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The paper presents various approaches to defining the essence of a sign in cognitive science and philosophy of language. It offers presentations of critical review of research publications on sign processes. Based on extensive theoretical work in a cognitive approach to communication process, the hypothesis that each speaker of a language acts exclusively within the framework of their cognitive area is supported in the article. Given the results, meaning as a fact of consciousness is closed in it and during the "translation" of meanings they are not transmitted: signs cannot be considered to be carriers of meanings in the sense that meanings making up a part of their material body are contained in them. The material components of signs stimulate the appearance of identical or similar meanings, actuating analogous conceptual spheres in communicating minds.

Scientific conference for young teachers and masters who study in the specialty 291 International Relations, Public Communications and Regional Studies, with the participation of the Dean of the Faculty of International Relations, Political Science and Sociology V. V. Glebov, Head of the Department of International Relations O. I. Brusylovska, lectors and guests of the University, took place on May 18, 2021 at the FIRPS ONU named after I. I. Mechnikov. Among the issues considered at the conference were: the analysis of the theory of international relations (Belinska D., Burganova V., Gordienko S., Musienko A., Pogrebnyak M., Shevchenko Y.), foreign policy of the states (Houphouet L., Navasardyan D., Novatska O., Palyonova G., Polyakova E., Zazalitinova V.), systemic transformation of post-communist and post-colonial countries (Prokhorova V., Elkhair A.).

When history books about Brexit are written a key question asked will be 'how did it happen?' How did a country renowned for stable governments, pragmatism and diplomacy produce a chaotic outcome so harmful to its economic interests and international standing? This article examines the factors that produced Brexit by analysing its political and historical context, the main campaign groups and their communication strategies. Drawing on the work of Verdery (1999), Maskovsky and Bjork-James (2020) and other anthropologists, I suggest we need to look beyond conventional political science concepts and consider Brexit in terms of 'enchantment', 'angry politics' and 'technopopulism'. I conclude that while Brexit provides a window for analysing fault lines in contemporary Britain, it also highlights problems in the EU, its austerity politics and democratic deficit.

Cet article examine l'attention accordée aux cultures étrangères, en particulier celles des pays alliés, dans la presse des camps créée par des prisonniers français détenus en Allemagne pendant la guerre 1914 à 1918. La captivité est en effet de temps à autre propice à une ouverture culturelle dont les journaux sont à la fois le reflet et l'agent, témoignant d'une interculturalité mise en œuvre. Au croisement des sciences de la communication, de l'analyse de style et de la recherche historique, cette étude montre comment la presse des camps, parfois très loin de se limiter à la revendication d'un nationalisme étriqué, devient elle-même un espace de rencontres transnationales et d'influences réciproques : s'y esquisse par moments l'idée d'une Europe perçue comme une entité commune, faite d'atrocités, mais aussi de valeurs positives.

On August 31, 2020, the President of the Republic of Brazil, Jair Bolsonaro (without a party), declared to thepress that the government could not compel citizens to take any immunization vaccine against COVID-19. The speech generated great repercussion in the press and on the networks. The article seeks to analyze, through Content Analysis (Bardin, 2011), how thespeech reverberated on Twitter and how it was linked to aspects of scientific negationism. The corpus was collected using software that listed the posts with the greatest impact on the network in the days following the declaration. It discusses, therefore, the fragility of the social field of science and the way in which political communication is inserted in a debate maximized by a mediatized society, where information and content pass through new circuits of sociability.

Abstract
This study merges two perspectives, the historiographical and the archival, in order to capture and analyze key elements relating to issues encountered in records-based research into the labor history of Yugoslav socialism. In combining ongoing historiographical (social and labor history) and theoretical (archival science) research with auto-ethnographic, practice-based reflections, the author outlines several observations, facts, and propositions, which may be of help to both researchers and archivists. The essay accepts the recent resurgence of Yugoslav labor history as a premise upon which it discusses key problems relating to fieldwork, local and historical case study research, obstacles relating to communication and information, as well as pressing issues in the field of the archival profession, upon which it elaborates possible strategies and practical solutions to remedy the current conditions.

What to Remember When Asking About Difficult Issues? Some Remarks on the Methodology of Sensitive Research
Dealing with sensitive topics in social science research has a distinct and well established tradition, and post-memory studies may fall into this category as well. The paper focuses on practical issues connected to qualitative interviewing on sensitive topics. In detail, it bridges the gap between psychological literature and practice, primarily counselling psychology, and scholarship on sensitive topics present in many areas of sociology. The main problems that a researcher may face while conducting interviews on sensitive issues lay in or are connected to the structure of the interview, the resistance of the informant as well as the authenticity and personal communication competences. Attention is devoted to ethical issues present in this category of research.

Researcher in sociology at the University Paris1 La Sorbonne and specialized in the difficulties of integration of ethnic minorities in the eastern european countries in general and the Baltic States in particular, Reali Saidi is pursuing his doctorate and his research at the Georges Friedmann research center. As part of a partnership with the Georges Friedmann center and the UFR 16-Paris1, he had several stays in Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) but as well in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova during 2006 2020 . Graduated from ICSV (Arts et Métiers) in marketing and communication, holder of an M.B.A (Master of Business Administration) acquired in Australia and beeing doctoral student in Social Sciences at Paris1-La Sorbonne University, he is closely following the transformations of the post-Soviet space. ; the borders challenges and integration perspectives to European Union

AbstractIndividuals often experience incidental device-delivered haptic feedback (e.g., vibrational alerts accompanying messages on mobile phones and wearables), yet almost no research has examined the psychological and behavioral implications of technology-mediated touch on consumers. Drawing from theories in social psychology and computer science, we explore how device-delivered haptic feedback may have the capability to augment consumer responses to certain consumer-directed communications. Across four studies, we find that haptic alerts accompanying messages can improve consumer performance on related tasks and demonstrate that this effect is driven by an increased sense of social presence in what can otherwise feel like an impersonal technological exchange. These findings provide applied value for mobile marketers and gadget designers, and carry important implications for consumer compliance in health and fitness domains.

In June the Santo Tomas University launched its scientometric observatory, a necessity in face of the increasing demand for information of the institutional government system and national system of science and technology. Due to this, Universities are concentrating in developing spaces that allow showing the progress in the information and complexity that is derived from the production process and scientific communication. ; En el mes de junio la Universidad Santo Tomás lanzó su observatorio de cienciometría, una necesidad evidente ante las crecientes demandas de información de los sistemas de gobernanza institucionales y nacionales de ciencia y tecnología. Por esta razón, es que las universidades están abocadas a desarrollar instancias que den cuenta del progreso de la información y la complejidad que se deriva de los procesos de producción y comunicación científica.

In this article, I define the concept of text and briefly discuss the related concepts of speech and discourse. I demonstrate how the humanities treat texts and examine the structur­al-semiotic and the hermeneutic approach. Further, I identify both the differences between these approaches and the similarities in the ways they interpret texts. I argue that the philo­sophical approach seeks to go beyond the text as far as possible without leaving it altogether and stress that the divide between the humani­ties approach and the philosophical approach to the text lies in their methods. I emphasise that language has a synthesizing role within the philosophical approach to the text. Finally, I draw attention to the 'science of communication', within which the message as a whole is conceptualized.

Abstract
Evidence generation by current Social and Health Sciences is coping with some important barriers that difficult credibility of scientific products. Information and communication technologies have a strong impact over social relationships in our postmodern societies. The incidence of post-truth in our context is generating a pernicious relativism, far from contrasting the information veracity. The aim of this paper is to analyze and discuss the challenges of research methods and statistical models, more specifically for Psychological research, taking into account the impact of novel techniques as big data and virtual reality. Special attention is also devoted to the discussion about statistical shortcomings of psychological research and to the reproducibility problem. Finally, some potential solutions are proposed to be applied in order to improve the quality of scientific evidence.

Social science has distinct advantages and challenges when it comes to communicating its findings to the public. Its topics are often highly accessible to the general public, yet its findings may be counterintuitive and politically contentious. Conveying recent changes in the organization of the American economy provides an illustration of the difficulties and opportunities for engaging the public. The declining number of public corporations in the United States is associated with a shrinking middle class, lower opportunities for upward mobility, and a fraying social safety net, with important implications for individuals and public policy. Attempting to convey this set of findings to a broad public has demonstrated that some strategies and communication channels work better than others, and that some online media are particularly effective.

AbstractDefinitions are crucial for institutional analysis. This article explains the nature of taxonomic definitions, with particular attention to their use in economics and other social sciences. Taxonomic definitions demarcate one species of entity from another. They are vital for the communication of meaning between scientists, who must share some basic conception of what types of entity they are investigating, to establish a division of labour over subsequent theoretical analysis and empirical investigation of the type of entity defined. Generally, taxonomic definitions build on past usage and are parsimonious: they are not meant to be explanations or descriptions. By contrast, overloaded taxonomic definitions can create square-one disagreement about what is being investigated. As illustrative examples, the paper considers different degrees of progress with attempts to definefirms,marketsandinstitutions.