Suchergebnisse

Índice Artículos Imágenes sobre la institución y la fuerza en policías venezolanos: una perspectiva desde el análisis del discurso. Institutional and physical force images among venezuelan police officers, a perspective from discourse analysis. Images sur l'institution et la force des policiers venezueliens: une perspective dès l'analyse du discours. Imagens sobre a instituição e a força em policiais venezuelanos: uma perspectiva desde a análise do discurso. Alvarez Muro, María Alexandra; Gabaldón, Luis Gerardo y Birkbeck, Christopher Howard La extradición y la orden europea de detención y entrega. Extradition and the european order for arrest and handing over. L'extradition et l'ordre européenne de détention et remise. A extradição e a ordem européia de detenção e entrega. Cuerda Riezu, Antonio Estudio descriptivo de los estudiantes de nivel medio expuestos al riesgo de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Una muestra representativa. A descriptive study of secondary education students exposed to drug use. A representative sample. Étude descriptive des étudiants du niveau moyen exposés à la consommation des substances psycho actives. Une démonstration représentative. Estudo descritivo de estudantes do ensino médio expostos ao consumo de sustâncias psico-ativas. Uma amostra representativa. Urdaneta Morales, Aubin El ministerio público en su ambito nacional e internacional y el proceso penal llevado ante el sistema jurisdiccional de la corte penal internacional. The public prosecutor in the national and international spheres and criminal procedure in the international criminal court. Le ministère public dans le cadre national et international et le processus pénal mené devant le système judiciaire de la cour pénale internationale. O ministerio publico em seu âmbito nacional e internacional e o processo penal levado perante o sistema jurisdicional da corte penal internacional. Borrego, Carmelo Acciones a propio riesgo. Actions taken at one's own risk. Actions à risque personnel. Ações a próprio risco. López Díaz, Claudia Sistema penal y reforma legal en Venezuela: la tensión entre el estado constitucional y el estado policial. The criminal system and legal reform in Venezuela tension between the constitutional state and the police state. Le système pénal et la réforme légale au Venezuela: la tension entre l'État constitutionnel et l'État policier. Sistema penal e reforma legal na Venezuela: a tensão entre o estado consitucional e o estado policial. Rosales, Elsie Actuación policial frente a una protesta política, cuando la política se vuelve global. Comparación de la actuación policial para mantener el orden público en Canadá y Bolivia. Policing political protest when politics go global. Comparing public order policing in Canada and Bolivia. Actuation policière face à une protestation politique, lorsque la politique devient globale; comparaison de l'actuation policière dans le maintient de l'ordre public au Canada et en Bolivie. ação policial perante um protesto político, quando a política vira global; comparação da atuação policial para manter a ordem pública no Canadá e na Bolivia. Sheptycki, James Jean Paul Marat y la ilustración penal. Jean Paul Marat and penal enlightenment. Jean Paul Marat et l'illustration pénale. Jean Paul Marat e a ilustração penal. Llobet Rodríguez, Javier Algunos líneamientos para la creación de un nuevo código penal desde la perspectiva de la docencia criminológica. Some ideas for the creation of a new criminal code, from the perspective of teaching criminology. Quelques directrices pour la création d'un nouveau code pénal, du point de vue de l'enseignement criminologique. Algumas diretrizes para a criação de um novo código penal desde a perspectiva da docencia criminológica. Morales Manssur, Jorge; Fernández, María Alejandra y Párraga Meléndez, Jesús Enrique Política criminal, terrorismo y reforma penal: el caso Venezuela. Crime policy, terrorism and the reform of criminal law: the Venezuelan case. Politique criminelle, terrorisme et réforme pénal: le cas Vénézuélien. Política criminal, terrorismo e reforma penal: o caso Venezuela. Martínez Rincones, José Francisco El "Derecho penal del enemigo": evolución (¿o ambigüedades?) del concepto y su justificación. Criminal law for enemies: evolution (or ambiguities?) of the concept, and its justification. Le "droit pénal de l'ennemi": evolution (¿Ou Ambiguïtés?) du concept et sa justification. O "direito penal do inimigo": evolução (ou ambigüidades?) do conceito e sua justificação. Modolell González, Juan Luis Documento de Derecho Penal Una tercera forma de realización del tipo: la interrupción de cursos causales salvadores. Gimbernat Ordeig, Enrique ; 63-84 ; aubinu@ula.ve ; anual ; Nivel analítico

Índice Artículos Imágenes sobre la institución y la fuerza en policías venezolanos: una perspectiva desde el análisis del discurso. Institutional and physical force images among venezuelan police officers, a perspective from discourse analysis. Images sur l'institution et la force des policiers venezueliens: une perspective dès l'analyse du discours. Imagens sobre a instituição e a força em policiais venezuelanos: uma perspectiva desde a análise do discurso. Alvarez Muro, María Alexandra; Gabaldón, Luis Gerardo y Birkbeck, Christopher Howard La extradición y la orden europea de detención y entrega. Extradition and the european order for arrest and handing over. L'extradition et l'ordre européenne de détention et remise. A extradição e a ordem européia de detenção e entrega. Cuerda Riezu, Antonio Estudio descriptivo de los estudiantes de nivel medio expuestos al riesgo de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Una muestra representativa. A descriptive study of secondary education students exposed to drug use. A representative sample. Étude descriptive des étudiants du niveau moyen exposés à la consommation des substances psycho actives. Une démonstration représentative. Estudo descritivo de estudantes do ensino médio expostos ao consumo de sustâncias psico-ativas. Uma amostra representativa. Urdaneta Morales, Aubin El ministerio público en su ambito nacional e internacional y el proceso penal llevado ante el sistema jurisdiccional de la corte penal internacional. The public prosecutor in the national and international spheres and criminal procedure in the international criminal court. Le ministère public dans le cadre national et international et le processus pénal mené devant le système judiciaire de la cour pénale internationale. O ministerio publico em seu âmbito nacional e internacional e o processo penal levado perante o sistema jurisdicional da corte penal internacional. Borrego, Carmelo Acciones a propio riesgo. Actions taken at one's own risk. Actions à risque personnel. Ações a próprio risco. López Díaz, Claudia Sistema penal y reforma legal en Venezuela: la tensión entre el estado constitucional y el estado policial. The criminal system and legal reform in Venezuela tension between the constitutional state and the police state. Le système pénal et la réforme légale au Venezuela: la tension entre l'État constitutionnel et l'État policier. Sistema penal e reforma legal na Venezuela: a tensão entre o estado consitucional e o estado policial. Rosales, Elsie Actuación policial frente a una protesta política, cuando la política se vuelve global. Comparación de la actuación policial para mantener el orden público en Canadá y Bolivia. Policing political protest when politics go global. Comparing public order policing in Canada and Bolivia. Actuation policière face à une protestation politique, lorsque la politique devient globale; comparaison de l'actuation policière dans le maintient de l'ordre public au Canada et en Bolivie. ação policial perante um protesto político, quando a política vira global; comparação da atuação policial para manter a ordem pública no Canadá e na Bolivia. Sheptycki, James Jean Paul Marat y la ilustración penal. Jean Paul Marat and penal enlightenment. Jean Paul Marat et l'illustration pénale. Jean Paul Marat e a ilustração penal. Llobet Rodríguez, Javier Algunos líneamientos para la creación de un nuevo código penal desde la perspectiva de la docencia criminológica. Some ideas for the creation of a new criminal code, from the perspective of teaching criminology. Quelques directrices pour la création d'un nouveau code pénal, du point de vue de l'enseignement criminologique. Algumas diretrizes para a criação de um novo código penal desde a perspectiva da docencia criminológica. Morales Manssur, Jorge; Fernández, María Alejandra y Párraga Meléndez, Jesús Enrique Política criminal, terrorismo y reforma penal: el caso Venezuela. Crime policy, terrorism and the reform of criminal law: the Venezuelan case. Politique criminelle, terrorisme et réforme pénal: le cas Vénézuélien. Política criminal, terrorismo e reforma penal: o caso Venezuela. Martínez Rincones, José Francisco El "Derecho penal del enemigo": evolución (¿o ambigüedades?) del concepto y su justificación. Criminal law for enemies: evolution (or ambiguities?) of the concept, and its justification. Le "droit pénal de l'ennemi": evolution (¿Ou Ambiguïtés?) du concept et sa justification. O "direito penal do inimigo": evolução (ou ambigüidades?) do conceito e sua justificação. Modolell González, Juan Luis Documento de Derecho Penal Una tercera forma de realización del tipo: la interrupción de cursos causales salvadores. Gimbernat Ordeig, Enrique ; 115-174 ; claulopezd@hotmail.com ; anual ; Nivel analítico

Índice Artículos Imágenes sobre la institución y la fuerza en policías venezolanos: una perspectiva desde el análisis del discurso. Institutional and physical force images among venezuelan police officers, a perspective from discourse analysis. Images sur l'institution et la force des policiers venezueliens: une perspective dès l'analyse du discours. Imagens sobre a instituição e a força em policiais venezuelanos: uma perspectiva desde a análise do discurso. Alvarez Muro, María Alexandra; Gabaldón, Luis Gerardo y Birkbeck, Christopher Howard La extradición y la orden europea de detención y entrega. Extradition and the european order for arrest and handing over. L'extradition et l'ordre européenne de détention et remise. A extradição e a ordem européia de detenção e entrega. Cuerda Riezu, Antonio Estudio descriptivo de los estudiantes de nivel medio expuestos al riesgo de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Una muestra representativa. A descriptive study of secondary education students exposed to drug use. A representative sample. Étude descriptive des étudiants du niveau moyen exposés à la consommation des substances psycho actives. Une démonstration représentative. Estudo descritivo de estudantes do ensino médio expostos ao consumo de sustâncias psico-ativas. Uma amostra representativa. Urdaneta Morales, Aubin El ministerio público en su ambito nacional e internacional y el proceso penal llevado ante el sistema jurisdiccional de la corte penal internacional. The public prosecutor in the national and international spheres and criminal procedure in the international criminal court. Le ministère public dans le cadre national et international et le processus pénal mené devant le système judiciaire de la cour pénale internationale. O ministerio publico em seu âmbito nacional e internacional e o processo penal levado perante o sistema jurisdicional da corte penal internacional. Borrego, Carmelo Acciones a propio riesgo. Actions taken at one's own risk. Actions à risque personnel. Ações a próprio risco. López Díaz, Claudia Sistema penal y reforma legal en Venezuela: la tensión entre el estado constitucional y el estado policial. The criminal system and legal reform in Venezuela tension between the constitutional state and the police state. Le système pénal et la réforme légale au Venezuela: la tension entre l'État constitutionnel et l'État policier. Sistema penal e reforma legal na Venezuela: a tensão entre o estado consitucional e o estado policial. Rosales, Elsie Actuación policial frente a una protesta política, cuando la política se vuelve global. Comparación de la actuación policial para mantener el orden público en Canadá y Bolivia. Policing political protest when politics go global. Comparing public order policing in Canada and Bolivia. Actuation policière face à une protestation politique, lorsque la politique devient globale; comparaison de l'actuation policière dans le maintient de l'ordre public au Canada et en Bolivie. ação policial perante um protesto político, quando a política vira global; comparação da atuação policial para manter a ordem pública no Canadá e na Bolivia. Sheptycki, James Jean Paul Marat y la ilustración penal. Jean Paul Marat and penal enlightenment. Jean Paul Marat et l'illustration pénale. Jean Paul Marat e a ilustração penal. Llobet Rodríguez, Javier Algunos líneamientos para la creación de un nuevo código penal desde la perspectiva de la docencia criminológica. Some ideas for the creation of a new criminal code, from the perspective of teaching criminology. Quelques directrices pour la création d'un nouveau code pénal, du point de vue de l'enseignement criminologique. Algumas diretrizes para a criação de um novo código penal desde a perspectiva da docencia criminológica. Morales Manssur, Jorge; Fernández, María Alejandra y Párraga Meléndez, Jesús Enrique Política criminal, terrorismo y reforma penal: el caso Venezuela. Crime policy, terrorism and the reform of criminal law: the Venezuelan case. Politique criminelle, terrorisme et réforme pénal: le cas Vénézuélien. Política criminal, terrorismo e reforma penal: o caso Venezuela. Martínez Rincones, José Francisco El "Derecho penal del enemigo": evolución (¿o ambigüedades?) del concepto y su justificación. Criminal law for enemies: evolution (or ambiguities?) of the concept, and its justification. Le "droit pénal de l'ennemi": evolution (¿Ou Ambiguïtés?) du concept et sa justification. O "direito penal do inimigo": evolução (ou ambigüidades?) do conceito e sua justificação. Modolell González, Juan Luis Documento de Derecho Penal Una tercera forma de realización del tipo: la interrupción de cursos causales salvadores. Gimbernat Ordeig, Enrique ; 307-320 ; jnmm70@yahoo.com ; marialeja24@hotmail.com ; jparraga@iamnet.com ; anual ; Nivel analítico

Índice Artículos Imágenes sobre la institución y la fuerza en policías venezolanos: una perspectiva desde el análisis del discurso. Institutional and physical force images among venezuelan police officers, a perspective from discourse analysis. Images sur l'institution et la force des policiers venezueliens: une perspective dès l'analyse du discours. Imagens sobre a instituição e a força em policiais venezuelanos: uma perspectiva desde a análise do discurso. Alvarez Muro, María Alexandra; Gabaldón, Luis Gerardo y Birkbeck, Christopher Howard La extradición y la orden europea de detención y entrega. Extradition and the european order for arrest and handing over. L'extradition et l'ordre européenne de détention et remise. A extradição e a ordem européia de detenção e entrega. Cuerda Riezu, Antonio Estudio descriptivo de los estudiantes de nivel medio expuestos al riesgo de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Una muestra representativa. A descriptive study of secondary education students exposed to drug use. A representative sample. Étude descriptive des étudiants du niveau moyen exposés à la consommation des substances psycho actives. Une démonstration représentative. Estudo descritivo de estudantes do ensino médio expostos ao consumo de sustâncias psico-ativas. Uma amostra representativa. Urdaneta Morales, Aubin El ministerio público en su ambito nacional e internacional y el proceso penal llevado ante el sistema jurisdiccional de la corte penal internacional. The public prosecutor in the national and international spheres and criminal procedure in the international criminal court. Le ministère public dans le cadre national et international et le processus pénal mené devant le système judiciaire de la cour pénale internationale. O ministerio publico em seu âmbito nacional e internacional e o processo penal levado perante o sistema jurisdicional da corte penal internacional. Borrego, Carmelo Acciones a propio riesgo. Actions taken at one's own risk. Actions à risque personnel. Ações a próprio risco. López Díaz, Claudia Sistema penal y reforma legal en Venezuela: la tensión entre el estado constitucional y el estado policial. The criminal system and legal reform in Venezuela tension between the constitutional state and the police state. Le système pénal et la réforme légale au Venezuela: la tension entre l'État constitutionnel et l'État policier. Sistema penal e reforma legal na Venezuela: a tensão entre o estado consitucional e o estado policial. Rosales, Elsie Actuación policial frente a una protesta política, cuando la política se vuelve global. Comparación de la actuación policial para mantener el orden público en Canadá y Bolivia. Policing political protest when politics go global. Comparing public order policing in Canada and Bolivia. Actuation policière face à une protestation politique, lorsque la politique devient globale; comparaison de l'actuation policière dans le maintient de l'ordre public au Canada et en Bolivie. ação policial perante um protesto político, quando a política vira global; comparação da atuação policial para manter a ordem pública no Canadá e na Bolivia. Sheptycki, James Jean Paul Marat y la ilustración penal. Jean Paul Marat and penal enlightenment. Jean Paul Marat et l'illustration pénale. Jean Paul Marat e a ilustração penal. Llobet Rodríguez, Javier Algunos líneamientos para la creación de un nuevo código penal desde la perspectiva de la docencia criminológica. Some ideas for the creation of a new criminal code, from the perspective of teaching criminology. Quelques directrices pour la création d'un nouveau code pénal, du point de vue de l'enseignement criminologique. Algumas diretrizes para a criação de um novo código penal desde a perspectiva da docencia criminológica. Morales Manssur, Jorge; Fernández, María Alejandra y Párraga Meléndez, Jesús Enrique Política criminal, terrorismo y reforma penal: el caso Venezuela. Crime policy, terrorism and the reform of criminal law: the Venezuelan case. Politique criminelle, terrorisme et réforme pénal: le cas Vénézuélien. Política criminal, terrorismo e reforma penal: o caso Venezuela. Martínez Rincones, José Francisco El "Derecho penal del enemigo": evolución (¿o ambigüedades?) del concepto y su justificación. Criminal law for enemies: evolution (or ambiguities?) of the concept, and its justification. Le "droit pénal de l'ennemi": evolution (¿Ou Ambiguïtés?) du concept et sa justification. O "direito penal do inimigo": evolução (ou ambigüidades?) do conceito e sua justificação. Modolell González, Juan Luis Documento de Derecho Penal Una tercera forma de realización del tipo: la interrupción de cursos causales salvadores. Gimbernat Ordeig, Enrique ; 343-362 ; jmodolel@ucab.edu.ve ; anual ; Nivel analítico

Kopš 20. gadsimta astoņdesmito gadu beigām Latvijā notiek nozīmīgas pārmaiņas. Nozīmīgu pārmaiņu laikā izglītībai tiek izvirzītas augstas prasības. Sabiedrība izglītībā saskata svarīgu faktoru, kurš ietekmē sabiedrības attīstību, veicina demokratizācijas procesus, nodrošina katram sabiedrības pārstāvim iespēju dzīvot drošībā un būt gatavam pārmaiņām. Atbildības pārdale starp valsti, pašvaldību un izglītības iestādi ir veicinājušas pašvaldību atbildību par izglītības mērķu un uzdevumu sasniegšanu. Pašvaldības atbildību paaugstina arī sabiedrības pieaugošā interese par izglītības rezultātiem un pieņemtajiem lēmumiem izglītības jomā. Pašvaldība un tās izpildinstitūcija Izglītības pārvalde ir atbildīgas un ieinteresētas izglītības kvalitātes nodrošināšanā. Izglītoties motivēts iedzīvotājs veido ap sevi kvalitatīvu dzīves vidi un tas sekmē sabiedrības attīstību. Izglītības efektivitāti veido pedagogu kopīgā misija, izglītības vide, skolēnu un skolotāju sadarbības rezultāts, investētie resursi izglītošanas procesā, pievienotā izglītojošā vērtība, kura sekmē jaunieša iekļaušanos nākošajā izglītības pakāpē. Maģistra darba mērķis ir izanalizēt Jelgavas Izglītības pārvaldes darbību efektīvas izglītības sistēmas vadīšanā. Maģistra darbā veikta Jelgavas izglītības sistēmas un tās darbību regulējošās likumdošanas analīze. Pētīta pilsētas demogrāfija, pedagogu un audzēkņu sastāvs, izvērtēti 9., 12. klašu skolēnu mācību rezultāti, analizēts finansu resursu apjoms izglītības sistēmas uzturēšanai un attīstībai. Izstrādāti priekšlikumi pilsētas izglītības sistēmas darbības efektivitātes paaugstināšanai. Darbā izmantoti galvenokārt Latvijas Republikas likumi, Ministru kabineta noteikumi, Latvijas izglītības koncepcija 2002. – 2005. gadam, Eiropas Komisijas, UNESCO, OECD, sabiedriskā politikas centra "Providus" ekspertu pētījumi izglītībā, dokumentu projekti "Pamatnostādnes Latvijas izglītības sistēmas attīstībai no 2006. – 2010. gadam", Nacionālais attīstības plāns, kā arī Jelgavas Izglītības pārvaldes, Jelgavas domes un izglītības iestāžu nepublicēti dati un materiāli. Izmantoti Latvijas un ārzemju pedagoģijas zinātnieku, izglītības darba vadītāju un pedagogi darbi. Izmantoti Interneta resursi, publikācijas laikrakstos un žurnālos. Maģistra darbs aptver laika posmu no 2000. gada līdz 2005. gadam. Maģistra darbs sastāv no 7 nodaļām un 14 apakšnodaļām. Maģistra darba apjoms ir 86 lapas un tas satur 23 attēlus un 22 pielikumus. ; Since the end of the eighties of the 20th century in Latvia there have taken place significant changes, which influence also the development of the education system of Latvia. During the period of significant changes part of society puts forward high demands for education because they trace an important factor in education which will influence the development of society, promote the processes of democratisation of society, provide every member of society with a possibility to live in safety, be protected from crime and terrorism. Education is a prior branch of society. It is important to assess the effectiveness of the educational system of local municipality and evaluate what factors promote or prevent the improvement of the educational process. The aim of the master's paper is to analyse the work of Jelgava Department of Education in the process of management of effective educational system and to work out proposals to improve the educational system. The analysis of Jelgava education system and its governing legislation has been described in the master's paper. There has been analysed the demography of the city, the structure of the pedagogical staff and students, evaluated the study results of the 9 and 12 form students, drop-out rate of students, release from examinations in 9 and 12 form, assessed the infrastructure of education, analysed the amount of finances necessary for maintenance and development of the system of education. Proposals to raise the effectiveness of the work of educational system of the city have been put forward. Different sources have been used: the laws of Latvia Republic, regulations issued by the Cabinet, the conception of Latvia Education for 2002-2005, the research papers written by the experts of European Commission, UNESCO, OECD, Latvian public policy centre "Providus", the project documents "Basic approaches to the development of system of education of Latvia in 2006-2010", National Development plan, and the non-published documents of the Department of education of Jelgava, City Council and educational establishments. The works of Latvian and foreign pedagogical scientists, the leaders of educational work and pedagogues have been used. The Internet resources, publications in newspapers and magazines have been used. The master's paper covers the period since 2000. to 2005. The paper consists of 7 chapters and 14 subchapters. The paper has 86 pages and it comprises 23 pictures and 22 appendices.

Índice Artículos Imágenes sobre la institución y la fuerza en policías venezolanos: una perspectiva desde el análisis del discurso. Institutional and physical force images among venezuelan police officers, a perspective from discourse analysis. Images sur l'institution et la force des policiers venezueliens: une perspective dès l'analyse du discours. Imagens sobre a instituição e a força em policiais venezuelanos: uma perspectiva desde a análise do discurso. Alvarez Muro, María Alexandra; Gabaldón, Luis Gerardo y Birkbeck, Christopher Howard La extradición y la orden europea de detención y entrega. Extradition and the european order for arrest and handing over. L'extradition et l'ordre européenne de détention et remise. A extradição e a ordem européia de detenção e entrega. Cuerda Riezu, Antonio Estudio descriptivo de los estudiantes de nivel medio expuestos al riesgo de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Una muestra representativa. A descriptive study of secondary education students exposed to drug use. A representative sample. Étude descriptive des étudiants du niveau moyen exposés à la consommation des substances psycho actives. Une démonstration représentative. Estudo descritivo de estudantes do ensino médio expostos ao consumo de sustâncias psico-ativas. Uma amostra representativa. Urdaneta Morales, Aubin El ministerio público en su ambito nacional e internacional y el proceso penal llevado ante el sistema jurisdiccional de la corte penal internacional. The public prosecutor in the national and international spheres and criminal procedure in the international criminal court. Le ministère public dans le cadre national et international et le processus pénal mené devant le système judiciaire de la cour pénale internationale. O ministerio publico em seu âmbito nacional e internacional e o processo penal levado perante o sistema jurisdicional da corte penal internacional. Borrego, Carmelo Acciones a propio riesgo. Actions taken at one's own risk. Actions à risque personnel. Ações a próprio risco. López Díaz, Claudia Sistema penal y reforma legal en Venezuela: la tensión entre el estado constitucional y el estado policial. The criminal system and legal reform in Venezuela tension between the constitutional state and the police state. Le système pénal et la réforme légale au Venezuela: la tension entre l'État constitutionnel et l'État policier. Sistema penal e reforma legal na Venezuela: a tensão entre o estado consitucional e o estado policial. Rosales, Elsie Actuación policial frente a una protesta política, cuando la política se vuelve global. Comparación de la actuación policial para mantener el orden público en Canadá y Bolivia. Policing political protest when politics go global. Comparing public order policing in Canada and Bolivia. Actuation policière face à une protestation politique, lorsque la politique devient globale; comparaison de l'actuation policière dans le maintient de l'ordre public au Canada et en Bolivie. ação policial perante um protesto político, quando a política vira global; comparação da atuação policial para manter a ordem pública no Canadá e na Bolivia. Sheptycki, James Jean Paul Marat y la ilustración penal. Jean Paul Marat and penal enlightenment. Jean Paul Marat et l'illustration pénale. Jean Paul Marat e a ilustração penal. Llobet Rodríguez, Javier Algunos líneamientos para la creación de un nuevo código penal desde la perspectiva de la docencia criminológica. Some ideas for the creation of a new criminal code, from the perspective of teaching criminology. Quelques directrices pour la création d'un nouveau code pénal, du point de vue de l'enseignement criminologique. Algumas diretrizes para a criação de um novo código penal desde a perspectiva da docencia criminológica. Morales Manssur, Jorge; Fernández, María Alejandra y Párraga Meléndez, Jesús Enrique Política criminal, terrorismo y reforma penal: el caso Venezuela. Crime policy, terrorism and the reform of criminal law: the Venezuelan case. Politique criminelle, terrorisme et réforme pénal: le cas Vénézuélien. Política criminal, terrorismo e reforma penal: o caso Venezuela. Martínez Rincones, José Francisco El "Derecho penal del enemigo": evolución (¿o ambigüedades?) del concepto y su justificación. Criminal law for enemies: evolution (or ambiguities?) of the concept, and its justification. Le "droit pénal de l'ennemi": evolution (¿Ou Ambiguïtés?) du concept et sa justification. O "direito penal do inimigo": evolução (ou ambigüidades?) do conceito e sua justificação. Modolell González, Juan Luis Documento de Derecho Penal Una tercera forma de realización del tipo: la interrupción de cursos causales salvadores. Gimbernat Ordeig, Enrique ; 175-230 ; icpc@cantv.net ; anual ; Nivel analítico

Índice Artículos Imágenes sobre la institución y la fuerza en policías venezolanos: una perspectiva desde el análisis del discurso. Institutional and physical force images among venezuelan police officers, a perspective from discourse analysis. Images sur l'institution et la force des policiers venezueliens: une perspective dès l'analyse du discours. Imagens sobre a instituição e a força em policiais venezuelanos: uma perspectiva desde a análise do discurso. Alvarez Muro, María Alexandra; Gabaldón, Luis Gerardo y Birkbeck, Christopher Howard La extradición y la orden europea de detención y entrega. Extradition and the european order for arrest and handing over. L'extradition et l'ordre européenne de détention et remise. A extradição e a ordem européia de detenção e entrega. Cuerda Riezu, Antonio Estudio descriptivo de los estudiantes de nivel medio expuestos al riesgo de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Una muestra representativa. A descriptive study of secondary education students exposed to drug use. A representative sample. Étude descriptive des étudiants du niveau moyen exposés à la consommation des substances psycho actives. Une démonstration représentative. Estudo descritivo de estudantes do ensino médio expostos ao consumo de sustâncias psico-ativas. Uma amostra representativa. Urdaneta Morales, Aubin El ministerio público en su ambito nacional e internacional y el proceso penal llevado ante el sistema jurisdiccional de la corte penal internacional. The public prosecutor in the national and international spheres and criminal procedure in the international criminal court. Le ministère public dans le cadre national et international et le processus pénal mené devant le système judiciaire de la cour pénale internationale. O ministerio publico em seu âmbito nacional e internacional e o processo penal levado perante o sistema jurisdicional da corte penal internacional. Borrego, Carmelo Acciones a propio riesgo. Actions taken at one's own risk. Actions à risque personnel. Ações a próprio risco. López Díaz, Claudia Sistema penal y reforma legal en Venezuela: la tensión entre el estado constitucional y el estado policial. The criminal system and legal reform in Venezuela tension between the constitutional state and the police state. Le système pénal et la réforme légale au Venezuela: la tension entre l'État constitutionnel et l'État policier. Sistema penal e reforma legal na Venezuela: a tensão entre o estado consitucional e o estado policial. Rosales, Elsie Actuación policial frente a una protesta política, cuando la política se vuelve global. Comparación de la actuación policial para mantener el orden público en Canadá y Bolivia. Policing political protest when politics go global. Comparing public order policing in Canada and Bolivia. Actuation policière face à une protestation politique, lorsque la politique devient globale; comparaison de l'actuation policière dans le maintient de l'ordre public au Canada et en Bolivie. ação policial perante um protesto político, quando a política vira global; comparação da atuação policial para manter a ordem pública no Canadá e na Bolivia. Sheptycki, James Jean Paul Marat y la ilustración penal. Jean Paul Marat and penal enlightenment. Jean Paul Marat et l'illustration pénale. Jean Paul Marat e a ilustração penal. Llobet Rodríguez, Javier Algunos líneamientos para la creación de un nuevo código penal desde la perspectiva de la docencia criminológica. Some ideas for the creation of a new criminal code, from the perspective of teaching criminology. Quelques directrices pour la création d'un nouveau code pénal, du point de vue de l'enseignement criminologique. Algumas diretrizes para a criação de um novo código penal desde a perspectiva da docencia criminológica. Morales Manssur, Jorge; Fernández, María Alejandra y Párraga Meléndez, Jesús Enrique Política criminal, terrorismo y reforma penal: el caso Venezuela. Crime policy, terrorism and the reform of criminal law: the Venezuelan case. Politique criminelle, terrorisme et réforme pénal: le cas Vénézuélien. Política criminal, terrorismo e reforma penal: o caso Venezuela. Martínez Rincones, José Francisco El "Derecho penal del enemigo": evolución (¿o ambigüedades?) del concepto y su justificación. Criminal law for enemies: evolution (or ambiguities?) of the concept, and its justification. Le "droit pénal de l'ennemi": evolution (¿Ou Ambiguïtés?) du concept et sa justification. O "direito penal do inimigo": evolução (ou ambigüidades?) do conceito e sua justificação. Modolell González, Juan Luis Documento de Derecho Penal Una tercera forma de realización del tipo: la interrupción de cursos causales salvadores. Gimbernat Ordeig, Enrique ; 365-405 ; anual ; Nivel analítico

Índice Artículos Imágenes sobre la institución y la fuerza en policías venezolanos: una perspectiva desde el análisis del discurso. Institutional and physical force images among venezuelan police officers, a perspective from discourse analysis. Images sur l'institution et la force des policiers venezueliens: une perspective dès l'analyse du discours. Imagens sobre a instituição e a força em policiais venezuelanos: uma perspectiva desde a análise do discurso. Alvarez Muro, María Alexandra; Gabaldón, Luis Gerardo y Birkbeck, Christopher Howard La extradición y la orden europea de detención y entrega. Extradition and the european order for arrest and handing over. L'extradition et l'ordre européenne de détention et remise. A extradição e a ordem européia de detenção e entrega. Cuerda Riezu, Antonio Estudio descriptivo de los estudiantes de nivel medio expuestos al riesgo de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Una muestra representativa. A descriptive study of secondary education students exposed to drug use. A representative sample. Étude descriptive des étudiants du niveau moyen exposés à la consommation des substances psycho actives. Une démonstration représentative. Estudo descritivo de estudantes do ensino médio expostos ao consumo de sustâncias psico-ativas. Uma amostra representativa. Urdaneta Morales, Aubin El ministerio público en su ambito nacional e internacional y el proceso penal llevado ante el sistema jurisdiccional de la corte penal internacional. The public prosecutor in the national and international spheres and criminal procedure in the international criminal court. Le ministère public dans le cadre national et international et le processus pénal mené devant le système judiciaire de la cour pénale internationale. O ministerio publico em seu âmbito nacional e internacional e o processo penal levado perante o sistema jurisdicional da corte penal internacional. Borrego, Carmelo Acciones a propio riesgo. Actions taken at one's own risk. Actions à risque personnel. Ações a próprio risco. López Díaz, Claudia Sistema penal y reforma legal en Venezuela: la tensión entre el estado constitucional y el estado policial. The criminal system and legal reform in Venezuela tension between the constitutional state and the police state. Le système pénal et la réforme légale au Venezuela: la tension entre l'État constitutionnel et l'État policier. Sistema penal e reforma legal na Venezuela: a tensão entre o estado consitucional e o estado policial. Rosales, Elsie Actuación policial frente a una protesta política, cuando la política se vuelve global. Comparación de la actuación policial para mantener el orden público en Canadá y Bolivia. Policing political protest when politics go global. Comparing public order policing in Canada and Bolivia. Actuation policière face à une protestation politique, lorsque la politique devient globale; comparaison de l'actuation policière dans le maintient de l'ordre public au Canada et en Bolivie. ação policial perante um protesto político, quando a política vira global; comparação da atuação policial para manter a ordem pública no Canadá e na Bolivia. Sheptycki, James Jean Paul Marat y la ilustración penal. Jean Paul Marat and penal enlightenment. Jean Paul Marat et l'illustration pénale. Jean Paul Marat e a ilustração penal. Llobet Rodríguez, Javier Algunos líneamientos para la creación de un nuevo código penal desde la perspectiva de la docencia criminológica. Some ideas for the creation of a new criminal code, from the perspective of teaching criminology. Quelques directrices pour la création d'un nouveau code pénal, du point de vue de l'enseignement criminologique. Algumas diretrizes para a criação de um novo código penal desde a perspectiva da docencia criminológica. Morales Manssur, Jorge; Fernández, María Alejandra y Párraga Meléndez, Jesús Enrique Política criminal, terrorismo y reforma penal: el caso Venezuela. Crime policy, terrorism and the reform of criminal law: the Venezuelan case. Politique criminelle, terrorisme et réforme pénal: le cas Vénézuélien. Política criminal, terrorismo e reforma penal: o caso Venezuela. Martínez Rincones, José Francisco El "Derecho penal del enemigo": evolución (¿o ambigüedades?) del concepto y su justificación. Criminal law for enemies: evolution (or ambiguities?) of the concept, and its justification. Le "droit pénal de l'ennemi": evolution (¿Ou Ambiguïtés?) du concept et sa justification. O "direito penal do inimigo": evolução (ou ambigüidades?) do conceito e sua justificação. Modolell González, Juan Luis Documento de Derecho Penal Una tercera forma de realización del tipo: la interrupción de cursos causales salvadores. Gimbernat Ordeig, Enrique ; 231-271 ; jshep@jorku.ca ; anual ; Nivel analítico

The series of interviews presented in this book were originally conceived as a part of a wider project, investigating the ways in which Nordic people relate to nature. That project, entitled "Nature, National Identity and Environmental Policy in the Nordic Countries", was initiated in 1995 by Elfar Loftsson and Ulrik Lohm from the University of Linköping; Páll Skúlason and Þorvarður Árnason from the University of Iceland; and Lars Henrik Schmidt from the University of Århus. The project was intended from the outset to be interdisciplinary, with sociological, anthropological and philosophical methods to be applied in the investigation. Originally, the project involved three Nordic countries: Sweden, Denmark and Iceland. Parts of the project were undertaken in all three countries so that it would be possible to compare the results, whilst other parts were carried out separately in each country. The largest common sub-project was a questionnaire survey that was carried out in 1997 and investigated views of nature, and environmental concerns, amongst the general public in Sweden, Denmark and Iceland.In connection with the questionnaire survey, it was decided to invite an experienced journalist to join in the project and to ask him to interview people with various backgrounds, in order to elicit from them, in a personal manner, their ways of valuing and relating to nature. In addition to being of interest in themselves, the interviews were intended to complement the other parts of the project. Páll Skúlason had worked earlier with Jacques Gandebeuf when he came to Iceland in the wake of the volcanic eruption in the Westman Islands in 1972 to interview people about their experiences of living in a close Páll Skúlason and dangerous relationship with nature. Thus, Páll knew about Jacques´ skills as an interviewer, his great experience as an environmentalist, and his remarkable talent as a writer; and it was agreed to ask him to do the job. He accepted the assignment, and in this book the reader is presented with the results. Jacques Gandebeuf was born and brought up in Clermont-Ferrand, in the centre of France. He studied law and economic history before turning to journalism. From 1966 to 1992 he worked as a major reporter and editorialist in the great regional journal Républicain Lorrain, published in Metz in the north of France. During this period, he covered all the great events in the world, traveling to more than 80 countries. He also become an active member of the association of journalists and writers for ecology and wrote extensively on environmental issues. After retiring in 1992 he has written some ten books, among them My Father's Accent, which is a work of fiction on the linguistic problems of Lorraine, and three books on the experiences of people in that region during the two world wars. A specialist of European affairs, his personal interests bear particularly upon music and also upon sculpting, an art at which he himself excels. In connection with the Nordic project, Jacques conducted his first series of interviews in Iceland in 1996 and a second series in Sweden in 1997. For various reasons, he was unable to conduct any interviews in Denmark before the project came to an end. In the year 2000, however, the opportunity arose to survey Norwegian views of nature, thanks to the assistance of Gunnar Skirbekk at the University of Bergen, and the interviews contained in the present volume thus include the perspectives of three Nordic nations. These interviews were conducted in the period when environmental issues of all sorts were for the first time in history commanding public attention. Since then these issues have become progressively more and more the concern of public debates. In these debates what is most important are the various sentiments, feelings and worries that people have, and may share, all over the world. It is vital that politicians, scientists, entrepreneurs, and others engaged in decision-making that affects nature, take into account the ways in which people value and relating to nature. This book should be extremely useful for achieving an understanding of the attitudes and feelings that people have. Jacques was of course entirely free to conduct and present the interviews in whatever way he thought best. To my mind he has succeeded in revealing, in an exciting and interesting manner, how ordinary people in a certain part of the world felt and thought about nature at the end of the 20th century. It remains to be asked how people will feel and think about nature at the end of the current century, if we humans are still around and if there is still be a nature to which we can relate.

Migrations from Yugoslavia to Germany have a long tradition. There have been various economic and social causes, and in some periods even political ones for that phenomenon. Taking into consideration the historical aspect and also the contemporary migration flows, the dynamics of migrations of the Yugoslav population to Germany has the following stages in its development. The first stage had begun in late XIX century and ended with the World War I. Although the overseas migration flows prevailed, yet the German agriculture and its mine industry attracted a part of the Yugoslav population. Between the two world wars mostly "Westfahl Slovenes" and Croats and Serbs from Bosnia-Herzegovina got "temporary employed" in the Rhine-Westfahl industrial area, along with several thousand Serb-Croat-Slovene agricultural seasonal workers per year. The second stage began immediately after the Second World War when most of about 200,000 citizens from the former Yugoslavia, being mostly refugees, moved from the West European to overseas countries, but some of them stayed in Germany. Involuntary migrants and refugees, however, returned in great number from Germany to Yugoslavia. At that stage non-extradition of war criminals on the part of the West occupying powers on German territory, then disregard of West German Governments of the anti-Yugoslav activities of the part of extreme Yugoslav emigration, and different interpretation of the bilateral agreement on extradition, became the essential problem in relations between SFR Yugoslavia and FR Germany. The third stage in development of migrations commenced in early 1960s. At that time, Germany and other Western countries became prominently immigrational, while since mid-1960s till 1973 economic emigrants from Yugoslavia became more and more important in the German economic space. From 1954 to 1967 migration of Yugoslav citizens had not yet been intensive and their intention was mostly to work abroad. Illegal employment was, however, prominent at that time. Due to the normalisation of political relations, re-establishment of diplomatic relations and conclusion of bilateral agreements that legally defined employment of foreign workers, since 1968 till 1973 a great number of Yugoslavs got employed in FR Germany. The contemporary migrations from FR Yugoslavia to Germany resulted from the economic and political crisis in the former SFRY as well as from the civil wars that were waged in the Yugoslav territory. FR Germany became the most important destination country of Yugoslav migrants - workers, refugees, false asylum-seekers and political emigrants. Different categories of migrants from Yugoslavia to Germany enjoy the treatment that is in accordance with the immigration policies of the German governments as well as with the degree of development of the German-Yugoslav political and economic relations, and the degree of the established co-operation in the field of legal assistance and social welfare. Migrant workers, who have legally regulated their employment and residence status, could in the future expect to gain assistance from their mother country in getting efficient protection of their rights and interests in all stages of the migration process. Numerous migrants asylum-seekers, in spite of the proclaimed international protection, share, however, the fate resulting from the politically motivated measures and actions taken by the German authorities within the arbitrary decision-making of the right and/or abuse of the right to asylum. This is the reason why as early as in late 1994 the Government of FRG announced that it would expel foreigners from the country. The remaining refugees, or actually the so-called false asylum-seekers in FR Germany, share the fate of forced repatriation. Within this category special emphasis should be placed on the attitude of the German government to the Albanians and Roma from Kosovo. At first, the Germans treated the Albanians from Kosovo as politically persecuted persons, offering them refuge. Then they declared them (and Roma also) to be false asylum-seekers and insisted on readmission - their gradual repatriation to Kosovo. Considering both positive and negative implications of the migration process, the key issue for the citizens from Serbia and Montenegro who live in Germany remains the following: maintenance of their national identity, cherishing of their mother tongue and culture, keeping up relations with their mother country, social gathering - in various associations, clubs and organisations, education in their mother tongue, what particularly includes comprehensive additional teaching for children in Serbian, as well as better information dissemination.

The objective of this research is to analyze the regulation of contract formation in the main legislations currently in force in the world.In most countries whose legislation of private law is derived from the RomanGermanic system, the regime which is applicable to the formation of contract is contained in civil and/or commercial codes. In AngloSaxon law, a juridical regime on the subject has also been developed and is contained in customs, judicial precedents and, in the United Sates, in the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC).On the other hand, in an attempt to harmonize and standardize the legislation that is expected to act as a framework for the economic globalization processes, the United Nations Commission for International Trade Law (Uncitral), the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (Unidroit) and other institutions such as the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) are working towards the configuration of a uniform system of mercantile law, trying to overcome the obstacles stemming from the differences among the several juridical systems and from the deficiencies of international private law. In our case, these efforts resulted in the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), the Unidroit principles for internationaltrade contracts, and the principles of the European law of contracts prepared by the Lando Commission. These instruments intend to reconcile the existing differences between the RomanGermanic and AngloSaxon regimes (civil law and common law.)In addition, some countries have adopted Uncitral s model law regarding electronic commerce, which explicitly draws attention to the existing legislation on obligations and contracts culminating in the introduction of some rules. Other countries have modified their internal legislation by regulating aspects of contract formation through electronic means.The uniform regime poses serious differences with the internal legislations and their handling of this issue raising practical and theoretical problems.On the other hand, it is necessary to bear in mind that the norms on contract formation contained in civil or commercial laws are at present complemented with statutes for the protection of consumers and users and for the defence of competition. These statutes regulate aspects regarding offer conditions such as the duty to inform, misleading advertising, etc. ; La presente investigación tiene por objeto analizar la regulación de la formación del contrato en las principales legislaciones actualmente vigentes en el mundo.La mayoría de los países cuya legislación de derecho privado pertenece al sistema romanogermánico, tienen un régimen aplicable a la formaci ón del contrato, contenido en los códigos civiles y/o de comercio. En el derecho anglosajón también se ha desarrollado un régimen jurídico sobre el tema contenido en costumbres, precedentes judiciales y como en el caso estadounidense, en el Uniform Commercial Code (UCC).Por otra parte, y dentro del intento de armonizar y unificar la legislación que sirva de marco a los procesos de globalización económica, la Comisi ón de Naciones Unidas para el Derecho Mercantil Internacional (Uncitral), el Instituto para la Unificación del Derecho Privado (Unidroit) y otras instituciones, como la Cámara de Comercio Internacional (CCI), trabajan en pro de la conformación de un sistema de derecho mercantil uniforme, tratando de salvar los escollos derivados de las diferencias entre los diversos sistemas jurídicos y las falencias del derecho internacional privado. Fruto de estas labores, y para el tema que nos ocupa, es la Convención de Naciones Unidas para los Contratos de Compraventa Internacional de Mercaderías, los principios de Unidroit para los contratos comerciales internacionales, y los principios del derecho europeo de contratos, elaborados por la Comisión Lando. Estos instrumentos pretenden conciliar las diferencias existentes entre los regímenes romanogermánicos y anglosajones (civil law y common law).Adicionalmente, algunos países han adoptado la ley modelo de Uncitral sobre comercio electrónico, la cual hace un llamado expreso a la legislaci ón existente en materia de obligaciones y contratos, introduciendoalgunas reglas sobre el particular. Otros países han realizado modificaciones a su legislación interna regulando aspectos de la formación del contrato por medios electrónicos.El régimen uniforme tiene diferencias de fondo con las legislaciones internas y el tratamiento que en ellas se da al tema, lo que plantea problemas prácticos y teóricos.Por otro lado, debe tenerse en cuenta que las normas sobre formación del contrato contenidas en las leyes civiles o comerciales, hoy se complementan con estatutos de protección a consumidores y usuarios, y defensa de la competencia, las cuales regulan aspectos relativos a las condiciones de oferta, tales como el deber de información, la publicidad engañosa, etc.

Het opdoemend netwerk van mondiale hubs en stromen van geld, media, technologie en migratie, hebben geleid tot een algemene bewustwording rond oplopende spanningen tussen mondiale en locale identiteiten en imago's. Dubai, het onderzoeksdecor van dit proefschrift, is een goed voorbeeld. Met internet en mobiele technologie bestaat het creëren van bestemmingsimago's niet langer uit een eenzijdig pushproces van massacommunicatie. Steeds belangrijker worden dynamische interactieve processen van reflecteren, selecteren, debatteren en ervaren. Dit proefschrift construeert daarom een dynamisch toeristisch bestemmingsimago-ontwikkelingsmodel waarbij de driehoeksverhouding tussen plaatsidentiteit, geprojecteerd imago en gepercipieerd imago leidt tot een spanningsveld, welke wordt kortgesloten tijdens de reisbeleving, wanneer host (aanbod) en gast (vraag) elkaar ontmoeten. Op dat moment kunnen drie kloven in het model een negatief effect hebben op de klanttevredenheid, hetgeen in dit proefschrift empirisch wordt onderzocht door het meten van geprojecteerd en gepercipieerd imago. Dit wordt bewerkstelligd door een innovatieve methodologie gebaseerd op geautomatiseerde inhoudsanalyse. Het geprojecteerd imago is vestgesteld door middel van inhoudsanalyse op 20 in Dubai gevestigde toeristische websites, terwijl gepercipieerd imago is gemeten door middel van inhoudsanalyse op 1.100 online reacties op een kwalitatief imago-onderzoek. De resultaten tonen aan dat men in Dubai de drie kloven dient te overbruggen, aangezien de snelle ontwikkeling van Dubai als een mondiale hub soms voorbij gaat aan de verankering in de sterke lokale identiteit en het gevestigd imago. Een theoretische oplossing voor het overbruggen van de kloven wordt besproken en conceptueel toegepast in het concluderend hoofdstuk. Het is gebaseerd op de literatuur rond stedelijke of regionale merkontwikkeling en staaft de algemene bruikbaarheid van het model en de onderzoeksmethodologie zoals die in dit proefschrift ontwikkeld werden. ; Robert Govers, who was born on May 16, 1968 in The Hague, The Netherlands, is currently serving as research coordinator at the Flemish Center for Tourism Policy Studies of the University of Leuven, Belgium. Prior to this he worked in Dubai as a senior lecturer in tourism and marketing for four years, including two years at the Emirates Academy of Hospitality Management. Robert graduated with a Master' s degree in Marketing from the Rotterdam School of Management, but also holds a Bachelor' s degree in Information Management. Robert started his teaching career as a visiting lecturer at the Witwatersrand Technikon Johannesburg (RSA). After that he was a Research Associate for the Centre for Tourism Management at the Rotterdam School of Management. With Prof. dr. Frank M. Go, Robert is the author of Entrepreneurship in Tourism, a paperback published in Dutch. He also co-authored several journal articles and conference papers in the field of tourism, hospitality and quality management, e-commerce in tourism and tourism research and marketing. As a project manager, Robert has been involved in many consultancy projects for reputable organisations such as IATA, the European Commission, the Flemish Government and various Dutch ministries and tourism promotion boards. ; The emerging network of global hubs and flows of finance, media, technology and migration has raised awareness regarding the tensions between global and local identities and images. Dubai, as the central research background for this dissertation, is a good case in point. With internet and mobile technology, creating destination image is no longer a one-way 'push' process of mass communication, but rather a dynamic one of selecting, reflecting, sharing, and experiencing. This dissertation therefore constructs a dynamic tourism destination image formation model, which identifies a triadic tension between place identity, its projection and the perceived image. This tension is short circuited during the travel experience, when host (supply) meets guest (demand). At this instance, three potential gaps could negatively affect the level of satisfaction experienced in the host – guest encounter. The empirical research focuses on measuring projected and perceived images in order to test the way in which the gaps can be assessed. This is accomplished through an innovative methodology based on computerised content analysis. The projected image is measured through a content analysis of 20 Dubai based websites while the perceived images are gauged by content analysing 1.100 online responses to a qualitative image survey. The results indicate that for Dubai, the three gaps need bridging as there is a clear tension between its rapid development as a global hub and its strong local identity and image. A theoretical solution for bridging the gaps is discussed and conceptually applied in the concluding chapter. It is based on the destination branding literature and establishes the general usefulness of the model and its research methodology.

The downward trend in major arms transfers as measured by the SIPRI trend-indicator value appears to have been reversed. In both 2001 and 2003 there were clear increases in the volumes of major weapons delivered. Russia and the USA remain the major suppliers. Their main recipients were China and India (in the case of Russia) and Taiwan, Egypt, the UK, Greece, Turkey and Japan (in the case of the USA). A continued increase in US arms transfers will influence the global trend. However, domestic factors indicate that the level of Russian arms transfers is unlikely to remain high for very much longer. The future is uncertain for the other major suppliers because of international competition and remaining uncertainty about the future potential of European development and production. The relatively small suppliers of today could achieve short-term importance, as illustrated by Canada and Uzbekistan. Events in Iraq in 2003 do not seem to have had a strong immediate impact on orders for or deliveries of major weapons. They seem instead to have supported decisions already made as a result of the war in Afghanistan. The operation in Iraq may have been carried out at a technical level beyond what most countries regard as relevant to their own defense policy or military strategy. That said, there are likely to be orders for new weapons such as precision-guided 'beyond visual range' missiles, ABM defense systems, UAVs and man-portable air defense systems (MANPADS). Since the war in Afghanistan MANPADS have been high on the international control agenda, but they may be in demand because they were among the more effective weapons in Afghanistan and Iraq. (1) Appendices 12A and 12B provide data on the transfers of major conventional weapons. (2) Appendix 12C explains the sources and methods for the data collection. (3) Appendix 12D, by Siemon T. Wezeman, discusses the suppliers of ballistic missiles. The proliferation of ballistic missiles has been viewed by Western countries as a problem for over 20 years. Several of the major and most problematic suppliers and recipients, such as China, Iran, North Korea and Syria, are among the most secretive countries in the world. Most reports of their activities are based on Israeli, United States or other Western intelligence sources and are virtually impossible to verify. North Korean export-related income is very limited and arms sales provide an important part of it. Most North Korean weapons are outdated and uncompetitive, but the country has found a niche-market for its ballistic missiles. Giving up such exports, which are not illegal, would be a large economic sacrifice. Companies and persons from former Soviet republics are trading their products and knowledge for commercial reasons, but generally without state involvement or permission. Other exporters' reasons may be more political. Chinese technology exports to Pakistan are more related to supporting an ally, as are US exports to the United Kingdom. There may be steps in the direction of the development of very accurate ballistic missiles that could use conventional warheads more effectively. New navigation systems may dramatically improve accuracy without adding exceptional additional costs. GPS technology is widespread and other systems not dependent on signals from foreign satellites are also possible. However, the main urgency in the debate about missile proliferation arises from those missiles intended to deliver warheads armed with biological, chemical or nuclear payloads, especially nuclear warheads. There has been some success in limiting the number of suppliers of ballistic missiles and related technology. This is partly linked to the fact that ballistic missiles -- especially when they have ranges of over 1500 km, when problems of multiple stages and warhead re-entry are encountered -- are fairly complicated systems which often require foreign help. That many of the key technologies required for ballistic missiles (e.g., fuel, warhead re-entry vehicles and engines) are quite distinct has also helped to control proliferation. Importantly, some of the uncertainty about ballistic missile programs, transfers and links between countries may soon be reduced. The 'war on terrorism' has increased controls on financial transactions and on the transfer and transportation of weapons and related materials. Revelations about and Western access to the Libyan and Iraqi ballistic missile programs will increase understanding of the sources and mechanisms of ballistic missile proliferation. This may lead to improved controls and regulations, further limiting proliferation. Adapted from the source document.

The broader aim of the present study is to discuss the opportunities and pitfalls for futuregreenhouse gas reductions in the United States. It does so by reviewing past and present USclimate change policies from an implementation perspective, where the main objective is toidentify the factors and conditions affecting policy outcomes. The discussion is intended toanswer three major questions:1) What is currently taking place in the United States in terms of emissiontrends, energy consumption as well as policy initiatives?2) What are the principal factors (political, administrative, economic,institutional and others) that ultimately explain the final outcome ofclimate change policies in the United States?3) What are the possible scenarios with regards to the United States'engagement in international collaboration on climate change?In addition, the report elaborates extensively on the trend of recent initiatives by states todevelop their own programs to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. This question of loweradministrative units driving the development in federal or other multi-level type systems ishighly relevant for our understanding of the US (it could also enhance our appreciation forwhat is going on in the European Union.The analysis demonstrates a complex interaction between institutional, economic, andpolitical factors, largely framed by the federal system of governance and the practice ofCommon Law. This generates a number of general and specific observations. Some of themore important are:• The United States is by far the largest greenhouse gas emitter and energyconsumer in the world with a rapid growth in both areas. There are noindications that either trend is slowing down.• The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions poses a larger challenge to theUnited States than to many other countries, mainly because of the structure ofthe economy which has more than half of its electricity from coal-fired powerplants.• The likelihood of the United States ratifying the Kyoto Protocol is virtually nil,regardless of who becomes president after this year's election. There is simplynot enough political support for the Kyoto process and an almost generalagreement that the treaty largely disfavors the US economy.• Current US climate change policies, as laid out in the Bush Administration'sGlobal Climate Change Initiative, makes an explicit claim of seeking long-termsolutions to global warming through the application of efficiency-targets,reliance on science and technology development, and voluntary measures. Theplan has been severely disputed and many observers have criticized it forprimarily serving corporate interests. There may be some merit to thisargument, even though a similar dispute on policy content is largely ideological. • The most serious obstacle to more proactive climate change policies in theUnited States is, instead, the ways in which the Bush Administration discretelyhas tried to influence the subsequent implementation of policies bymanipulating regulations, stalling administrative processes, reallocatingbudgets, and occasionally even disregarding science in order to prevent furtherreductions of greenhouse gases. These are in themselves serious violations offundamental democratic principles such as transparency.• Another major obstacle to the successful implementation of climate changepolicies is the deep fiscal crisis that most states are facing. In the last few years,states have lost several of their main revenue sources, while at the same timehaving been forced to take on the costs and responsibilities for a number ofservices previously covered by the federal government. Thus, under the currentcircumstances of relatively high unemployment rates (or the threat of suchunemployment), climate change mitigation not likely to be a priority issue.• An important trend in light of these issues is the emerging set of climate changeinitiatives currently evolving at the regional, state and local levels in the UnitedStates. This phenomenon, which involves a spectrum of innovative efforts,deserves particular attention since many of these policy initiatives emerge in thecontext of a lack of federal policies. At the same they are well in line with theAmerican federal tradition, where most major policy issues through historyhave been initiated at the state level and thereafter confirmed by the federalgovernment.• Another intriguing issue from these observations is the question of whatpossibly encourages states to take these types of initiatives. One way toapproach the issue is to frame it as a matter of 'competition' where statescompete over, among other things, resources and external support. This notionof 'competition' is useful in the sense that it provides a conceptual tool toexplore the interaction between the public and private sector. By discussingwhat competition means for both state and private actors we may be able toidentify the circumstances for synergetic effects to emerge or key processesbecome stalled.

In den nächsten zehn bis zwanzig Jahren wird in Deutschland mit einem flächenhaften Brachfallen von landwirtschaftlichen Flächen auf marginalen Standorten gerechnet. Die Auswirkungen von solchen Landnutzungsänderungen auf die Landschaft sind vielfältig und wenig untersucht. Vor diesem Hintergrund diskutiert und präsentiert die vorliegenden Arbeit Möglichkeiten zur modellgestützten Darstellung der Auswirkungen von Landnutzungsänderungen auf das Landschaftsmuster (1) und die Biodiversität (2).Zur Darstellung von Landnutzungsänderungen auf das Landschaftsmuster (Aufgabe 1) wurde das Modell PAGE (Pattern Generator) entwickelt. PAGE disaggregiert vorhanden Landnutzungsszenarien auf höheren Ebenen (z.B. Landkreisebene) bis auf den einzelnen Standort und stellt die Ergebnisse in Form von digitalen Landnutzungskarten zur Verfügung. Die Disaggregierung erfolgt nach deterministischen Regeln und basiert auf einer von der naturräumlichen Ausstattung abhängigen Eignungsbewertung für die landwirtschaftliche Nutzung. Um den eher konzeptionell geprägtem Gegenstand Biodiversität quantitativ beschreiben zu können (Aufgabe 2) wurde das modellgestützte Indikatorsystem BAT (Biodiversity Assessment Tool) entwickelt. In BAT werden drei Aspekte von Biodiversität beleuchtet: Komposition, Struktur und Funktion. Biodiversität wird dabei überwiegend auf der Lebensraumebene (Biotopeben) betrachtet. Sieben ausgewählte Indikatoren kombinieren Methoden zur Bestimmungen von Landschaftsmaßen mit ökologisch-funktionellen Ansätzen. Als Indikatoren wurden gewählt: Anteil naturnaher Flächen, Vielfalt naturnaher Biotoptypen, Flächendichte, durchschnittliche Flächengröße, Vernetzung naturnaher Flächen, Hemerobie und Anteil ungestörter Flächene. Als Repräsentant für die Arteneben wird zusätzlich der Anteil an potentiellen Storchhabitaten ermittelt. Alle Indikatoren werden auf Rasterbasis für definierte Analyseumgebungen mit einheitlichem Flächenbezug mit Hilfe der Moving Window Methode berechnet. Durch eine Koppelung der beiden Modelle können die Auswirkungen von konkreten, ökonomisch begründeten Landnutzungsszenarien dargestellt werden. Zusätzlich werden mit Hilfe von Szenarienbündeln, die Landnutzungsänderungen von 0 100% berücksichtigen, die Reaktion der Biodiversität als Funktion der Intensität einer Landnutzungsänderungen ( Response Funktionen ) erforscht. In einer Fallstudie in drei Landkreisen in Brandenburg und dem Bundesland Brandenburg zeigte sich ein räumlich und funktionell sehr differenzierte Bild. Als Reaktion auf eine angenommen Teilliberalisierung der Agrarmärkte fallen bis zu 50% aller Ackerflächen, vor allem in Niederungsgebieten und auf den trockenen, armen Standorten aus der Nutzung. Unter der Annahmen von naturnahe Grünlandtypen als Folgenutzung profitieren diese Bereiche von einer Erhöhung des Anteils naturnaher Biotope, einer Erhöhung der Biotopvernetzung und der Entstehung von großflächigen naturnahen Biotopkomplexen. Zur Informationsverdichtung werden die Ergebnisse von der Rasterebene (25m) auf Gemeinde-, Landkreis- und Bundeslandebene aggregiert und mit Hilfe einer hirarchischen Cluster Biodiverstitätklassen ausgewiesen. Insgesamt hat sich das hier präsentierte indikatorgestützte, räumlich explizite Verfahren auf Biotopebene sehr als Methode zum Monitoring von Biodiversität in verschiedenen Zeit- und Raumebene bewährt und kann für landschaftsökologische Fragestellungen empfohlen werden. ; In the upcoming decades Germany is expected to face a partial abandonment of agricultural areas as a consequence of decreasing subsidies and market prices for agricultural products. The impacts of such land use changes are manifold and less investigated. This thesis discusses and presents methods, how the impact of land-use changes on landscape pattern (1) and biodiversity (2) can be assessed by landscape models. For task (1) the model PAGE (Pattern Generator) was developed. PAGE disaggregates scenarios about future land use on higher levels (e.g. district level) and produces digital land-use maps of future landscapes. PAGE uses deterministic rules which are based on a suitability assessment of the landscape for agricultural use. Task (2) is complex to solve, since biodiversity is more a concept than a quantitative value. The Biodiversity Assessment Tool (BAT) uses an indicator based approach, which assess biodiversity mainly on the ecosystem level considering three aspects of biodiversity: composition, structure and function. The seven selected indicators combine the technology of landscape metrics with an ecological and functional approach. The indicators are: fraction, richness, patch density, mean patch size, and connectivity of natural and semi-natural ecosystems as well as the degree of internal (hemeroby) and external disturbances. The species level is represented by a calculation of the fraction of potential habitats for the white stork (ciconia ciconia). All indicators are calculated raster-based with a moving window analysis neighbourhood. By coupling both models the impacts of scenario based land-use changes on biodiversity can be assessed. A broadened approach which considers sets of scenarios with land-use changes form 0-100% allows to investigate the general relationship between biodiversity and land-use by means of so called response functions. A case study in the state of Brandenburg showed a very heterogeneous picture in the response to land-use changes. Up to 50% of all arable fields fall abandoned as a consequence of a partly liberation of the European agro-markets. Abandonment appeared mainly in wet lowland areas and on poor and sandy soils. If semi-natural grasslands would be the successor of arable land biodiversity in most of these areas will increase, namely the fraction, the connectivity and the patch size of semi-natural areas. For a aggregation of information the results were aggregated from the raster size (25m) to the community, district and state level and classified into biodiversity classes by hierarchical cluster process. The indicator based approach to assess biodiversity on the ecosystem level has proofed to be very suitable for the monitoring of biodiversity in a broad range of scales in time and space, particularly in investigations of landscapes and land-use.