Suchergebnisse

El presente artículo ha sido publicado originalmente en inglés por el Animal Legal & Historical Web Center como parte de la Beca de Investigación 2013 del Animal Legal Defense Fund. En cuanto a la protección jurídica de los animales, las legislaciones de Francia y España están basadas en la tradición de derecho romano y encuentran dificultades separándose del concepto de animal-objeto. Al principio, la protección penal se inició en ambos países sobre la fundación de la protección de moralidad pública. Más tarde, las provisiones penales que se relacionan con la crueldad intencional hacia los animales se formaron alrededor de la noción de maltrato. La sociedad consiguió reconocer el derecho para los animales de no ser maltratados. Sobre la marcha, Francia y España aumentaron el alcance de animales protegidos, yendo de animales exclusivamente domésticos a algunos tipos de animales silvestres. El alcance de los hechos humanos incriminados también ha sido ampliado, introduciendo con cada reforma nuevos conceptos. Paralelamente, la jurisprudencia siguió trayendo nuevos desafíos en cuanto a la interpretación de provisiones a menudo generales y vagas. Al mismo tiempo, prácticas crueles obvias, relacionadas con la tradición, se han beneficiado de derogaciones a las provisiones penales, debilitando el valor legal y la coherencia de las leyes contra el maltrato animal. ; The present article has been originally published by the Animal Legal & Historical Web Center, as part of the Animal Legal Defense Fund Summer Research Grant 2013. In terms of animal protection, French and Spain legislations are based on the Roman law tradition and encounter difficulties to detach themselves from the concept of animal-object. The penal protection was initiated in both countries on the ground of the protection of public morality. Later on, the criminal provisions relating to intentional cruelty towards animals have been shaped around the notion of maltreatment. Society ended up acknowledging the right for animals to not be maltreated. Therefore, France and Spain increased the scope of animals protected, going from exclusively domestic animals to certain types of wild animals. The scope of human deeds has been also extended, introducing with each reform new concepts. Case law kept on bringing new challenges regarding the interpretation of often-vague provisions. At the same time, obvious cruel practices, related to tradition, have benefited from derogations to the criminal provisions, weakening the legal value and coherence of anti-maltreatment laws.

В статье говорится об одном из основных институтов уголовного права уголовной ответственности несовершеннолетних. Автор формулирует проблему законодательного определения уголовной ответственности несовершеннолетних и указывает на пути повышения эффективности мер борьбы с преступностью несовершеннолетних, куда входят: усовершенствование применяемого закона и подготовка специализированных кадров. ; The article dwells on one of the principal institutes of criminal law-that of criminal liability of the underaged. The author formulates the problem of a legislative definition of criminal liability of the uderaged and points the ways of elevation as to an effectiveness of the measures of combat against the crime of the underaged including an improvement of the law applied and a preparation of trained experts.

Abstract The phenomenon of violence by and against teenagers is often presented in the media causing a sense of concerns. Whereas teenagers are the potential next generation to continue the relay of state development. Therefore it is important for researchers to conduct a study and / or research on aetiology and the urgency of criminal policy related to it. This study is aimed at analyzing the problem of violence perpetrated by children - teenagers from the perspective of criminal policy and socio-criminology at the same time. Data from the police show that the dominant act of crime is theft by violence, persuasion, sexual coercion, murder, and assault, while the data obtained from Regional Indonesia Child Protection Commission (KPPAID) show the dominant act of crime are: physical, psychological and sexual abuse and abandonment. Given the impact, the government needs to prioritize criminal policies to tackle child violence, by using 2 (two) penal and non-penal approaches (symptomatic and therapeutic). The political perspective of child violence crime itself is a perspective that does not only see the problem of child violence as merely a criminal law issue but also tries to see the problem from a non-legal perspective. Criminal politics with a penal approach can be carried out by using criminal sanctions selectively, encouraging criminal alternatives that are oriented towards children's needs. Meanwhile, the non-penal approach aims at empowering the role of families, teachers, religious leaders, traditional leaders, and community leaders, empowering the education of perpetrators and victims related to the development aspects of children - teenagers, empowering the economy of the family and society at large, optimizing the role of the government and related institutions, and empowering the role of the family (education and sex education, and self-respect). Abstrak Fenomena kekerasan oleh dan terhadap anak kerap tersaji di media dan menimbulkan rasa prihatin. Padahal anak merupakan generasi penerus yang potensial guna meneruskan estafet pembangunan negara. Karenanya penting bagi peneliti melakukan sebuah kajian dan atau penelitian tentang aetiologi, urgensi kebijakan kriminal berkaitan dengan itu. Penelitian ini diarahkan untuk menganalisis persoalan kekerasan yang dilakukan oleh anak dari perspektif kebijakan kriminal dan sekaligus sosio kriminologis. Data kepolisian menunjukan dominasi kejahatan adalah pencurian dengan kekerasan, pembujukan, pemaksaan seksual, pembunuhan, penganiayaan. Data yang didapat dari KPPAID: penelantaran (ekonomi) kekerasan fisik, psikis, dan seksual. Mengingat dampak, pemerintah perlu mengedepankan kebijakan kriminal guna menanggulangi kekerasan anak, melalui 2 (dua) pendekatan, yaitu penal dan non penal (simptomatik dan teurapatik). Perspektif kebijakan kriminal kekerasan anak sendirimerupakan suatu perspektif yang tidak hanya melihat persoalan kekerasan anak sematamata sebagai persoalan hukum pidana saja, melain juga mencoba melihat persoalan dari perspektif non hukum. Kebijakan kriminal dengan pendekatan penal dapat dilakukan dengan penggunaan sanksi pidana secara selektif, mendorong alternatif pidana yang berorientasi pada kebutuhan anak. Sedangkan pendekatan non penal menyasar pada melakukan pemberdayaan peran keluarga, guru, pemuka masyarakat, adat dan agama, pemberdayaan pendidikan pelaku dan korban yang berkaitan dengan aspek perkembangan anak – remaja, pemberdayaan ekonomi keluarga dan masyarakat secara luas, mengoptimalkan peran pemerintah baik pusat maupun daerah dan lembaga terkai pemberdayaan peran keluarga (edukasi dan edusex serta penghargaan diri sendiri)

This book provides a critical legal perspective on the legitimacy of international courts and tribunals. The volume offers a critique of ideology of two legal approaches to the legitimacy of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) that portray it as a supranational tribunal whose last say on human rights protection has a transformative effect on the democracies of Latin America. The book shows how the discussion between these Latin American legal strands mirrors global trends in the study of the legitimacy of international courts related to the use of constitutional analogies and concepts such as the notion of judicial dialogue and the idea of democratic transformation. It also provides an in-depth analysis of how, through the use of those categories, legal experts studying the legitimacy of the IACtHR enact self-validation processes by making themselves the principal agents of transformation. These self-validation processes work as ideological apparatuses that reproduce and entrench the mindset that the legal discipline is a driving force of change in itself. Further, the book shows how profiling the Court as an agent of transformation diverts attention from the ways in which it has pursued a particular view of human rights and democracy in the region that creates and reproduces relations of inequality and domination. Rather than discarding the IACtHR, this book aims to de-centre the focus away from formal legal institutions, engaging with the idea that ordinary people can mobilise and define the content of law to transform their lives and territories. The book will be a valuable resource for scholars working in the areas of human rights law, law, public international law, legal theory, constitutional law, political science and legal philosophy.

What is Wildlife Crime? -- International and Regional Wildlife Legislation -- National Wildlife Legislation and Law Enforcement Policies -- Theoretical Perspectives on Wildlife Law Enforcement -- Wildlife Offenders -- Issues in Policing Wildlife Crime -- Preventing Wildlife Crime -- Prosecuting Wildlife Crime -- Wildlife Crime and Criminal Justice Policy

Frontmatter -- CONTENTS -- List of Figures and Tables -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- CHAPTER ONE. What Is a Crime, What Is Not? -- CHAPTER TWO. A Multidimensional Model of Crime -- CHAPTER THREE. Explanations of Criminality -- CHAPTER FOUR. Psychopathy: Dionysius and the Antihero in Society -- CHAPTER FIVE. How Criminality Develops -- CHAPTER SIX. The Cognitive and Neurological Bases of Criminality -- CHAPTER SEVEN. Social Criminogenic Factors -- CHAPTER EIGHT. Sociopolitical Criminogenic Factors -- CHAPTER NINE. Violence in and of the Family -- CHAPTER TEN. Climate, Aggression, and Crime: Effects of Temperature on Humans and Human Reactions to Environmental Threat -- CHAPTER ELEVEN. Hazardous Waste and Organized or Corporate Crime -- CHAPTER TWELVE. Cybercrime: Advancing Technology in Aggression, War, and Crime -- Glossary -- References -- Index

Analyzes decision-making of the highest court of appeal, and its role in establishing the rule of law in a non-democratic order, focusing on criminal cases and challenges to various governmental regulations.

This brief covers the unique crime group of Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs. Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs are adult criminal associations composed of "bikers" living a deviant lifestyle that includes individual, group, and club criminal behavior. These groups are sometimes called one percenters, due to the American Motorcycle Association statement that ninety-nine percent of motorcyclists are law abiding citizens. While many may be familiar with the reputation of the Hells' Angels, many may not realize the wide network of other Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs or the extent of their involvement in criminal activities. The brief includes a breakdown of the criminal networks and activities of these groups, which operate similarly to an organized crime group. It also covers the evolution of motorcycle clubs to motorcycle gangs. It examines the recent trend of American-based motorcycle gangs into international organized crime activities. This book will be of interest to researcher studying criminology, particularly organized crime and criminal networks, as well as international and comparative law and public policy

An ex-convict struggles with his addictive yearning for prison. A law-abiding citizen broods over his pleasure in violent, illegal acts. A prison warden loses his job because he is so successful in rehabilitating criminals. These are but a few of the intriguing stories Martha Grace Duncan examines in her bold, interdisciplinary book Romantic Outlaws, Beloved Prisons. Duncan writes: "This is a book about paradoxes and mingled yarns - about the bright sides of dark events, the silver linings of sable clouds." She portrays upright citizens who harbor a strange liking for criminal deeds, and criminals who conceive of prison in positive terms: as a nurturing mother, an academy, a matrix of spiritual rebirth, or a refuge from life's trivia. In developing her unique vision, Duncan draws on literature, history, psychoanalysis, and law. Her work reveals a nonutopian world in which criminals and non-criminals--while injuring each other in obvious ways--nonetheless live together in a symbiotic as well as an adversarial relationship, needing each other, serving each other, enriching each other's lives in profound and surprising fashion.