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The paper argues that Pope Francis's attitude of epistemological-moral sensibility regarding the differences exemplifies a very pungent challenge to institutionalized and universalist religions in the 21st century, namely the necessity of moderating the essentialist and naturalized foundations which are the basis of institutional constitution, legitimation and evolution. In our post-metaphysical times, in the time of differences, the weakening of the strong objectivity concerning the grounding of the creed by theological and religious institutions is the way from which a renewal and a recovery of the political core-role of the institutional religions can lead to the strengthening of democracy exactly from the religious sphere. So, it is our belief that Pope Francis' question "Who am I to judge?" represents a point of no return for institutionalized and universalist religions in the 21st century: to moderate the grounding and the social foment of the creed in order to protect and emphasize the normative, the epistemological-political centrality of the differences. The paper's central intuition is that Pope Francis' affirmation "Who am I to judge?", that leads directly to his encyclical document "Amoris Laetitia", establishes a dialectic between, on one side, strong institutionalism, strong objectivity and fundamentalism and, on other, the challenges and conditions posed by pluralism, by differences, which conducts to the moderation, to sensibility and to openness to otherness, meaning that the primacy of ethics regarding truth.

Many people believe that changes in Swedish migration politics in the last decade signal a turning point and perhaps the end of the well-reputed Swedish exceptionalism. In 2008, Swedish labour migration policy was transformed into one of the most open in whole OECD, whilst Swedish asylum migration policy, known for its humanitarianism, took a significant turn toward restrictiveness in 2016. For several decades the opposite used to characterise Sweden as an outlier.This thesis takes interest in a legal status change channel known as spårbyte ("track change" in Swedish) implanted with the reform in 2008, allowing migrants to switch statuses to temporary workers after rejection of asylum claims or previous studies without having to return.The study sketches status changes in relation to the labour migration policy reform, and explores how migrants work themselves around legal and formal requirements to change of "tracks" in order to stay in Sweden with work permits. It mixes case file research, interviews, statistics and secondary sources and uses theoretical glasses of deservingness on the ways in which staying with work permits is experienced and conditioned by both inclusionary and exclusionary logics of migration control.The study finds that friendships, family, kinship ties and individual employers, help migrants in ways clearly enabled by the openness of the current Swedish labour migration policy. But earning the right to stay on the basis of work comes with a high price of dependency, elongated temporariness, uncertainty and deportability for migrants.

In recent decades, "LGBT neighbourhoods" or "gay Villages" have been gaining some prominence and particular characteristics within cities, representing safe spaces for the expression and negotiation of individual and collective identities as well as for the political affirmation of LGBT communities and queer identities. As other areas that have been the main drivers of urban revitalization of inner-cities, such as cultural and creative quarters or multicultural spaces, these territories distinguish for the social practices of their users and inhabitants, the specificities of their economic activity, or their contribute to creativity or social integration. More than community ghettos, these areas have been characterized by their openness and vibrancy, enhancing the coexistence of diverse lifestyles, trajectories and identities, but also by the contribution of LGBT people to the gentrification of these districts through their strong commercial, residential and symbolic presence. Drawing upon an empirical work developed in Lisbon (Príncipe Real district) and Madrid (Chueca district), based on in-depth interviews to LGBT residents and participant observation in the two neighbourhoods, this paper characterizes the main evolutionary trajectories and specificities of these two districts. An analysis is made confronting the characteristics and contingencies of these areas with other cases previously studied in literature, identifying the existence of notable differences and suggesting evidence of significant specificities, which can represent a "South European" approach to the reality of "Gay Villages". Some generic principles for urban planning are drawn out from the analysis.

This study aims to describe the strategies of private and government public relations practitioners in research and media relations. Some literature states that the practice of public relations begins and ends with research and media relations is crucial to the success of the practice of public relations. In this era of openness, the quality of research and media relations is increasingly demanding high attention. The researcher formulated the assumption that public and private PR have conducted research as the basis of their activities and media relations has been carried out on the principle of information disclosure. This study uses a qualitative method by conducting interviews with 32 public relations practitioners in East Java, and comes from universities, state-owned enterprises, and private companies. The results of this research are in the form of a proposition that practitioners have not given the focus of conducting research related to the quality of media relations, public relations universities have a tendency to make mass media as the main target while practitioners from private companies or state-owned enterprises tend to place leaders as the main public, and public relations practitioners tend to aim at reducing negative coverage as a media relations strategy rather than building long-term relationships. This research has contributed to the study of public relations in the Indonesian context related to the quality of research and media relations conducted by public relations practitioners.

The Declaration on Patient-Oriented Healthcare of theTomsk Region was accepted by the medical and patient communities on August 24, 2018. It was the first document of its kind in Russia. It was created based on several elements: modern international experience in the field of protection of patients' and medical workers' rights, particular qualities of Russian legislation, principles of humanistic medicine, and broad analysis of specific complaints from patients of regional public health institutions in the Tomsk region. The reason to create the Declaration was the necessity to build a healthcare system in which both medical staff and patients comply with such principles as mutual respect, choice and responsibility, involvement, accessibility, and openness. The document explains the need for constant adherence to these principles for the effectiveness of treatment, the protection of the individual, professional dignity, and equality. ; Декларация о пациент-ориентированном здравоохранении в Томской области принята медицинским и пациентским сообществами 24 августа 2018 г. Документ подобного рода стал первым в России. Он создан на основе современного мирового опыта в области защиты прав пациентов и медицинских работников, особенностях российского законодательства, принципах гуманистической медицины, широкого анализа конкретных жалоб пациентов областных государственных учреждений здравоохранения Томской области. Создание декларации обусловлено необходимостью выстраивания системы здравоохранения, в которой и медицинские сотрудники, и пациенты соблюдают такие принципы, как взаимоуважение, выбор и ответственность, вовлеченность, доступность, открытость. В документе объясняется необходимость постоянного следования данным принципам для эффективности лечения, защиты личности, профессионального достоинства и равноправия.

Abstract
This article presents a novel transparency measure and examines forward-looking transparency of six European central banks. It aims at evaluating whether the higher degree of transparency is related to better economic stabilization expressed in terms of output and inflation gap minimization. The methods used are based on data and a statistical analysis. To extract the cyclical component of time series, the Hodrick-Prescott filter is employed. The research covers the Czech National Bank, the National Bank of Hungary, the National Bank of Poland, the National Bank of Romania, the Bank of England, and the Sveriges Riksbank during 1997–2016. Firstly, we develop an index of forward-looking transparency that focuses on signalling intentions by the central banks. It is one of the main contributions of our article. Secondly, we compare transparency in the field of signaling intentions within our sample, which is another aspect of originality of this study. The results indicate that the Czech National Bank and the central banks of developed economies outperform the other central banks from our sample in terms of openness. Finally, under some caveats, we relate the degree of transparency to the levels and volatility of output and inflation gaps. We find the existence of the relationship between the central banks' transparency and their effectiveness mainly for Czech Republic and the UK, but also, although to a lesser extent, for Poland and Romania.

The paper discusses the relevant study of age-related specifics of interrelation between conscious self-adjustment (SA) of learning activities, motivation and personality dispositions, and academic performance of learners. It presents empiric data about the specifics of the considered interrelation for schoolchildren of grades 6 through 11 (N=606) based on the analysis of age groups. The results show that SA is associated with academic performance of schoolchildren from grades 7–8 and 9–11 to a greater extent. Complication of the learning activities, expanded tasks, which schoolchildren must solve at the older learning stages, make SA demanded and actual as a resource helping to achieve learning targets. The correlation analysis of indicators of academic motivation and performance showed that success was primarily associated with the productive types of inner motivation, specifically motivation of achievement and motivation of self-development; it should be noted that schoolchildren from grades 7–8 and 9–11 have a greater number of these ties. Among personality dispositions, a sustained positive relation was recorded for "Openness to experience" factor.
In the context of psychological factors of academic performance, this research has a great practical importance, that is, the substantiation of application of technologies for development of the conscious self-adjustment in learners as a mega resource in achievement of learning targets and means of integration and mobilization of individual motivational and personality features.

The main goal of the article is to analyze the role and influence of economic freedom on macroeconomic stability. For this purpose, the authors used the integrated index of economic freedom, calculated by the Heritage Foundation and Democracy Index. It is noted that this index indicator was calculated by the experts from the World Bank using the index of voice and accountability. In the paper, the authors used the multinational panel dataset for 11 countries of the EU for the purpose of checking the correlation between economic freedom, democracy and macroeconomic stability. It should be highlighted that the abovementioned 11 countries are related by the fluctuation of economic growth during the transformation process (1996–2016) from communist party to the democracy and political pluralism. In addition, the authors proposed to add the indicators of political stability and trade openness, which allowed to take into account implementation of flexible macroeconomic instruments, including monetary policy, which towards increasing the economic growth, employment and financial development of the countries. The findings are directed received using the regression equation with fixed and random effects showed the high level of correspondence of the model used with the original observations. Despite the chosen approach to estimate the macroeconomic stability, the findings showed that there is a positive and statistically significant impact of economic freedom and democracy on macroeconomic stability.

Political scientists have developed three main interpretations of the Icelandic power structure – namely, traditional elitism, competitive elitism and professional pluralism. These can be seen to some extent as successive regimes, with traditional elitism prevalent in the nineteenth century, competitive elitism for much of the twentieth century and professional pluralism in more recent decades. However, their relative strength at different times, and the extent to which they still predominate, remains uncertain. This article evaluates how the different models reflect on the position of the political elite over time and how helpful they are in understanding contemporary power structures. Data on the composition of the political elite on one hand, and eight contemporary elite groups on the other are analysed in order to evaluate elite openness, elite selection and network patterns. The results provide support for conventional interpretations, in that competitive elitism replaced traditional elitism in important respects during the twentieth century, but has itself been replaced in many respects by professional pluralism. Accordingly, professional pluralism is characteristic of the contemporary power structure, with relatively open access to elite groups, strong influence of meritocratic and professional criteria and network patterns which are concentrated within, rather than across, spheres of influence. Remnants of traditional elite privilege and competitive elitism, where political parties play a central role, can be found in a number of areas, and professional pluralism has important elitist features.

A modified Environmental Kuznets Curve is proposed, where, by substituting the traditional measure of pollution with the level of natural resource depletion and degradation, a more sustainability-oriented EKC model is presented. The focus is placed on a panel data set of 30 Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, over a period of thirty-five years (1980-2014). SSA is chosen as the subject of this research, as it is a resource-rich region and is currently one of the world's fastest-growing regions in terms of foreign direct investment (FDI), especially natural resource seeking, but SSA is also plagued with poor institutional quality and widespread poverty and income inequality. Several studies also associate SSA with a resource curse. The EKC hypothesis is tested for natural resource depletion after controlling several variables pertinent to the SSA region. One of the major findings is that no EKC or inverted U-shape relationship is found between natural resource depletion and the level of economic development. In other words, natural resource depletion does not seem to subside after a given per capita income level is reached for the sampled countries. In addition, the results show that globalisation, which is measured through trade openness, and industrialisation both contribute towards a greater depletion of natural resources and hence have an adverse impact on environmental sustainability for this sample of countries.

Abstract
The Swat Valley Guild (SVG) is engaging local artisans in the Swat Valley region of Northern Pakistan with the global fashion community. The local artisan heritage is centuries old and is under threat from conflict, climate change and industrialization. The SVG is organizing a demand-centric approach, which allows the artisans to engage with the global community and ensures it solves some key challenges of the fashion industry as well, focusing on waste, sustainability and people development. There is a unique form of embroidery (Panjara) indigenous to the Swat Valley being preserved by this project. Artisans from the Guild are changing the face of the fashion industry. The local artisan ecosystems allow for flexible bespoke production, enabling the fashion industry to solve some of its key challenges. These being waste, pollution and people insensitivity. Fashion as a discipline helps the individual to find him/herself through self-expression. It supports new and original form, which in time finds its function. When the founders of the SVG first decided to set up the Guild in 2016 in the Swat Valley Region, Northern Pakistan, they had to decide how to position this high social impact business in the open market to support the fashion industry with its key challenges. They felt the openness, innovativeness and the global presence of the fashion industry would be the best place to start.

China's rise has been the economic success story of the past four decades but economic growth has been slowing and domestic imbalances have widened. This paper analyses the recent evolution of China's imbalances, the risks they pose to the economic outlook and the potential impact of a transition to sustainable growth in China on the global and euro area economies. The paper documents China's heavy reliance on investment and credit as drivers of growth, which has created vulnerabilities in a number of sectors and has been accompanied by increased complexity and leverage in the financial system. China retains some buffers, including policy space, to cushion against adverse shocks for the time being, but additional structural reforms would facilitate a shift of China's economy onto a sustainable and strong growth trajectory in the medium term. China's size, trade openness, dominant position as consumer of commodities and growing financial integration mean that its transition to sustainable growth is crucial for the global economic outlook. Simulation analysis using global macro models suggests that the spillovers to the euro area would be limited in the case of a modest slowdown in China's GDP growth, but significant in the case of a sharp downturn. Sensitivity analysis underscores that the spillovers are dependent on the strengths of the various transmission channels, as well as the policy reaction by central banks and governments.

The paper strives to determine the impact of fiscal variables on factors determining the dynamics of public debt in European Union countries. Based on the literature, the dynamics of public debt are determined by changes of three elements: the primary balance, interest-rate-growth-differential and the change of government assets. Therefore, it seems reasonable to estimate the dynamics of these three values to find the variables crucial for limiting the growth of public debt. Three groups of dynamic panel regressions were estimated based on the one-step Generalized Method of Moments. The data was collected for the 1995-2015 period for 27 EU countries. Dependent variables included: primary balance, interest-rate-growth-differential and change of government assets. Independent variables consisted of: interest payable to GDP ratio, unemployment rate, squared unemployment rate, FDI stock to GDP, net FDI inflow to GDP, general government expenditures to GDP, share of social security expenditures and openness of the economy measured by the ratio of export and import to GDP. On the basis of statistical data, three components of debt changes were distinguished, and estimations of the dynamic panel regressions were applied to find the impact of independent variables. According to the basic models, the primary balance is lower for: countries with higher unemployment, greater FDI stock and higher general government expenditures.

Renewing the social contract, one of the pillars of the new World Bank Group strategy for the Middle East and North Africa, requires a new development model built on greater trust; openness, transparency, inclusive and accountable service delivery; and a stronger private sector that can create jobs and opportunities for the youth of the region. Recent analytic work trying to explain weak job creation and insufficient private sector dynamism in the region point to formal and informal barriers to entry and competition. These barriers privilege a few (often unproductive) incumbents who enjoy a competition-edge due to their connections or ability to influence policy making and delivery. Policy recommendations to date in the field of governance for private sector policymaking have been too general and too removed from concrete, actionable policy outcomes. This report proposes -for the first time- to fill this policy and operational gap by answering the following question: What good governance features should be instilled in the design of economic policies and institutions to help shield them from capture, discretion and arbitrary implementation? The report proposes an innovative conceptual and measurement framework that encapsulates the governance features that could shield policies from capture, discretion and arbitrary enforcement that limits competition. The report offers a menu of operational and technical entry-points to enhance privilege-resistant policy making in a concrete way, that is politically tractable in different country contexts.

Transparency is now among almost all governments' priorities, with a growing number of countries that have recently adopted a law on access to administrative documents. In 2014, Paraguay even became the 100th state to pass a legislation on access to information (ATI). These laws do not provide a substitute for transparency; however, they may signal the willingness of public authorities to increase openness. So far, most studies have focused on states where laws on access to administrative documents already exist (mainly in Europe and North America), while very few research has been conducted in other parts of the world. Based on previous research, this contribution presents the case of Benin in Western Africa: conditions of emergence, structures and obstacles in several states will be presented and then compared with the current situation in Benin. Research questions concentrate on the development of ATI, challenges to the introduction of a stronger law, and the administration's main expectations towards transparency. Data were collected through interviews conducted with WANEP‐Benin (a coalition of civil society organisations), an official in charge of access to documents and several employees of the Beninese administration. Secondary data from past and current research are also used here. Findings show the influence of contextual and institutional differences on current transparency reforms, the importance of the issue of access and global awareness, and how the current approach towards access to administrative documents in Benin is influenced by the practices regarding transparency.