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Municipalities across the world are rapidly adopting e-government to improve public service delivery and provide one-stop government access to citizens. Using data from a sample of world cities, we describe the features of municipal websites and employ cluster analysis to create an empirical typology. Our results suggest that world cities can be classified into four types: 1) digitally mature cities, 2) digitally moderate cities, 3) digitally minimal cities, and 4) digitally marginal cities. This classification of cities largely reflects the social, political and economic context of countries and the resulting clusters exhibit closely similar shapes and differ considerably in level, indicating the trend of staged adoption of e-government among world cities. Moreover, the cities in the digitally mature and moderate clusters are associated with a higher GDP per capita, and percentage of Internet users, however they are not necessarily in the most democratic nations. Based on our overall findings, we suggest some hypotheses that derive from our typology and lines of future investigation for e-governance researchers.

This paper explores the relationship between oligoptic visual economies and liberal technologies of government which emerge from a consideration of the field collecting practices of Mass-Observation (MO), a social research movement established in the years leading up to the outbreak of the Second World War which attempted to develop an anthropology of British "everyday" life. Focussing on MO's fieldwork agencements, the paper shows how the project brought together museological methods of collecting and curating with new mechanisms of collective self-watching, and the ways in which these mechanisms became implicated in technologies of government through its archival operations. In the connections it drew between the liberal subjectivities of collective self-watching and surrealist aesthetic practices, MO played a significant role in shaping new governmental rationalities, with implications for both metropolitan and colonial populations, through its interlinked conceptions of "mass" and "morale". These formed part of a broader scientific–administrative–bureaucratic apparatus which facilitated the classification, ordering and governance of populations and "things" in this and later periods.

Depuis les années 1960, le développement du champ culturel et les changements de la signification des pratiques culturelles ont affaibli la légitimité culturelle de la haute culture et produit un éclectisme culturel, notamment des catégories diplômées, en direction des genres contemporains. Dans le prolongement d'une modélisation dite de la « tablature », cet article se propose de mettre à l'épreuve le lien ainsi tissé entre catégories diplômées ou supérieures – les plus éclectiques – et champ des pratiques couvertes. Il s'appuie sur une exploitation raisonnée de l'enquête Pratiques culturelles des Français de 2008 en recourant à une classification hiérarchique portant sur la population des personnes éclectiques sur le plan culturel. L'analyse statistique montre la diversité qualitative des formes d'éclectismes. Ainsi permet-elle d'engager une discussion sur les liens entre structure positionnelle et portefeuille de goûts et entre légitimité sociale et légitimité culturelle. Nous prônons un changement de modèle, de la distinction à la diversité culturelle, au nom de la différenciation des éclectismes, de l'argument de reconnaissance culturelle des genres artistiques et d'un régime de consommation ni ascétique, ni méprisant.

В статье анализируется характер изменений, происходящих с организационно-правовыми формами некоммерческих организаций. Трансформации связаны с изменениями в экономической и социальной сферах, с появлением новых конструкций вне рамок традиционных принципов системы юридических лиц. Рассматриваются существующие классификации, представленные в научной литературе, отмечается многообразие подходов и тенденции изменения в работах современных цивилистов, предусматривающих особенности оптимальности и адекватности представленных форм в гражданском обороте. Обосновывается необходимость в унификации организационно-правовых форм и их закрепление в Гражданском кодексе Российской Федерации. ; The article analyzes the features of changes in the legislation on legal entities including legal forms of noncommercial organizations. Transformation associated with changes in the economic and social spheres, with the emergence of new structures outside the traditional principles of the legal entities. There is existing classifications presented in the scientific literature. The diversity of approaches and trends in the work of contemporary jurists, providing optimal features and adequacy of the forms in public circulation, the necessity of the unification of legal forms and their consolidation in the Civil Code are marked.

Evidence on Oportunidades, a successful anti-poverty program in Mexico, has suggested that changes to the current grant structure may induce considerable improvements to its effectiveness. Moreover, there are proposals addressing the importance of regional, observable and unobservable characteristics, regarding its implementation. It is employed competitiveness level outcomes to investigate if this social policy has heterogeneous performance in different regions of intervention. For this purpose, a Difference-in-Difference model is applied to estimate short and mid-term impacts on enrolment rates. Results indicate that the general competitiveness effect is positive but not robust, given the considerable level of aggregation of the data used, whereas if it is distinguised Oportunidades treatment by selected competitiveness outcomes, states with highly efficient government institutions, middle competitive economic sectors and middle inclusive, educated and healthy individuals, present a larger program impact on enrolment rates. It is confirmed the significant improvements to program effectiveness and the impact of the competitiveness JEL Classification: C33, D61, I38, R59.

The Kyoto Protocol entered into force on February 16, 2005. Emissions reductions targets established by the protocol will be met by domestic policies and by three international flexible mechanisms: clean development, joint implementation, and emissions trading. Following a value-theoretic and class-based approach, the purpose of this paper is to analyze these flexible mechanisms. In particular, the paper investigates the nature and adoption of flexible mechanisms, and their class and environmental links and implications. Carbon-intensive capitalist firms and developed economies are found to be exerting great influence on the shaping and implementation of flexible mechanisms. Environmental effectiveness and justice, and equal sustainable development raised and claimed by worker-citizens, social movements, local communities, and developing countries have not been secured. Thus flexible mechanisms do not present a real challenge to current institutions and practices for sustainable climate conditions for the workers-citizen of the world. JEL classification: B5, P1, Q4

Individual differences in explicit prejudice have long been a central concern in intergroup relations, yet no study has investigated the latent structure of prejudice. Whereas some media reports, lay classifications, and historical notions of prejudice focus on a prejudiced type of person, more recent conceptualizations of prejudice explain it as a dimension with any given individual falling along a continuum from low to high. In the first taxometric research to assess attitudes, two studies used taxometric methods to explore whether explicit prejudice is best considered dimensional (i.e., differing in degree) or taxonic (i.e., differing in kind). In Study 1, 130 undergraduates ( M age = 19.2 years, ranging from 18 to 26) completed measures of explicit prejudice toward Muslims. These results largely supported a dimensional latent structure. In Study 2, 448 non-Hispanic participants ( M age = 46.2 years, ranging from 18 to 86) completed three measures of explicit prejudice toward Hispanics (modern racism, social distance, and negative traits) via the internet. Results were consistent with a dimensional latent structure. Implications for promoting intergroup relations are discussed.

Статья посвящена проблематике проектного финансирования. В работе исследованы теоретико-методологические основы формирования базисной концепции проектного финансирования, выраженные через принципы проектного финансирования, дана классификация принципов проектного финансирования с точки зрения экстраполяционного, экзогенного и эндогенного развития. Выявлены и исследованы финансово-экономический принцип проектного финансирования, социально-экологический принцип проектного финансирования, конъюнктурный и политический принципы проектного финансирования. Исследованы место и роль каждого принципа в системе принципов проектного финансирования. ; The article is devoted to a problem of design financing. In work theoretico-methodological bases of formation of the basic concept of the design financing, expressed through principles of design financing are investigated, classification of principles of design financing from the point of view different kinds of development is given. The financial and economic principle of design financing, a social ecological principle of design financing, tactical and political principles of design financing are revealed and investigated. The place and a role of each principle in system of principles of design financing are investigated.

WOS:000254955300033 ; PubMed: 18272511 ; Objectives: This study examined antibiotic utilization patterns in Turkey between 2001 and 2006. Methods: A comprehensive collection and analysis of Turkish antibiotic data from 2001 to 2006 was conducted. The anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) classification and the defined daily dose (DDD) methodology were used to calculate antibiotic consumption. Data were presented as DDD/1000 inhabitant-days, and the relation between antimicrobial consumption and governmental reimbursement policy was evaluated. Results: Total utilization of antibiotics increased from 14.62 to 31.36 DDD/1000 inhabitant-days between 2001 and 2006. The largest increase took place after the implementation of social insurance reform (SIR) in 2005, as evidenced by the DDD ratio increasing 1.87-fold after SIR went into effect. The largest increase occurred in the prescription of penicillins, from 7.13 in 2001 to 14.09 in 2006. Conclusions: In Turkey, antibiotic consumption increased markedly in recent years, in a close relationship, to a new reimbursement policy following the implementation of the SIR, which facilitated the prescription and consumption of drugs compared with the earlier SIR conditions.

The global and local are not a dichotomous classification and the interplay between them becomes more and more complex. This article seeks to provide an account that makes sense of the simultaneous coexistence of these two seemingly contradictory trends. In this article, we attempt to compile a theoretical combination of `globalness' and `localness' while presenting the case of Korea's globalization. We explore, as an example of the dynamics between strong globalness and weak localness, how the Korean government has submissively managed the national restructuring under the 1997 financial crisis. We argue that the Korean government was a relative weak local actor to passively accept the strong global requirements when the crisis hit Korea. In contrast, the strong local resistance and acceptance were simultaneously found in the reformation process of Korean national identity when the strong global pressure of changing traditional social values was introduced by the economic crisis. We, therefore, observe the dualistic directions of national identity reformation as a specific outcome of the interplay between the strong globalness and strong localness.

According to the disciplining hypothesis, globalization restrains governments by inducing increased budgetary pressure. As a consequence, governments shift their expenditures in favour of transfers and subsidies and away from capital expenditures. This expenditure shift is potentially enhanced by citizens' preferences to be compensated for the risks of globalization (compensation hypothesis). Employing two different datasets and various measures of globalization, we analyze whether globalization has indeed influenced the composition of government expenditures. For a sample of 108 countries, we examine the development of four broad expenditure categories for the period 1970-2001: capital expenditures; expenditures for goods and services; interest payments; and subsidies and other current transfers. A second dataset provides a much more detailed classification: public expenditures, expenditures for defence, order, economic environment, housing, health, recreation, education, and social expenditures. However, this second data set is only available since 1990 - and only for the OECD countries. Our results show that globalization did not influence the composition of government expenditures.

Although the body of research on African Americans and organ donation continues to grow, the literature still suffers from a lack of reliance on theory to guide research as well as a surfeit of advanced statistical analytical strategies. A more sophisticated approach to understanding the barriers and facilitating factors that African Americans experience in the process of making the decision to become potential organ donors would yield more sound campaign strategies to increase donation. In this study, a sample of 310 African-American adult members of the NAACP was surveyed about their attitudes, knowledge and beliefs about organ donation. Logistic regression demonstrated that the level of knowledge, attitudes, social norms and altruism resulted in correct classification of organ donor card status in 69.3% of cases. When variables such as medical mistrust, bodily integrity and religiosity were added, an even more powerful model resulted, with 73.2% of the cases correctly classified according to organ donor card status. Recommendations for campaigns targeting African Americans' willingness to donate organs are offered.

Рассмотрены экономические и политические условия функционирования сельскохозяйственных предприятий до начала реформ, вскрыты причины кризиса в сельском хозяйстве, которые обусловили необходимость радикального реформирования аграрного и продовольственного сектора страны в целом. Анализ изменений в законодательстве после 1990 года позволил обосновать более точно новую структуру сельскохозяйственных предприятий, а оценка финансово-экономического и социального положения классифицировать направления их финансового оздоровления. Особое значение отведено государственной политике в области финансового оздоровления сельскохозяйственных предприятий. ; The paper deals with economic and political conditions of agricultural companies functioning before the beginning of reforms; it exposes the causes of crisis in agriculture, which has led to the necessity of radical reforms in agrarian and food sector as a whole. The analysis of changes in legislation after the year of 1990 has enabled to ground more accurately the new structure of agricultural companies; the evaluation of financial economic and social situation allowed for classification of its financial reanimation direction. A particular attention is given to the state policy in the sphere of financial reanimation of agricultural companies.

According to the disciplining hypothesis, globalization restrains governments by inducing increased budgetary pressure. As a consequence, governments shift their expenditures in favour of transfers and subsidies and away from capital expenditures. This expenditure shift is potentially enhanced by citizens' preferences to be compensated for the risks of globalization ( compensation hypothesis ). Employing two different datasets and various measures of globalization, we analyze whether globalization has indeed influenced the composition of government expenditures. For a sample of 108 countries, we examine the development of four broad expenditure categories for the period 1970-2001: capital expenditures; expenditures for goods and services; interest payments; and subsidies and other current transfers. A second dataset provides a much more detailed classification: public expenditures, expenditures for defence, order, economic environment, housing, health, recreation, education, and social expenditures. However, this second data set is only available since 1990 - and only for the OECD countries. Our results show that globalization did not influence the composition of government expenditures.