Suchergebnisse

The United States and multilateral treaties -- It's all about domestic politics -- Between nonparticipation and hostility : the United States and the International Criminal Court -- No opposition in sight : the Convention Against Torture -- A close call against participation : the Landmine Treaty -- Barely ratified : the Chemical Weapons Convention -- Solving the policy puzzle.

Historians of the English legal profession have written comparatively little about the lawyers who served in the courts of the Church. This volume fills a gap; it investigates the law by which they were governed and discusses their careers in legal practice. Using sources drawn from the Roman and canon laws and also from manuscripts found in local archives, R. H. Helmholz brings together previously published work and new evidence about the professional careers of these men. His book covers the careers of many lesser known ecclesiastical lawyers, dealing with their education in law, their reaction to the coming of the Reformation, and their relationship with English common lawyers on the eve of the Civil War. Making connections with the European ius commune, this volume will be of special interest to English and Continental legal historians, as well as to students of the relationship between law and religion.

AbstractIt is empirical fact in Indonesia not only has written law which imposed by state power ( state law). Beside written law there is also unwritten law which often called the non state law. Political of law to uniting as one political unity and enforce the legal sentralism has disregarded the fact of legal pluralism ( the political of ignorance). Political of law of the Judicial Power Code which imposed during the time does not clearly arrange the state recognation to unwritten law, even unwritten law is recognnized, but still very sumir and floating. Although Code No. 48/2009 about Judicial Power adopt the politics of legal pluralism and recognizes the existence unwritten law, but it is still sham (weak legal pluralism), causing that in fact predominate the state law still happened and unwritten law only becoming complement to state law. Political forwards legal pluralism in Judicial Power Code ideally is not made conditional. The political legal pluralism of Judicial Power Code must to adopt strong legal pluralism, so can accommodate pluralism in society.Key Words : Legal Pluralism, Judicial Power, Unwritten Law.

La ricerca mira ad esaminare il ruolo attualmente ricoperto dalle persone giuridiche in seno al procedimento penale a seguito dell'entrata in vigore del d.lgs. n. 231 /2001. La normativa citata ha, infatti, introdotto una nuova ipotesi di responsabilità per la societas, la cui natura è ancora piuttosto dibattuta, e che - sebbene sia formalmente qualificata come amministrativa -cela in realtà un volto sostanzialmente penale. Alla luce della riforma introdotta nel 2001, sul piano processuale si è assistito ad una vera e propria rivoluzione copernicana, atteso che le persone giuridiche - in precedenza chiamate a rivestire il ruolo di meri soggetti eventuali del procedimento - sono ora chiamate ad assumere una posizione assimilabile a quella dell'imputato, venendo quindi in considerazione nell'inedito ruolo di soggetti necessari. L'arduo compito del legislatore è, dunque, coinciso con la necessità di adeguare alla partecipazione di questi nuovi "ingombranti soggetti" le strutture processuali preesistenti e costruite intorno alla figura di imputato-persona fisica, con non poche frizioni in ordine all'osservanza di principi fondamentali quali il diritto di difesa e la tutela risarcitoria della vittima del reato.

"This book offers a new perspective on the links between intellectual property and access to medication. Using local case studies and insights from actor-network theory, it explores the ways in which TRIPs is translated in the daily practices of those who purchase, distribute and use medicines in sub-Saharan Africa"--

Bruno Tesch was tried and executed for his company's Zyklon B gas used in Nazi Germany's extermination camps. This book examines this trial and the more than 300 other economic actors who faced prosecution for the Holocaust's crimes against humanity. It further tracks and analyses similar transitional justice mechanisms for holding economic actors accountable for human rights violations in dictatorships and armed conflict: international, foreign, and domestic trials and truth commissions from the 1970s to the present in every region of the world. This book probes what these accountability efforts are, why they take place, and when, where, and how they unfold. Analysis of the authors' original database leads them to conclude that 'corporate accountability from below' is underway, particularly in Latin America. A kind of Archimedes' lever places the right tools in weak local actors' hands to lift weighty international human rights claims, overcoming the near absence of international pressure and the powerful veto power of business.

<div><p><em>'Neutrality helps the oppressor, never the victim' is a famous quote of the Nobel laureate Elie Wisel. Although children have been maltreated in the course of our entire history, since they have no knowledge of the wrong and the right, hence 'interest theory' of jurisprudence remains true.<a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Alan/Google%20Drive/IRA%20MAY%202017%20Issues%20(1)/JMSS/Formatted%20papers/Paper%2025.docx#_ftn1"><strong>[1]</strong></a> Child abuse and neglect are serious global issues and can be physical, sexual or psychological. Many research studies have shown that children under the age group of 5-12 are at a higher risk of suffering from child abuse and neglect. The statistical analysis says that 40 million children become victims of child abuse all over the globe and 1,850 die due to extensive abuse and lack of affection and attention. An attempt has been made to differentiate the types of abuses and neglect, the signs and symptoms, the impact of the trauma on the well-being of the child. Drawing inferences from previous research works on the global issues, the paper has been prepared on the national context as the child sexual abuse is an under-reported offence in India. The study conducted by the Government of India in 2015 estimates the burden of sexual abuse which revealed shocking results and showed that every second child in the country was abused; among them, 52.94 per cent were boys and 47.06 per cent were girls. Highest sexual abuse was reported in Assam (52.27%) followed by Delhi (41%), Andhra Pradesh (33.87%) and Bihar (33.27%).<a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Alan/Google%20Drive/IRA%20MAY%202017%20Issues%20(1)/JMSS/Formatted%20papers/Paper%2025.docx#_ftn2"><strong>[2]</strong></a> There is a causal connection between child abuse and pornography; specifically child pornography depraves and corrupts the young minds which pose more danger to the child abuse. However, arguments frequently presented to defend pornography; such dichotomy stands between law and morality. The research paper tries to review the above issues focusing on recent legislations and views of policy makers in this regard.</em></p></div><div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div><p><a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Alan/Google%20Drive/IRA%20MAY%202017%20Issues%20(1)/JMSS/Formatted%20papers/Paper%2025.docx#_ftnref1">[1]</a>Padmaja K., Child Interests- Socio Legal Perspectives, A Amicus books, First Edi., The ICFAI University Press, 2007, pp. 4-27</p></div><div><p><a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Alan/Google%20Drive/IRA%20MAY%202017%20Issues%20(1)/JMSS/Formatted%20papers/Paper%2025.docx#_ftnref2">[2]</a> Tamuli RP Paul B Mahanta P. A statistical analysis of sexual assault-a retrospective study. <em>J Punjab Acad Forensic Med Toxicol </em>2013;13(1):7-13<strong></strong></p><p> </p></div></div>

Since the adoption of the Statute of Rome in July 1998, the ICC has been confronted by a number of problems. One such problem is the disagreement which persists among the members of the Assembly of Member States as to whether the crime of Aggression is one over which the Court has competence pursuant to Article 5 of the Statute. Another diffi culty is the opposition of the United States of America which, since the Bush Administration, has deployed a juridical arsenal with the aim of impeding any type of collaboration with the ICC; the tools in the arsenal include the American Service Members' Protection Act and bilateral immunity agreements which prevent the transfer of American citizens to the Court by State members of the Rome Statute.The entry into force of the of the Statute on 1 July 2002 allowed the Court Prosecutor to initiate the fi rst investigations and processes for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in the confl icts which have devastated certain African States (D.R.C., The Central African Republic and Uganda). The arrest warrant against the Sudanese President Omar Al Bashir for atrocities committed in Darfur demonstrates the limitations of action on the Court which cannot carry out its mandate without the cooperation of the States. Above all, the Court must confront the criticism of "double standards" and that it is an instrument of "justice for the poor", while the "powerful" escape. The answers to these problems can be contributed to, in part, through the revision process foreseen by the Statute nine years after its entry into force. ; Desde la adopción del Estatuto de Roma en julio de 1998, la CPI está confrontada a varios problemas, entre los que se encuentra el desacuerdo que persiste entre la Asamblea de Estados parte relativo a la defi nición del crimen de agresión, que es uno de los crímenes de competencia de la Corte de acuerdo con el artículo 5 del Estatuto. Otra difi cultad es la oposición de los Estados Unidos de América desde que la administración Bush desplegó todo un arsenal jurídico destinado a impedir cualquier tipo de colaboración con la CPI con el American Service Members' Protection Act y los acuerdos bilaterales de inmunidad destinados a prevenir la entrega de ciudadanos estadounidenses a la Corte por parte de los Estados miembros del Estatuto de Roma.La entrada en vigor de su Estatuto el 1 de julio de 2002 le permitió al Fiscal de la Corte iniciar las primeras investigaciones y procesos por crímenes de guerra y por crímenes contra la humanidad cometidos en los conflictos que destrozan ciertos Estados africanos (R.D.C., República Centroafricana, Uganda). La orden de detención contra el presidente sudanés Omar Al Bashir por las atrocidades cometidas en Darfur muestra los límites de la actuación de la Corte, al no poder ejecutar su mandato sin la cooperación de los Estados. La Corte debe enfrentarse a las críticas relativas al "doble estándar" y de ser un instrumento de "justicia para los pobres" de la que se escaparían los "poderosos". Las respuestas a estos problemas podrían ser aportadas, en parte, en el marco de los procesos de revisión previstos por el Estatuto de Roma nueve años después de su entrada en vigor. ; La protection internationale des droits de l'homme est fondée sur le principe d'universalité qui caractérise cette préoccupation du droit international ; mais l'intervention de critères de sélectivité entraîne une discordance dans les résultats.Différents facteurs limitent la protection effective : il n'y a pas véritablement de clarté sur des concepts comme : caractère obligatoire et exigibilité des instruments, normes de ius cogens et hiérarchie des normes, influence de la conjoncture politique et des relations internationales entre États. Les États délèguent l'accomplissement de leurs obligations aux différentes organisations internationales ; les États sont sélectifs en soi, par des politiques contingentes ; les institutions régionales, en incluant dans leurs décisions des thèmes non juridiques, encouragent la sélectivité.Pour y faire face, le droit international doit rétablir les valeurs originelles, revenir aux origines de la protection internationale et à l'objectif de fournir aux individus un accès direct aux institutions internationales, de manière à garantir tant l'État de droit que l'impartialité professionnelle, ainsi que les changements institutionnels nécessaires pour faire de la protection recherchée une réalité universelle.