerde misdaad en onevenwichtige overheidsfinanciën droegen alle bij aan een negatief imago. Midden jaren negentig kondigde Italië echter een grondige economische en sociale reorganisatie aan om zodoende aan de bekende voorwaarden van Maastricht te voldoen en lid te worden van de Economische en Monetaire Unie (EMU). In Rescued by Europe? onderzoeken Ferrera en Gualmini dit proces aan de hand van de gevolgen ervan voor het bestuurlijk en sociaal beleid. De auteurs betogen dat de beperkingen en de kansen die voortkwamen uit de Europese integratie de drijvende kracht zijn geweest achter de positieve ontwikkeling van Italië, maar dat Italië nog een lange weg te gaan heeft voor volledige integratie. "Two of Italy's foremost public policy specialists, Ferrera and Gualmini, are well placed to tell the story of how Italian political elites, long oriented towards buying off opposition and vested interests by expanding a bloated public debt, were finally confronted with reality by EMU membership criteria. Rescued by Europe? is both a fascinating narrative of how governments, employers and unions responded to the EMU imperatives and an in-depth analysis of how Italy's idiosyncratic labor markets and welfare system function, both for good and ill." Martin Rhodes, european University Institute, Florence, Italy

The demand of industrialized countries for a multilateral agreement on investment to be negotiated under the roof of the WTO is meeting with considerable resistance on the part of developing countries. The proponents of such a multilateral agreement argue that binding disciplines of capital-importing countries would help reduce uncertainty and, hence, result in more foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries. By contrast, the opponents consider such an agreement to be biased in favor of business interests and against the development objectives of Third World economies. It is for various reasons that the case for a multilateral agreement on investment is not compelling: Investment regulations have been liberalized progressively by unilateral measures without multilateral obligations to do so. Moreover, the protection of foreign investors against political risk is fairly advanced given the large number of bilateral and plurilateral investment treaties. A multilateral agreement could reduce FDI-related transaction costs significantly only in the unlikely event that the complex net of existing arrangements would be replaced. A "WTO plus"-type framework appears to be the more realistic outcome of negotiations, with a multilateral agreement defining the smallest common denominator of WTO members and more substantive agreements with limited membership remaining in place. Empirical evidence suggests that WTO negotiations on investment are neither sufficient nor necessary to induce higher FDI flows to developing countries. Transaction-cost-related impediments to FDI have played a minor role in driving FDI, and the absence of a multilateral agreement has not prevented the recent boom of FDI in developing countries. Wishful thinking prevails on the part of developing countries, which insist on preferential treatment with regard to their own obligations as host countries and on binding obligations for foreign investors and their home countries. It is highly questionable whether developing countries could derive more benefits from FDI if a multilateral agreement were to include "development clauses" allowing for flexible and selective approval procedures and performance requirements such as local-content rules. The call for binding rules on the behavior of foreign investors may discourage multinational enterprises from investing in developing countries altogether, instead of fostering transfers of technology and improving the quality of FDI. By insisting on preferential treatment with regard to FDI incentives, developing countries tend to ignore that incentives-based competition for FDI is mainly between themselves. Unless developing countries are prepared to tie their own hands, they cannot reasonably expect significant concessions from industrialized countries. Developing countries will become relevant negotiation partners in the WTO only by offering something on their own. Rather than engaging in a futile attempt to block multilateral negotiations on investment altogether, developing countries should commit themselves to rulebased FDI policies as a negotiating chip. The pressure on industrialized countries to engage in negotiations on labor mobility would mount if developing countries refrained from performance requirements and granted national treatment to foreign investors.

Machine generated contents note: 1 Central Europe and the Roman Christian West, 400-1000 -- Romans and Barbarians: Christians and Pagans -- Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Islamic Empires: -- Charlemagne, Byzantium, and the Rise of the Ottomans -- 2 Feudal Foundations, 1000-1350 -- The Disunited German Empire -- Austrian, Bohemian, Hungarian, and Polish Dynasties -- Bohemia's Imperial Bid: King Otakar's Thirteenth-Century Empire -- The German "Drive to the East," 1200-1350 -- Stemming the German Tide? The Battle of Grunwald -- 3 The Great Late Medieval Kingdoms: Poland and -- Hungary, 1350-1500 -- The Wedding of Poland and Lithuania, 1386 -- The Greatest Hungarian King: The Reign of Matthias I, 1458-1490 -- Empire Building at the Altar: Habsburg Marital Diplomacy, -- 1477-1515 -- 4 The Bulwarks of Christendom: Religion and Warfare, -- 1400-1550 -- The Crack in the Foundation:Jan Hus and the Bohemian Precedent -- Western Christianity Divided: The Reformation -- Western Christianity Threatened: The Rise of the Ottomans' -- European Empire -- 5 The Counter-Reformation: The Roman Catholic Church and -- the Habsburg Dynasty Triumphant, 1550-1700 -- Breaking Bohemia's Back:The Battle of White Mountain, 1620 -- Winners and Losers: The Peace of Westphalia, 1648 -- Defeating the Infidel, or Poland Saves the West: Lifting the Turkish -- Siege of Vienna, 1683 -- The Consolidation of the Habsburg Empire -- 6 Absolutism as Enlightenment, 1700-1790 -- Triangular Conflict in the East: Poland-Lithuania, Sweden, and -- Russia -- The Polish Paradox: Freedom Without "Enlightenment" -- Frederick the Great and Prussian Pathology -- Russia's Westward Turn: Peter the Great and Catherine the Great -- Habsburg Enlightenment: Maria Theresia and Joseph II -- 7 Nations Without States, States Without Nations, 1790-1848 -- The Partitions of Poland, 1772-1795 -- Central European Soul: Volksgeist -- From Nations to Nationalisms -- The Politics of Language -- The 'Jewish Question" -- 8 The Demise of Imperial Austria and the Rise of -- Imperial Germany, 1848-1890 -- The "Springtime of Nations": The Revolutions of 1848 -- The Prussian Unification of Germany, 1866-1871 -- Imperial German Geography: Mitteleuropa -- 9 World War I and National Self-Determination, -- 1914-1922 -- Austria-Hungary: The "Prison of Nations," -- 1914-1918 -- The Resurrection of Poland, 1918-1922 -- Dictating Peace and Drawing Borders: The Treaties of -- Versailles, St. Germain, and Trianon, 1919-1920 -- 10 Spheres of Influence I: Germany and the Soviet Union -- German-Soviet Cooperation: The Spirit of Rapallo, -- 1922-1933 -- Hitler's Foreign Policy: From the Revision of Versailles -- to the Nonaggression Pact with Stalin, 1933-1939 -- Space, Race, and Nazi Germany's New European -- Order, 1939-1945 -- 11 Spheres of Influence II: East and West, or -- 'Yalta Europe" -- The Polish Problem, 1939-1945 -- Yalta: Bungling or Betrayal? -- The Making of Eastern Europe, 1945-1948 -- Dividing Germany, 1949 -- Starting the Cold War -- 12 The Failure of Eastern Europe, 1956-1989 -- Revolutions and Reforms: 1956, 1968, and 1980-1981 -- The Idea of Central Europe -- The Gorbachev Factor -- Epilogue: Postrevolutionary Paradoxes: -- Central Europe Since 1989 -- Notes -- Index

This volume, which grows out of a research project on women and philanthropy sponsored by the Center for the Study of Philanthropy at the City University of New York, expands our understanding of female beneficence in shaping diverse political cultures. The contributors examine the role of philanthropy, the giving of time, money, and/or valuables for public benefiting shaping nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), civil society, and women's political culture world-wide. As in the United States, this activity often enabled women to create parallel power structures that resembled, but rarely replicated, the commercial and political arenas of men. From nuns who managed charitable and educational institutions to political activists demanding an end ot discriminatory practices against women and children, many of the women whose lives are documented in these pages claimed distinctive public roles through the nonprofit sphere. The authors are from Europe, the United States, Latin America, the Middle East, Egypt, India, and Asia. Their essays cover nations on every continent, representing a variety of political and religious systems. In approaching the subject of women as shapers of civil society, each of the contributors shares certain basic understandings of the environment in which civil society is formed. For example, they report that public-private partnerships are pervasive in both decentralized states such as the United States and highly centralized ones such as France. They discuss how in the 19th century private donations and volunteerism were forms of invisible political activity for women that functioned as a form of subsidy to state programs. Often, the roots of state welfare organizations lay in volunteer and religious institutions and that women acted on behalf of the state in caring for those in need. Colonialism may have helped foster local women's voluntary organizations; elsewhere the consolidation of nation-states effectively suppressed the activities of volunteer or nongovernmental activities in favor of state approved aid. The resurgence of NGOs in the 1980s and 1990s has been fueled in part by women's organizations and the rise of feminist agendas. Certainly, the essays in this book suggest that their influence has been pervasive. The research reported here also reveals previously hidden roles played by elite and middle-class women in creating wealth and providing services. Often these services were delivered through religious organizations, though each religious tradition fostered distinct cultures of giving, and religion is important in all of these essays. The essays in this book illustrate the extent to which government, the market, and religion have shaped the role of female philanthropy and philanthropists in different national settings. By shifting the focus from organizations to donors and volunteers, they begin to assess the relative importance of each of these factors in creating opportunities for citizen participation, as well as the role of female philanthropy in opening a space for women in the public sphere.

Machine generated contents note: 1. Land-Use Planning: An Overview of the Issues -- Randall G. Holcombe and Samuel R. Staley -- Public Concern About Sprawl -- The Issues -- The Political Response -- Market Mechanisms -- The Market Order -- Conclusion -- 2. An Overview of U.S. Urbanization and Land-Use Trends -- Samuel R. Staley -- How Developed Is the U.S.? -- What Land Is Urbanized? -- NRI Data Reliability -- Housing Preferences and Trends -- Conclusion -- 3. The Geography of Transportation and Land Use -- Peter Gordon and Harry W. Richardson -- Suburbanization -- Transportation Issues -- Conclusions -- 4. Congestion and Traffic Management -- Robert W. Poole, Jr. -- Road Pricing: The History of an Idea -- Resistance to Urban Road Pricing -- Rethinking Highway Finance -- Highway Finance Reform -- Equity Issues -- Can New Technology Make Pricing Feasible? -- A New Paradigm for Urban Roadways -- Getting from Here to There -- Conclusion -- 5. Air Quality, Density, and Environmental Degradation -- Kenneth Green -- Density and Air Quality -- Density and Water Quality -- Density and Soil Contamination -- Conclusion -- 6. National Land-Use Planning Through Environmental Policy -- Jefferson G. Edgens -- Nonpoint Source Water Pollution -- Ecosystem Protection Via Watershed Management -- EPA Authority Under the Clean Water Act -- Expanding the EPA's Nonstatutory Regulatory Control -- The EPA and Federal Growth Management -- American Heritage Rivers Initiative and -- the Gulf of Mexico Initiative -- EPA Authority Over Nonpoint Sources -- Guidelines for Policy -- Conclusion -- 7. Regionalism and the Growth Management Movement -- Gerard C S. Mildner -- The Development of Comprehensive Land-Use Planning -- Regional Planning and Fiscal Equity -- Land-Use Planning in Portland, Oregon -- Conclusion -- 8. Growth Management in Action: The Case of Florida -- Randall G. Holcombe -- Florida's 1985 Growth Management Act -- Concurrency -- Urban Sprawl -- Lessons from Florida's Urban Sprawl Policy -- Growth Management as Central Planning -- Planning for Private and Public Resources -- Planning for Transportation and Land-Use Patterns -- Impediments to Infrstructure Planning -- Conclusion -- 9. Urban Density and Sprawl: An Historic Perspective -- Robert Bruegmann -- Sprawl and Density -- Density A Compact History -- American Cities and European Cities -- Decentralization and Density Today -- Causes of Decentralization -- The Fight Against Low Density -- 10. Property Rights in a Complex World -- Roger E. Meiners and Andrew P. Morriss -- The Nature and Source of Property Rights -- Free Market Environmentalism -- Environmental Creativity -- Conclusion -- 11. Markets, Smart Growth, and the Limits of Policy -- Samuel R. Staley -- The Politics of Smart Growth and Growth Management -- Key Features of Smart Growth Plans -- Legislative Decisionmaking -- Bureaucratic Decisionmaking -- Market Decisionmaking -- Policy Implications -- 12. Infrastructure Provision in a Market-Oriented Framework -- Wendell Cox -- Where Should Infrastructure Be Provided? -- Improving Efficiency and Effectiveness: -- Competitive Service Provision -- Competitive Infrastructure Development -- Competitive Service Delivery (Competitive Contracting -- A Special Case: Roadways -- De-Politicizing Infrastructure -- Conclusions -- 13. Fixing the Dysfunctional Central City -- Steven Hayward -- 14. Policy Implications -- Randall G. Holcombe and Samuel R. Staley -- Urban Development -- Environmental Issues -- Transportation -- Land-Use Policy -- Policy for the Underprivileged, the Poor, and Minorities -- Conclusion -- References -- Index -- About the Editors and Contributors

The Law of the Sea is a vast and multi-faceted area of international law. The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Agreement relating to the implementation of Part XI of the Convention constitute essential instruments of the law of the sea governing a new maritime order for the international community. With its entry into force on November 16, 1994, the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea has virtually become the Magna Carta of the Oceans, or the Constitution for the Oceans. Testifying to its success is the number of Parties adhering to it, now totaling 132 States, including one international organization, the European Community. The world is entering the era of a New Maritime Order based on near-universal adherence to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. In the wake of the Convention's entry into force and its ratification by many States in Northeast Asia, a new maritime order is emerging in the region. The littoral States have enacted and promulgated new national legislation to incorporate the provisions of the UN Convention into their domestic legal order. The three littoral States China, Japan and South Korea concluded or initialed bilateral fisheries agreements based on the new concept of extended jurisdiction set forth by the UN Convention. The UN Convention will, however, present even more challenges than opportunities for the littoral States of Northeast Asia in their quest for a new maritime order. The maritime security situation in the region has been and will continue to be extremely volatile due to conflicting claims, disputed boundaries, unregulated pollution of the marine environment and widespread illegal activities at sea. The author has set the both pragmatic and ambitious aim of outlining the emerging maritime order in Northeast Asia. As a practitioner of the law of the sea who has participated in bilateral and multilateral negotiations on maritime affairs, the author sheds light on the new maritime order in the making at the international and regional levels. The author also delineates the main issues and disputes hindering the establishment of a new maritime order in the region and present policy options that could contribute to erecting a solid maritime order in the region by peaceful and cooperative means. Finally, the author presents a compilation of relevant legal texts, most of which were produced after the entry into force of the UN Convention, in the hope that this collection will prove useful for desk officers in charge of ocean affairs in promoting peaceful and constructive solutions for maritime issues in Northeast Asia. This work serves as a realistic analysis of the current law and State practice, as well as of the progressive development of the law of the sea and its codification in the wake of the entry into force of the 1982 UN Convention

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Education, Culture and Values Volume IThe six volumes that comprise the Education, Culture and Values series bring together contributions from experts around the world to form, for the first time, a comprehensive treatment of the current concern with values in education. The series seeks to address this concern in the context of cultural and values diversity. The first three volumes provide a wide-ranging consideration of the diversity of values in education at all levels, and thus represent a framework for the second three volumes which focus more specifically on values education (moral, religious, spiritual and political) per se. The six volumes, therefore, bring the fundamental domain of values together with the important issue of pluralism to generate new, fruitful and progressive reflection and exemplars of good practice.The series will be of huge benefit and interest to educators, policy makers, parents, academics, researchers and student teachers. The six volumes contain:• diverse and challenging opinions about current educational concerns and reforms in values education• chapters from more than 120 contributors of international repute from 23 different countries• conceptual clarification and theoretical analysis• empirical studies, reports of practical projects and guidance for good practice.Volumes I–III: Values Diversity in EducationVolume I—Systems of Education: Theories, Policies and Implicit Values is concerned with the theoretical and conceptual framework for reflecting about values, culture and education and thus provides an introduction to the series as a whole. It is concerned with state and policy level analysis across the world. Volume II—Institutional Issues: Pupils, Schools and Teacher Education considers values and culture at the institutional level. What constitutes a good 'whole school' approach in a particular area? There are discussions of key issues and reports of whole-school initiatives from around the world. Several chapters focus on the vital issue of teacher education. Volume III—Classroom Issues: Practice, Pedagogy and Curriculum focuses on the classroom: pedagogy, curriculum and pupil experience. Areas of curriculum development include the relatively neglected domains of mathematics and technology, as well as the more familiar literature and drama. There is a useful section on aesthetic education.Volumes IV–VI: Values Education in DiversityVolume IV—Moral Education and Pluralism is focused on moral education and development in the context of cultural pluralism. There are highly theoretical discussions of difficult philosophical issues about moral relativism as well as practical ideas about good practice.Volume V—Spiritual and Religious Education distinguishes religious and spiritual education and takes a multifaith approach to pedagogic, curricular and resource issues. The important issue of collective worship is also addressed.Volume VI—Politics, Education and Citizenship is concerned with political education and citizenship. Again chapters from several countries lend an international perspective to currently influential concerns and developments, including democratic education, human rights, national identity and education for citizenship.

This pioneering work examines prostitution in Shanghai from the late nineteenth century to the present. Drawn mostly from the daughters and wives of the working poor and declasse elites, prostitutes in Shanghai were near the bottom of class and gender hierarchies. Yet they were central figures in Shanghai urban life, entering the historical record whenever others wanted to appreciate, castigate, count, regulate, cure, pathologize, warn about, rescue, eliminate, or deploy them as a symbol in a larger social panorama. Over the past century, prostitution has been understood in many ways: as a source of urbanized pleasures, a profession full of unscrupulous and greedy schemers, a changing site of work for women, a source of moral danger and physical disease, a marker of national decay, and a sign of modernity. For the Communist leadership of the 1950s, the elimination of prostitution symbolized China's emergence as a strong, healthy, and modern nation. In the past decade, as prostitution once again has become a recognized feature of Chinese society, it has been incorporated into a larger public discussion about what kind of modernity China should seek and what kind of sex and gender arrangements should characterize that modernity. Prostitutes, like every other non-elite group, did not record their own lives. How can sources generated by intense public argument about the "larger" meanings of prostitution be read for clues to those lives? Hershatter makes use of a broad range of materials: guidebooks to the pleasure quarters, collections of anecdotes about high-class courtesans, tabloid gossip columns, municipal regulations prohibiting street soliciting, police interrogations of streetwalkers and those accused of trafficking in women, newspaper reports on court cases involving both courtesans and streetwalkers, polemics by Chinese and foreign reformers, learned articles by Chinese scholars commenting on the world history of prostitution and analyzing its local causes, surveys by doctors and social workers on sexually transmitted disease in various Shanghai populations, relief agency records, fictionalized accounts of the scams and sufferings of prostitutes, memoirs by former courtesan house patrons, and interviews with former officials and reformers. Although a courtesan may never set pen to paper, we can infer a great deal about her strategizing and working of the system through the vast cautionary literature that tells her customers how not to be defrauded by her. Newspaper accounts of the arrests and brief court testimonies of Shanghai streetwalkers let us glimpse the way that prostitutes positioned themselves to get the most they could from the legal system. Without recourse to direct speech, Hershatter argues, these women have nevertheless left an audible trace. Central to this study is the investigation of how things are known and later remembered, and how, later still, they are simultaneously apprehended and reinvented by the historian

1 Corporate Excellence in Facilities: Why the Workplace is Important -- The Organization—Accommodation (O—A) Relationship -- Adding Value to the O—A Relationship -- The Unexamined O—A Relationship Is Not Worth Having -- Changing Building Design -- Economic and Social Pressures on the O—A Relationship -- Workspace: Asset or Liability? -- 2 Managing Environmental Quality: Current Trends in Office Occupancy -- What Does Facilities Management (FM) Mean Today? -- Integrating FM With Business Strategy -- The Impact on Space Use of Changing Trends in the Nature of Work -- Managing the Human Aspect -- Current Trends and the Human Aspect -- 3 Using Occupancy Feedback: A Strategy for Managing Workplace Improvements -- Health Risks in the Office -- The Productivity Debate -- Feedback from Building Occupants -- Total Quality and Customer Satisfaction -- Functional Comfort as a Strategic Planning Concept -- Managing Feedback from Building Occupants -- 4 Building-In-Use Assessment: An Occupancy Feedback System -- How Building-In-Use Assessment Works -- An Introduction to Building-In-Use Assessment -- Carrying Out Building-In-Use Assessment -- Applying BIU Results to Problem Solving -- Communication with Occupants -- Builidng-In-Use Assessment in Practice -- Using Feedback for Continuous Improvement -- 5 Building-In-Use Assessment of Building Systems: Air Quality, Thermal Comfort, and Building Noise Control -- Building Systems' Dimensions of Functional Comfort -- The Air Quality Dilemma -- The Thermal Comfort Paradox -- The Quandary of Building Noise Control -- How Building Systems Can Increase Functional Comfort -- 6 Building-In-Use Assessment of Planning and Design of Interior Space: Spatial Comfort, Privacy, and Office Noise Control -- Factors Influencing the Design of Space for Work -- The Spatial Comfort Crisis -- Building-In-Use Assessment of Spatial Comfort -- The Privacy Conundrum -- The Challenge of Office Noise Control -- The Future of the Individual Workplace -- 7 Building-In-Use Assessment of Lighting Comfort -- The Lighting Comfort Opportunity -- Building-In-Use Assessment of Lighting Comfort -- Human Factors in Lighting -- Lighting and Morale -- Windows and Daylighting -- Improving Lighting Comfort -- 8 Building Convenience and Building Amenities -- What Is Building Convenience? -- Building-In-Use Assessment of Building Convenience -- Measuring Building Convenience -- Building Amenities and the Future of Building Convenience -- 9 Occupants' Feedback as a Decision-Making Tool: Three Case Studies -- Organizational Learning Through the Acquisition of Feedback -- International Headquarters Offices: Conflicts Over Information Utilization -- National Telecommunications Company: Diagnostic Information as a Tool for Strategic Planning -- Commercial Real Estate Company: Using Feedback to Increase Competitive Advantage -- Devising Corporate Accommodation Strategy -- 10 The Politics of Occupants' Feedback: Issues in Implementation -- Applying Occupant Feedback -- Legal and Political Issues -- Improving Communication -- Environmental Empowerment: Are We Ready? -- 11 Optimizing Occupancy: Strategic Planning of the Organization—Accommodation Relationship -- Accommodation Strategy and the O—A Relationship -- Planning the Future of the O—A Relationship -- Corporate Accommodation as a "Strategic Functional Unit" -- Using Accommodation to Add Value to Products and Services -- Reengineering the Office as a Tool for Work -- Implementation of an "Integrated Workplace Strategy" -- Final Words -- Appendix: The Buiding-In-Use Databases and How They are Used.

Vorwort und Einleitung zur vierten erw. Auflage -- 1. Einleitung, Problemstellung und Gegenstandsbestimmung -- Zum Gegenstand "Deutsch-deutsche Beziehungen" -- Diedrei K'sals erstes Kennzeichen deutsch-deutscher Beziehungen? -- Das Erkenntnisinteresse: Koexistenz ja, aber welche? -- 2. Hypothesen als Orientierungshilfe -- Hypothese 1: Das Reiz-Reaktions-Schema -- Hypothese 2: DDR-Verhalten als Reflex gesellschaftspolitischer Entwicklung -- Hypothese 3: Deutsch-deutsche Beziehungen als Unterfall der Ost-West-Beziehungen -- Bejahung wissenschaftlicher Politikberatung -- 3. Zur Vorgehensweise -- 4. Deutsche-Deutsche Beziehungen als Unterfall der Ost-West-Beziehungen — Die Einbettungsthese -- Zur Bedeutung des internationalen Faktors -- Charakteristika der Ost-West-Beziehungen -- Wie verliefen die Ost-West-Beziehungen? -- 1. Abschnitt: Die Anti-Hitler-Koalition -- 2. Abschnitt: Der "Kalte Krieg" -- Die Wiedervereinigungsvorschläge -- 3. Abschnitt: Beginn der Entspannung -- 4. Abschnitt: Von der totalen Konfrontation zur begrenzten Kooperation -- Wechsel vom "Kalten Krieg" zur "Entspannung", Erklärungsversuche -- Vom Anerkennungskonflikt zur Anerkennung -- 5. Der Grundlagenvertrag — das Schlüsseldokument in den deutschdeutschen Beziehungen -- Die DDR und der Grundlagenvertrag -- Die Bundesrepublik und der Grundlagenvertrag -- Politischer Auslegungskonflikt -- Trotz Grundlagenvertrag Fortexistenz des Grundkonfliktes -- Was heißt Nation? -- Zum Nationsbegriff der DDR -- Zum Nationsbegriff der Bundesrepublik -- Die strittige Berlin-Frage -- Eine oder zwei deutsche Staatsangehörigkeiten? -- 6. "Friedliche Koexistenz" oder "besondere Beziehungen"? -- Zum Konstruktionsprinzip "besondere Beziehungen" -- "Friedliche Koexistenz" als Königsweg? -- "Antagonistische Kooperation" als Ausweg? -- 7. Die Verhandlungspolitik seit 1973 -- Das vorläufige Ergebnis der Vertragspolitik mit der DDR -- Regelungsbedürftig — ja, verhandlungsfähig — nein -- Regelungsbedürftig — ja, verhandlungsfähig — ja. Die deutsch-deutschen Umweltprobleme -- Zum Rechtshilfeabkommen -- Die Kulturverhandlungen -- Führt die Bejahung der Regelungsbedürftigkeit auch zur Verhandlungsfähigkeit? -- Abkommen für die Zusammenarbeit mit der DDR auf den Gebieten der Wissenschaft und Technik -- Umweltschutzabkommen -- Nicht verhandlungsfähig, die Menschenrechte -- Menschenrechte als innere Angelegenheit? -- Einige Ergebnisse deutsch-deutscher Vertragspolitik im ersten Dezennium des Grundlagenvertrages -- Würdigung des Grundlagenvertrages -- 8. Der Innerdeutsche Handel (IdH), die gute Ausnahme von der schlechten Regel? -- Kann der IdH als politische Waffe eingesetzt werden? -- Was bleibt als Fazit? -- 9. Das Braunkohle-Abkommen -- 10. Erfolgreiche Arbeit der deutsch-deutschen Grenzkommission -- 11. Erfolgreiche deutsch-deutsche Verkehrsverhandlungen -- 12. Grenzen und Möglichkeiten der Verhandlungspolitik — einige grundsätzliche Anmerkungen -- 13. Alternative Konzepte und Ansätze in den deutsch-deutschen Beziehungen -- Gibt es eine "linke nationale Deutschlandpolitik"? -- Von der "Deutschlandpolitik" zur "DDR-Politik"? -- Brauchen wir ein neues deutschlandpolitisches Konzept? -- Beitrag der Forschung? -- 14. Gemeinsamkeit der Parteien in der Deutschlandpolitik? -- 15. Die beiden deutschen Staaten in der Weltpolitik -- Der Bestimmungsfaktor Sowjetunion -- Die beiden deutschen Staaten in der UNO -- 16. Wie wird es weitergehen? -- Zu Perspektiven der deutsch-deutschen Beziehungen -- 17. Ohnmächtige Deutschlandpolitik? -- Zur Ziel-Mittel-Frage -- Der IdH als Sanktionsmittel? -- Druck durch multilaterale Diplomatie -- Die internationale Position der beiden deutschen Staaten im Jahre 1979 -- Schlußfolgerung -- 18. Zwangsumtauscherhöhung und Geraer Rede — Ausdruck einer Krise? -- Zwangsumtauscherhöhung für Westbesucher -- Geraer Rede von Erich Honecker -- Stimmt unser DDR-Bild? -- Das Gaus-Interview -- 19. Deutsche Frage und Friedensbewegung -- Deutsche Teilung und europäische Friedensordnung -- 20. Wird die Deutschlandpolitik nur noch verwaltet? -- 21. Nach dem Spitzentreffen Schmidt - Honecker — wie wird es weitergehen? -- 22. Wende oder Kontinuität -- 22.1 Kontinuität statt Wende -- 22.2 Der sog. Milliarden-Kredit an die DDR -- 23. Raketenstationierung und deutsch-deutsche Beziehungen -- 24. Deutsch-deutsche Beziehungen im Herbst 1983 -- Zwischen "Wartestand" und "Bewegung"? -- Worauf kommt es an? -- Anmerkungen -- Auswahlbibliographie -- Abkürzungsverzeichnis -- Dokumentation (Anhang) -- Vertrag über die Grundlagen der Beziehungen zwischen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik -- Brief der Regierung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland zur deutschen Einheit an die Regierung der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik vom 21. Dezember 1972 -- Zusatzprotokoll zum Vertrag über die Grundlagen der Beziehungen zwischen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik -- Protokollvermerk zum Vertrag -- Vorbehalt zu Staatsangehörigkeitsfragen durch die Bundesrepublik Deutschland -- Urteil des Bundesverfassungsgerichts zum Vertrag über die Grundlagen der Beziehung zwischen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik -- "Anmerkungen zu Träumereien einiger Karlsruher Richter" (Neues Deutschland, 16.8.1973). Zur "Dialektik" von Abgrenzung und Entspannung aus DDR-Sicht. -- Deutsch-Deutsche Beziehungen aus der Sicht der DDR-Führung -- Bundeskanzler Helmut Schmidt zu den deutsch-deutschen Beziehungen -- Deutschlandpolitischer Teil der Geraer Rede von Erich Honecker -- Vergleich zweier Reden von Honecker und Schmidt zur nahezu gleichen Zeit -- Kommuniqué nach dem deutsch-deutschen Spitzentreffen von Helmut Schmidt und Erich Honecker. -- Erster Bericht der Regierung Kohl zur "Lage der Nation" vom 23. Juni 1983 (Auszug). -- Zu den Beziehungen zwischen der DDR und der BRD. Kommentar des "Neuen Deutschland" vom 3. Mai 1983, S. 2. -- Deutschlandpolitik heute. Grundsatzartikel von Heinrich Windelen.

Section One: Introduction -- 1. Project goals and approach: increasing actionable Q.W.L knowledge -- Section Two: Quality of working life improvements in Europe: National programmes and perspectives -- 2. The action programme of the German federal government: Research on the humanization of working life -- 3. Q.W.L. developments in Holland: an overview -- 4. Swedish industrial democracy, 1977: progress and new government initiatives -- 5. Historical background and action plans towards improving the quality of working life in the United Kingdom -- 6. A general overview of the current Q.W.L. scene in Italy: Notes on the situation in 1974, 1975 and 1977 -- 7. Problems of middle management in France: Their special position regarding work reorganization -- Section Three: Action research reports: Production and technical units -- 8. Warehouse workers reorganize their own work organization -- 9. The Volkswagenwerk AG project within the framework of the research programme 'Humanization of Working Life' of the Federal Ministry for Research and Technology: Comparison of work structures in machine production (engine assembly) -- 10. Breaking the deadlock: The search for new strategies for Q.W.L. -- 11. Democratizing work and social life on ships: A report from the experiment on board M.S. Balao -- 12. 'Action learning' among unskilled women workers -- 13. Developing new forms of work organization in a new chemical plant in France -- 14. The starting-up of a new plant organized in multi-skilled production groups -- 15. Introduction of a procedure of change: An example of operation -- 16. From training to job redesign in a chemical plant in Italy -- Section Four: Action research reports: Administrative and office units -- 17. Participative work design: A contribution to democracy in the office and on the shop floor -- 18. Clerical employees in X Y Z Company reorganize their department -- 19. Project: 'Humanization and Participation' in Centraal Beheer -- 20. Participatory research leads to employee-managed change: Some experience from a Norwegian bank -- Section Five: Action research reports: Public service -- 21. Experiment at Triemli Hospital: Environmental and physical changes in a hospital ward and their impacts on the behaviour and the social interactions of patients, visitors, and nurses -- 22. The implementation of team nursing: A change process and research project in a Dutch general hospital -- 23. Job satisfaction in the Civil Service in the United Kingdom -- Section Six: Trade union-oriented issues -- 24. The Demos project: Democratic control and planning in working life -- 25. The worker-union-management interface in workplace changes: A case study on problems of participation -- 26. Trade union involvement in retraining to develop new patterns of work organization -- Section Seven: Off-site training programmes -- 27. Participative redesign projects in Norway, summarizing the first five years of a strategy to democratize the design process in work organization -- 28. Participation in organization redesign: A five company Scottish workshop and later review meeting -- 29. Setting up a sociotechnical training programme at an engineering school in France: 1976/1977, a transitional year -- Section Eight: Concluding notes -- 30. Concluding notes -- Appendix: Addresses of contributors to the volume.