Suchergebnisse

The public housing sector provides housing units at below-market rents, potentially allowing its tenants to save for a downpayment more quickly than they would have otherwise. In this paper, we analyze the effect of a spell in public housing on age at first-time homeownership using the French Housing Survey. We use a pseudo-panel approach that takes into account the specificities of the local housing market, to derive individual tenure transitions from multiple cross-sections data. Using an IV strategy to control for a potential selection into public housing, we jointly estimate public housing tenancy and duration before first-time homeownership, and take into account unobserved heterogeneity. Our results indicate that a spell in public housing increases the hazard to homeownership, supporting the idea that, in France, the public housing policy provides an important pathway to homeownership.

Dottorato di Ricerca in Statistica Applicata alle Scienze Economiche e Sociali ; Inequality and poverty are two crucial aspects of the economy of a country, and need careful study to allow the government to design suitable policies, in order to fight these phenomena and increase the welfare of the citizens. One of the main issues for the policy planner is to be able to distinguish the transitory from the permanent changes in the welfare level. In fact, the aim of long-term policies, such as training courses, is to tackle and solve problems that have a permanent impact on the welfare of the households. On the other hand, short-term policies like unemployment benefits focus on the solution of transitory conditions, and make sense only if the poverty spell is temporary, in the presence of liquidity constraints, as pointed out in Browning and Crossley (1999a,b) and Gruber (1997). The importance of the distinction of the transitory and permanent components of inequality has been underlined in several recent studies on the United Kingdom and the United States of America. In particular, Blundell and Preston (1998) propose a model for the identification of the two aspects through the joint use of information on income and consumption. In this thesis we follow the same line of research, adapting the models used there to the peculiarities of Italian data, and present an analysis of inequality in its two components. We then apply similar arguments to the study of poverty, and derive new models for the identification of its transitory and permanent aspects. This approach is new to the Italian literature for two reasons. First of all, the pre¬vious studies on the distribution of income and consumption were mainly descriptive, while here we offer a formalised approach that develops - from the economic theory of consumer's behaviour - econometric models for estimation and testing. The other new aspect of this study is the identification and estimation of the transitory and per¬manent components of inequality and poverty, since all the previous literature focused on information on either income or consumption, but never made joint use of the two variables, therefore failing to identify the two components. The study is organised as follows. The first Chapter presents an overview of the inequality and poverty conditions in Italy as pictured in the studies currently available. It then introduces some more formalised approaches that we could use for our analyses, and motivates the choice we made. Several data issues arise due to the characteristics of the surveys available for our study. They are presented and discussed in the second Chapter, together with the first descriptive results. Further data issues are discussed in the Appendix. Chapter 3 introduces the economic theory of consumer's behaviour that will serve as a framework for the derivation of the econometric estimation and testing procedures. The following two Chapters present the specific models and the empirical results on inequality and poverty, respectively. The econometric model for the study of inequality follows the line of the studies on the UK and the US that we mentioned earlier, and makes joint use of income and consumption in order to separate the permanent and transitory components of inequality. The study of poverty, instead, has been inspired by the literature on measurement errors, and in particular by the paper Chesher and Schluter (1999) on measurement errors in the measurement of welfare. Measurement error techniques are applied to the income and consumption processes of our economic model, after observing that the corresponding innovations have the same properties as classical measurement errors. Chapter 6 summarises and discusses the methods presented and the empirical find¬ings, and identifies issues that would deserve further development. This study benefited from useful discussion with many people. I would like to thank in particular Ramses Abul-Naga, Massimo Baldini, Richard Blundell, Paolo Bosi, Claudio Ceccarelli, Bruno Cheli, Andrew Chesher, Giovanni D'Alessio, Ian Pre¬ston, Enrico Rettore, Jacques Silber, Ugo Trivellato and Guglielmo Weber; participants to conferences in Siena and Geneva, and seminars in Padova provided interesting com¬ments and suggestions. Thanks also go to ISTAT and Bank of Italy for availability of data. Financial support from MURST and from CNR & MURST within the projects 'Occupazione e disoccupazione in Italia: misura ed analisi dei comportamenti' and Tensions, Savings and Portfolio Choices' is gratefully acknowledged. This research was also sponsored by the ISTAT work-group exploring the feasibility of constructing an integrated data bank on household consumption and income from ISTAT and Bank of Italy survey information. However, the views expressed in this study, as well as the responsibility for any errors, are entirely mine. ; La disuguaglianza económica e la povertà sono due importanti aspetti dell'economia di un paese, e richiedono uno studio accurato per permettere al governo di programmare politiche adatte a combatiere questi fenomeni e aumentare il benessere dei cittadini. Una delle principali questioni per chi pianifica le politiche economiche e fiscali è la capacita di distinguere i cambiamenti transitori da quelli permanenti nel livello di benessere. Infatti, lo scopo delle politiche di lungo termine, come i corsi di formazione, è quello di affrontare e risolvere problemi che hanno un impatto permanente sul be¬nessere delle famiglie. D'altra parte le politiche di breve termine come i sussidi di disoccupazione mirano alia soluzione di condizioni transitorie, e hanno senso solo se l'episodio di povertà è temporáneo, in presenza di vincoli di liquidité, come messo in luce in Browning e Crossley (1999a,b) e in Gruber (1997). L'importanza della distinzione tra le componenti transitorie e permanenti della disuguaglianza è stata sottolineata in diversi studi recenti nel Regno Unito e negli Stati Uniti d'America. In particolare Blundell e Preston (1998) propongono un mo-dello per l'identificazione dei due aspetti mediante Tuso congiunto di informazioni sui redditi e sui consumi. In questa tesi seguiamo la stessa linea di ricerca, adattando i loro modelli alie caratteristiche particolari dei dati italiani, e presentiamo un'analisi della disuguaglianza nelle sue due componenti. Usiamo poi argomentazioni simili per studiare la povertà, e ricaviamo nuovi modelli per identificare i suoi aspetti transitori e permanenti. L'approccio da noi seguito è nuovo nella letteratura italiana, per due ragioni. In primo luogo i precedenti studi sulla distribuzione di redditi e consumi sonó essenzial-mente di natura descrittiva, mentre qui offriamo un approccio formalizzato che sviluppa - dalla teoria económica del comportamento del consumatore - modelli econometrici per la stima e la verifica d'ipotesi. II secondo aspetto nuovo di questo studio consiste nella identificazione e nella stima delle componenti transitorie e permanenti della di¬suguaglianza e della povertà, mentre tutti i lavori precedenti hanno posto l'attenzioneo solo sui redditi o solo sui consumí, senza mai fare uso congiunto delle due variabili, non riuscendo quindi ad identificare le due componenti. La tesi é organizzata come segué. II primo capitolo presenta una panorámica delle condizioni di disuguaglianza e povertá in Italia, cosi come sonó descritte negli studi precedenti. Esso poi introduce alcuni approcci piú formalizzati da usare nelle nostre analisi, motivando inoltre le scelte fatte. Diverse questioni riguardanti i dati sorgono per via delle caratteristiche delle indagini campionarie disponibili per il nostro studio; esse sonó preséntate e discusse nel secon-do capitolo, insieme ai primi risultati descrittivi. Ulteriori questioni sui dati vengono discusse nell'appendice. II Capitolo 3 espone la teoria económica del comportamento del consumatore, che servirá come base per ricavare le procedure econometriche di stima e test. due capitoli seguenti contengono i modelli specifici e i risultati empirici, rispet-tivamente su disuguaglianza e povertá. II modello econometrico per lo studio della disuguaglianza segué la linea degli studi nel Regno Unito e negli USA citati prima, e fa uso congiunto di redditi e consumi alio scopo di separare le componenti permanente e transitoria della disuguaglianza. Invece lo studio della povertá si ispira alia letteratura sugli errori di misura, ed in particolare all'articolo di Chesher e Schluter (1999) sugli errori di misura nella misurazione del benessere. Tecniche di errori di misura vengono applicate ai processi stocastici di redditi e consumi del nostro modello económico, dopo aver osservato che le innovazioni corrispondenti hanno le stesse proprietá degli errori di misura classici. Capitolo 6 riassume e discute i metodi presentati e i risultati empirici, e individua argomenti che potrebbero avere ulteriori sviluppi. Questo studio ha beneficiato di utili scambi di idee con diverse persone. In partico¬lare vorrei ringraziare Ramses Abul-Naga, Massimo Baldini, Richard Blundell, Paolo Bosi, Claudio Ceccarelli, Bruno Cheli, Andrew Chesher, Giovanni D'Alessio, Ian Pre¬sten, Enrico Rettore, Jacques Silber, Ugo Trivellato e Guglielmo Weber; i partecipanti a convegni a Siena e a Ginevra, e a seminari a Padova hanno offerto inetressanti com-menti e suggerimenti. I miei ringraziamenti vanno anche all'ISTAT e alia Banca d'Italia per la disponibilitá dei dati. II lavoro é stato parzialmente finanziato dal MURST e da CNR & MURST all'interno dei progetti 'Occupazione e disoccupazione in Italia: misura ed analisi dei comportamenti' e Tensions, Savings and Portfolio Choices'. Parte di questa ricerca é stata svolta nell'ambito del "gruppo di lavoro" ISTAT "avente il compito di definire un piano di fattibilità sulla costruzione di una banca dati integrata délie indagini sui consumi e sui redditi délie famiglie, di fonte ISTAT e Bankitalia". Tuttavia, le opinioni espresse in questo studio, corne pure la responsabilità di eventuali errori, sono interamente dell'autore.

The work analyses the effect of initial inequality on the personal distribution of income on economic growth and seeks to identify one of the mechanisms by which this relationship is created. This is done by estimating the relationship between the level of initial inequality, measured through the Gini coefficient, and the growth rate of the PBG per capita for the Argentinian provinces in the period 1984-1999, using different panel data methods for the estimation. The results found indicate that there would be, at least in the short or medium term, a positive relationship between the level of initial inequality in the personal distribution of income and the growth rate. The results are robust to the change in the definitions of the explanatory variables and to different model specifications. While the analysis of the channels linking the two variables is not exhaustive, credit constraints and political instability may be among the mechanisms that could be generating the relationship between inequality and growth. The existence of indivisibility in investment combined with imperfections in the capital market could lead to the positive relationship between initial inequality and growth. On the other hand, greater inequality seems to increase the likelihood of changes in provincial governments, and this, contrary to what is expected a priori, increases the growth rate. There is also evidence that some mechanisms, such as the political economy, may be working in the opposite direction, making inequality detrimental to growth. Amended version of the thesis of the Maestría en Economía, Faculty of Economics, UNLP, December 2001. Department of Economics ; El trabajo analiza el efecto de la desigualdad inicial en la distribución personal del ingreso sobre el crecimiento económico e intenta identificar alguno de los mecanismos mediante los cuales se genera esta relación. Para ello se estima la relación entre el nivel de desigualdad inicial, medido a través del coeficiente de Gini, y la tasa de crecimiento del PBG per ...

This report concerns two streams of Technical Assistance provided by the World Bank Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) to the Government of Vietnam. They are: strengthening the enabling environment, capacity building systems and evidence-based learning and lesson sharing. Strengthening demand creation and supply chain development together these TAs make up a support program to assist the Government of Vietnam, particularly the Ministry of Health (MOH) in accelerating progress on sanitation under the third National Target Program on Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (NTP3). WSP has supported the government to improve the enabling environment for sanitation service delivery; strengthen rural sanitation supply chains; generate demand for improved sanitation; and inform service delivery models through knowledge and learning. The TAs began in Dec 2012 and are due to end in Jun 2016. This report documents the results and lessons learned from the TA, and makes recommendations for future activities in support of rural sanitation.

This report concerns two streams of Technical Assistance provided by the World Bank Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) to the Government of Vietnam. They are: strengthening the enabling environment, capacity building systems and evidence-based learning and lesson sharing. Strengthening demand creation and supply chain development together these TAs make up a support program to assist the Government of Vietnam, particularly the Ministry of Health (MOH) in accelerating progress on sanitation under the third National Target Program on Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (NTP3). WSP has supported the government to improve the enabling environment for sanitation service delivery; strengthen rural sanitation supply chains; generate demand for improved sanitation; and inform service delivery models through knowledge and learning. The TAs began in Dec 2012 and are due to end in Jun 2016. This report documents the results and lessons learned from the TA, and makes recommendations for future activities in support of rural sanitation.

We develop a model where families consist of one parent and one child, with children differing in income and all agents having the same probability of becoming dependent when old. Young and old individuals vote over the size of a social long term care transfer program, which children complement with help in time or money to their dependent parent. Dependent parents have an intrinsic preference for help in time by family members. We first show that low (resp., high) income children provide help in time (resp. in money), whose amount is decreasing (resp. increasing) with the child's income. The middle income class may give no family help at all, and its elderly members would be the main beneficiaries of the introduction of social LTC transfers. We then provide several reasons for the stylized fact that there are little social LTC transfers in most countries. First, social transfers are dominated by help in time by the family when the intrinsic preference of dependent parents for the latter is large enough. Second, when the probability of becoming dependent is lower than one third, the children of autonomous parents are numerous enough to oppose democratically the introduction of social LTC transfers. Third, even when none of the first two conditions is satisfied, the majority voting equilibrium may entail no social transfers, especially if the probability of becoming dependent when old is not far above one third. This equilibrium may be local (meaning that it would be defeated by the introduction of a sufficiently large social program). This local majority equilibrium may be empirically relevant whenever new programs have to be introduced at a low scale before being eventually ramped up.

During the last five years, Bolivia received more than $US 3,000 million in foreign aid and more than $US 3,500 million in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The country also received debt relief with a net present value of $US 1,300 million and implemented a National Poverty Reduction Strategy. During the same period, however, the GDP growth rate fell from an average level of 4.7% between 1993 and 1998 to an average level of 1.7% between 1999 and 2002, relative and absolute poverty increased, and the fiscal deficit increased to 8.7% of GDP in 2002. These numbers suggest that neither foreign aid, nor debt relief, nor FDI has the capacity to increase growth rates and reduce poverty in Bolivia. This, however, is not necessarily true. It could be the case that without these positive shocks, the situation would have been even worse due to other negative shocks. The only way to separate the effects of different shocks is to use a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model, where the effects of changes in one variable can be analyzed while holding all other exogenous variables constant. The model used for this project contains a variety of sectors and household types which permits the analysis of aggregate effects on the GDP growth rate, the balance of payments, the fiscal deficit, etc, as well as distributional effects indicating who benefits and who is hurt by different policies. The distributional analysis is of particular importance when poverty is a main concern since aggregate GDP growth does not necessarily reduce poverty. Estimations by UDAPE indicate that the elasticities of poverty with respect to changes in GDP are extremely low in Bolivia: Only 0.3% in rural areas and 0.6% in urban areas[1]. This means that during the last decade, growth in Bolivia has clearly not been pro-poor, despite the stated emphasis on poverty reduction. During the period 1998-2002, Bolivia received on average $614 million in foreign aid per year. For the period 2003-2006, there are commitments implying that this amount will increase to $872 million per year, which means an increase in the level of annual foreign aid of $258 million. This report used the CGE model to simulate the effect of additional foreign donations of $258 million per year for four years, after which the level of aid returns to its "normal" level. Such a simulation allows us to see the effects of the initial expansion, the effect of the subsequent contraction, as well as the long run effects after the temporary increase in foreign aid.The effects of this extra aid will obviously depend on how the money is used. Applying the combination of public spending and public investment that we consider most likely, the simulations show an increase in the GDP growth rate of approximately 1 percentage point per year during the four years of extra aid, but when the extra aid disappears, the growth rates return to their normal levels. It is important to stress that public investment in the model is assumed to produce public goods, which increase the productivity of everybody. The extra aid has a corresponding positive effect on average incomes of the households for four years, but those who benefit most are skilled workers who are already among the richest in Bolivia, while the biggest and poorest group in Bolivia, the rural small-holders, are worse off every year during and after the extra aid, compared to the base scenario (without extra aid). This means that foreign aid, despite the very best intentions, tends to increase inequality and deepen poverty. This is not due to project failure at the micro level, but rather to adverse secondary effects at the macro level. It is perfectly possible that all aid projects are successful at the micro level, while the impacts at the macro level remain very close to zero. This paradox between the success of projects at the micro level and the lack of success at the macro level can be explained by the following arguments: First, aid projects distract resources away from other activities. Even when projects are 100% funded by foreign donations (the assumption used in the simulations), the project will use human resources which, in the absence of the project, could have been applied elsewhere. Since foreign aid projects usually skim the cream in terms of local human resources, this may imply a large social opportunity cost. This effect is particularly important in Bolivia, where the public sector (with the heavy support of foreign aid) is so attractive that few professionals are interested in working in the private, productive sector. And since this system appears to be relatively permanent, the new generations of students are demanding education that qualifies them to be politicians and bureaucrats, while few students are planning on working in the private sector, and much less create their own enterprises. Besides, not all aid projects are fully financed by donations, the majority of projects are financed by loans, and those that include a donation component, usually requires counterpart financing. This means that aid projects not only distract scarce human resources away from other activities, but also scarce financial resources. The second adverse macroeconomic effect arises through the real appreciation of the exchange rate that invariably follows from a large influx of dollars into the economy. This negatively affects most exporting sectors as their products become relatively more expensive on the international markets, and it negatively affects domestic producers of tradable goods as they have to compete with cheaper imports. The result is a reduction in the domestic production of tradable goods. Theoretically, the Central Bank could neutralize this effect by increasing its reserves of dollars or by paying off foreign debt, but this is unlikely to happen as most aid is tied to specific projects. The fact that the macroeconomic effects of foreign aid on monetary indicators tend to be small and temporary does not imply that foreign aid is useless. Many non-monetary indicators of well-being have increased substantially during the period, especially the indicators related to school enrollment, health, water, and sanitation. The Bolivian government is well aware of the asymmetry between progress in the provision of basic services and the lack of progress in the capacity of the population to increase its incomes: The real per capita income in Bolivia is practically the same as it was 50 years ago, despite the advances in education, health and basic services. The government is therefore changing the focus of its Poverty Reduction Strategy, laying more emphasis on the productive sectors. Fourteen sub-sectors with a high employment generation capacity have been selected for particular interventions in terms of infrastructure, market access, technical assistance, training, etc. Ten of these sub-sectors are part of modern agriculture, a sector whose expansion, according to our CGE analysis, would be beneficial not only because it raises average incomes, but also because it improves the income distribution. This is in contrast to the hydrocarbon sector and the mining sector, whose expansions tend to worsen the income distribution. Another sector whose expansion is highly desirable from a poverty reduction viewpoint, is the one producing consumer goods, usually through small and medium sized enterprises. The expansion of this sector would benefit the two big groups of poor households in Bolivia: the rural small-holders and the urban informals, and thus have a beneficial effect on both rural and urban poverty. In order to generate the largest and most sustainable impact possible of future foreign aid, it is recommended that donors and the government revise projects in three dimensions: First, they should check to which extent the projects create true public goods that increase the productivity of large groups of people, and to which extent they just generate short run activities which substitute for other, and possibly more sustainable, activities. The larger the public good component, the better the long run impact. Second, they should evaluate whether the projects help reduce the scarcity of skilled workers. It is the scarcity of skilled workers and the abundance of unskilled workers that generate high inequality in Bolivia, and projects which improve the quality of unskilled workers would tend to have a positive effect on the distribution of income in Bolivia and thus a beneficial effect on poverty. Third, they should check which sectors are likely to benefit or suffer from different projects, as the expansion of the sectors modern agriculture, coca, and consumer goods will have a much better impact on poverty than the expansion of mining, hydrocarbons, and formal services. It is often difficult to predict the impact of specific projects, and particularly difficult to assess how big the public good component of the project is. In order to learn from the past, it would be interesting to make a detailed retrospective analysis of past aid projects in Bolivia, evaluating which public goods have been created and what has been their impact on productivity. Specifically, donor agencies could provide a complete list of projects completed during the year 2000, and an independent team could analyze the project documentation and visit the project site some years after conclusion in order to evaluate the impact of the project. With a sample of 60-100 projects, it would be possible to make a statistical analysis, identifying what kind of projects would be most likely to generate not only positive impacts at the micro level but also at the macro level.

Studies have shown that well-being is linked to diverse factors such as conditions of upbringing, ties with relatives and friends, type of work activities, personality traits, availability and use of free time, place where one lives, access to parks, places of social coexistence, levels of security, having children and their different ages, couple ties, household and personal economy, macroeconomic framework, income distribution, unemployment and occupation, level of health, scale of values held, availability of participation in decision making at the political level, and more. The subjective well-being strongly affects and marks the age group from 60 to 64 years, related to the changes of the evolutionary stage in which they are introduced, the subjective well-being in that stage appears balanced and tends to increase and the educational level of the older person has a direct relationship with the subjective well-being experienced, because as this increases they have a greater possibility of achieving well-being. Evaluating 30 years of studies, the definition of active and successful aging still holds. Beyond the differences in the definitions and views found in the literature, it is necessary to highlight a meeting point in relation to the need to overcome the restrictions of models based on visions determined by the cultural and social, delimited to the places where they have been evaluated, and not universally, also highlight the intention to integrate objective criteria with the subjectivity of those involved, with more inclusive models that give the opportunity to age with dignity to all people equally. Highlighting the need for intergenerational solidarity and approaching this issue from a lifelong teaching and learning process. ; Estudios mostraron que el bienestar está ligado a factores diversos como condiciones de crianza, vínculos con parientes y amigos, tipo de actividades laborales, rasgos de personalidad, disponibilidad y utilización del tiempo libre, lugar donde se vive, acceso a parques, lugares de convivencia social, los niveles de seguridad, la tenencia de hijos y sus diferentes edades, los vínculos de pareja, la economía del hogar y personal, el marco macroeconómico, la distribución de los ingresos, el desempleo y la ocupación, el nivel de salud, la escala de valores que se posee, la disponibilidad de participación en tomas de decisiones a nivel político y más. El bienestar subjetivo afecta y marca fuertemente el grupo etario de 60 a 64 años, relacionado con los cambios propios de la etapa evolutiva en la que se introducen, el bienestar subjetivo en dicha etapa aparece equilibrado y tendiente al incremento y el nivel educativo de la persona mayor tiene una directa relación con el bienestar subjetivo experimentado, porque a medida que éste se incrementa tienen mayor posibilidad de alcanzar el bienestar. Evaluando 30 años de estudios, la definición de envejecimiento activo y con éxito, se siguen sosteniendo. Más allá de las diferencias en las definiciones y miradas encontradas en la literatura, hay que destacar un punto de encuentro en relación a la necesidad de superar las restricciones de los modelos basados en visiones determinadas por lo cultural y social, delimitándose a los lugares donde se han evaluado, y no universalmente, también destacar la intención de integrar criterios objetivos con la subjetividad de aquellos implicados, con modelos más inclusivos que den la oportunidad de envejecer dignamente a todas las personas por igual. Resaltando la necesidad de una solidaridad intergeneracional y aproximación a esta cuestión desde un proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje durante el transcurso de toda la vida.

The provision of decent, affordable and well-located housing for low-income communities has been an intractable problem, especially for developing countries. The empirical puzzle that motivated this study is that, despite the adverse macro environment in Zimbabwe, there appears to be private-sector developers who are successfully developing housing benefiting the low-income group. This is so, despite numerous studies that claim that given the magnitude of the housing challenge, a neoliberal doxa in a developing country context as a solution is a fallacy. Working on the broad premise that these developments represent a successful adaptation to the structural environment, the main question guiding the study was - what accounts for the success of market provided low-income housing developments in Zimbabwe despite the environment not being conducive for it? The two sub-questions flowing from this main question were firstly, how does the structural environment enable and/or constrain private sector low-income developments in Zimbabwe? Secondly, what strategies do developers adopt in response to the structural enablers and/or constraints to develop low-income housing in Zimbabwe? From these questions, the study has two hypotheses – the first hypothesis is that despite the adverse environment there exists in Zimbabwe structural enablers that make market solutions to the low-income housing challenge possible. The second hypothesis states that developers have specific discernible strategies that they employ in response to the adverse operating environment to reduce development costs to levels that enable them to provide low-income housing successfully. Using the Structure-Agency model, which is a theoretical framework rooted in institutional economics, a conceptual model to study the development process was developed and used to theorise the impact of structure on agency in the development process. Empirical evidence was gathered using observation, household surveys, and semi-structured interviews. This evidence was obtained from five housing schemes, the local authority, central government, financiers and the developers of the housing schemes, and then processed using NVIVO and SPSS. The study finds that most challenges faced by developers emanate from the institutional environment and access to resources. These challenges are namely central-local government dynamics fuelled by political undertones, lack of access to land suitable for the target group, a bureaucratic and stiff regulatory framework as well as a lack of market provided developer and end-user finance. Enabling factors were mainly the withdrawal of the government in the provision of housing in line with World-Bank neoliberal orthodoxy and incapacitation of the local authority, which eliminated alternative sources of housing for the low income group other than market provided housing, thus widening the market base for the developers. Strategies used by the developers include developer provided finance to the target group, preselling developments, sidestepping the local authority through buying land at the periphery of the local authority boundary, sidestepping regulatory barriers through engaging in corruption, backward integration to promote efficient resource allocation, and an innovative approach to risk management that caters for the low-income group. The study concludes that all these strategies have one overriding objective of cost containment. The findings indicate that there is potential, appetite and scope for more private-sector engagement. On this basis, it is recommended that the key to unlocking this potential lies with the state, as there are several policy implications that flow from these findings if the highlighted constraints are to be addressed. The study makes a number of key contributions to knowledge on market solutions to the low-income housing challenge in the area of theory, methodology, policy and empirical data.

This research Is qualitative research. Objectives for studying : 1) participatory community enterprise Management, Praewwa Silk Weaving Group and 2) participatory community Enterprise Management Model. The success of the Praewwa Silk Group. The targets are members and committee of community enterprise groups. Phrae Wa Silk Weaving Group, Kham Muang District, Kalasin Province. The tools used to collect data are Indepth Interview member of 18 persons. The qualitative data use content analysis and descriptive Analysis. The study indicated that : 1) Participatory Community Enterprise Management Phrae Wa Silk Weaving Group, Kham Muang District, Kalasin Province Weaving of Praewa cloth from ancestors Is a cultural heritage that has been handed down for a long time. Both earning money after the rice farming season Prae Silk Group was established in 1999 with support from Kham Muang Agricultural Office. The purpose of generating income for the community There is a group management structure. There are plans to produce 4-5 thousand pieces per year, using the object from the Thai silkworm work, called the microcirculation. There is an order and the factory will send 2 times a month to generate income for the members. 20,000-30,000 Baht per month per household or 720,000 baht per whole group. Ordering raw materials to produce silk, Praewa will have a group committee to be the buyer. By which the member will notify the intention of wanting and there is a process to check whether it meets the criteria set by the group or not. Marketing has direct sales management. By using sales channels through shops OTOP of Non Than Mun Municipality And are sold through the media of the provincial government, online media, and mass media for sale at shops in Phon Both in the central area and Bangkok And have orders via Application line and Face book. Financial and accounting management The group has collected from the sale of 1 piece of cloth, collected into the group 100 baht. The money deducted from the sale of 100 baht / piece has been paid for accounting. And donations to help society donate to local merit-making parties. The production process of the Praewwa Silk Group by the group has led to the sufficiency economy philosophy to be used, such as 3 rings, namely modesty, with reason and immunity and 3) The success model starts at the Group Executive Committee. Members within the group include finance, accounting, income-expenditure. Financial Planning Circulating property management And financing sources. Production management consists of production process planning. Production control Marketing management consists of basic knowledge about marketing. Marketing ingredients and market share, product positioning and group leaders, including leadership development of administrative knowledge and human resource management. ; การวิจัยครั้งนี้ เป็นการวิจัยเชิงคุณภาพวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษา 1) การจัดการวิสาหกิจชุมชนแบบมีส่วนร่วมกลุ่มทอผ้าไหมแพรวา และ 2) รูปแบบการจัดการวิสาหกิจชุมชนแบบมีส่วนร่วมให้ประสบความสำเร็จของกลุ่มผ้าไหมแพรวา กลุ่มเป้าหมายที่ใช้ศึกษา คือ สมาชิกและคณะกรรมการกลุ่มวิสาหกิจชุมชน กลุ่มทอผ้าไหมแพรวา อำเภอคำม่วง จังหวัดกาฬสินธุ์ จำนวน 18 คน เครื่องมือที่ใช้ในการเก็บรวมรวมข้อมูลเป็นแบบสัมภาษณ์เชิงลึก การวิเคราะห์ข้อมูลเชิงคุณภาพ ใช้การวิเคราะห์แบบใช้วิธีวิเคราะห์เนื้อหา (Content Analysis) และวิเคราะห์แบบพรรณนา (Descriptive Analysis) ผลการศึกษาพบว่า 1) การจัดการวิสาหกิจชุมชนแบบมีส่วนร่วม กลุ่มทอผ้าไหมแพรวา อำเภอคำม่วง จังหวัดกาฬสินธุ์ การทอผ้าแพรวามาตั้งแต่บรรพบุรุษ เป็นมรดกทางวัฒนธรรมที่ตกทอดกันมานาน ทั้งเป็นการหารายได้หลังฤดูทำนา กลุ่มผ้าไหมแพรว่าตั้งขึ้นเมื่อปี พ.ศ. 2542 โดยได้รับการสนับสนุนจากสำนักงานเกษตรอำเภอคำม่วง โดยมีวัตถุประสงค์สร้างรายได้ให้แก่ชุมชน มีการจัดโครงสร้างการบริหารงานกลุ่ม มีแผนการผลิตปีละ 4-5 พันผืน โดยใช้แห่งวัตถุจากโรงานจุลไหมไทย เรียก ไหมจุล ชึ่งมีการสั่งซื้อและโรงงานจะมาส่งเดือนละ 2 ครั้ง สร้างรายได้ให้แก่สมาชิกประมาณ 20,000-30,000 บาทต่อเดือนต่อครัวเรือน หรือ 720,000 บาทต่อทั้งกลุ่ม การสั่งซื่อวัตถุดิบเพื่อนำมาผลิตผ้าไหมแพรวาจะมีคณะกรรมการกลุ่มจะเป็นผู้สั่งซื้อ โดยสมาชิกจะเป็นผู้แจ้งความจำนงว่าต้องการ และมีกระบวนการตรวจรับว่าได้เป็นไปตามเกณฑ์ที่กลุ่มกำหนดไว้หรือไม่มี ด้านการตลาดมีการจัดการขายตรง โดยใช้ช่องทางการขายผ่านร้านค้า OTOP ของเทศบาลตำบลโนนทัน และมีการจำหน่ายผ่านสื่อของส่วนราชการจังหวัด สื่อ online และสื่อมวลชนส่งขายที่ร้านค้าในบ้านโพน นอกจากนี้ ยังออกร้านเพื่อจำหน่ายตามงานต่างๆ ทั้งในพื้นที่ ส่วนกลาง และกรุงเทพมหานคร และมีการสั่งซื้อทาง Application line และทาง Face book การจัดการด้านการเงินและบัญชี ทางกลุ่มได้มีการเก็บจากการขายผ้า 1 ผืน เก็บเข้ากลุ่ม 100 บาท เงินที่หักจากการขาย 100 บาท/ผืน มีการทำบัญชีรับจ่าย และการบริจาคเพื่อช่วยเหลือสังคมบริจาคให้แก่ร่วมงานบุญประเพณีในท้องถิ่น กระบวนการผลิตผ้าไหมแพรวาทางกลุ่มได้น้อมนำหลักปรัชญาเศรษฐกิจพอเพียงมาใช้ ได้แก่ เช่น 3 ห่วง คือ ความพอประมาณ มีเหตุผล มีภูมิคุ้มกัน 2 เงื่อนไข คือ มีความรู้ คู่คุณธรรมหลักปรัชญาเศรษฐกิจพอเพียงมาประยุกต์ใช้เป็นแนวทางของกลุ่มวิสาหกิจชุมชน และ 2) รูปแบบความสำเร็จเริ่มที่คณะกรรมการบริหารกลุ่ม สมาชิกภายในกลุ่ม ได้แก่ ด้านการเงิน ประกอบด้วย การจัดทำบัญชีรายรับ-รายจ่าย การวางแผนทางการเงิน การจัดการทรัพย์หมุนเวียน และการจัดหาแหล่งเงินทุน ด้านการบริหารการผลิต ประกอบด้วย การวางแผนกระบวนการผลิต การควบคุมการผลิต ด้านการบริหารการตลาด ประกอบด้วย ความรู้เบื้องต้นเกี่ยวกับการตลาด ส่วนผสมเกี่ยวกับการตลาด และส่วนแบ่งการตลาดตำแหน่งผลิภัณฑ์ และด้านผู้นำกลุ่ม ได้แก่ การพัฒนาผู้นำ การพัฒนาความรู้ทางการบริหาร และการบริหารทรัพยากรมนุษย์

The technology shift from fossil -fuelled systems to renewable energies has been romoted by governments with the purpose of decarbonising the power industry. However, rapid technology progress has prompted disruptive changes that transformed market structures. Incumbent electricity utilities, particularly those based on fossil - fuel plant, are shifting from their stable and predictable situation to confront challenges from those that offer alternative energy services. In this new environment, the industry will benefit from mid - to long - term sector foresight. This thesis studies :(i)the potential impact of renewable energy sources (RES) on electricity systems − merit order -effect and revenue erosion caused by distributed generation −, particularly, on the generation and distribution businesses, and (ii) measures to lead with the possible consequences of investments in renewable energy sources. For this purpose, a fairly detailed and ntegrated supply and demand - based system dynamics model has been built . The model disaggregates the household sector, which may generate a significant part of its lectricity using rooftop solar energy. This is illustrated by examining a utility engaged in the generation and distribution businesses in the Colombian electricity market. Simulation runs suggest that subject to policy and economic circumstances , solar rooftop generation is a major threat for utilities; while the generation business is most affected in the short - term, the distribution business is the one most im pacted in the long - term, and jointly they may induce the utility "death spiral". Furthermore , strategies to a ddress death spiral were simulated, results indicate that under certain conditions it is possible to attain a balance between social welfare and the aversion of the utility death spiral through systemic interventions ; Resumen: El cambio tecnológico de sistemas basados en combustibles fósiles a energías renovables ha sido promovido por los gobiernos con el propósito de descarbonizar la industria eléctrica. Sin embargo, el rápido progreso de la tecnología ha provocado cambios perturbadores que transforma n las estructuras del mercado. Las empresas de electricidad, en particular aquellas que usan combustibles fósiles, están cambiando de su situación estable y previsible para enfrentar los retos impuestos por empresas que ofrecen otros servicios. En este nuevo entorno, la industria se beneficiará de la previsión sectorial de mediano y largo plazo. Esta tesis se estudia: (i) el impacto potencial de las fuentes de energía renovable (RES) en los sistemas eléctricos (orden de mérito y erosión de los ingresos de las empresas debido a la generación distribuida) , particularmente en los negocios de generación y distribución ;y (ii) medidas para lidiar con las posibles consecuencias de las inversiones en fuentes de energía renovables. Para ello, se ha construido un modelo de dinámica del sistema basado en la oferta y la demanda, bastante detallado e integrado. En el modelo desagrega el sector de los hogares, que puede generar una parte significativa de su electricidad utilizando energía solar distribuida. Esto se ilustra mediante el análisis de una empresa de servicios públicos que se dedica a los negocios de generación y distribución en el mercado eléctrico colombiano. Las corridas de simulación sugieren que, dadas ciertas circunstancias políticas y económicas, la eneración solar distribuida es una gran amenaza para las empresas de electricidad. Mientras que el negocio de generación es el más afectado en el corto plazo, el negocio de distribución es el más impactado en el largo plazo, y conjuntamente pueden inducir la "espiral de la uerte" de la empresa. Además, se simularon estrategias para abordar la espiral de la muerte, los resultados indican que bajo ciertas condiciones es posible lograr un equilibrio entre el bienestar social y la aversión de la espiral de muerte de las empresas a través de intervenciones sistémicas ; Doctorado

Canada Post's lettermail volumes are plummeting, largely due to the explosion of electronic communication, with no evident sign of stabilizing. E-commerce parcel deliveries are on the rise, but not nearly at the rate necessary to offset the decline in lettermail, and there are many private courier companies competing for that business. Meanwhile, even as the number of Canadian home addresses continues to increase, Canada Post's plan to end the remnants of door-to-door home delivery, had to be halted in light of the new Liberal government's promise to maintain the service. The extraordinary disruption that electronic media has caused to the model of stateowned postal services, with their mandate to provide universal delivery, may seem dire. And the threat is indeed urgent. But there are solutions to help Canada Post remain healthy in reforms that have occurred to postal systems elsewhere. This does not necessarily mean immediate privatization (although that has been achieved with some success in Europe): The burden of universal service obligations in a country as expansive and minimally populated as Canada is, could make it difficult for the government to realize appropriate value in selling Canada Post. But if the Liberal government intends to help Canada Post endure in this environment, it should allow the corporation to introduce some basic elements of competition and marketbased reform. The reality is that most Canadian mail today is sent by large firms to customers and other businesses. And most mail is delivered in urban areas, where delivery costs are lowest. But because Canada Post is required to charge identical prices to all customers, urban households essentially help subsidize the postage costs of big business and rural recipients. This need not be the case: Canada Post would be more successful if it could charge varying rates (capped at a maximum) based on the type of sender, volume, and the mail's destination. One could also imagine scenarios where recipients pay an annual fee for different levels of service, paying extra for door-to-door delivery for example. Canada Post currently allows its clients to compete with it for the sortation of mail (offering discounts for firms willing to pre-sort mail), and there is much more room for competition in the collection, transport and sorting of mail. Already, it is likely that Canada Post has too many sorting facilities, given the advent of new sorting technologies; outsourcing certain upstream operations could help it further reduce its infrastructure and labour costs. There is also a case to be made for Canada Post reducing its delivery frequency and delivery times, especially in higher-cost rural areas. Surveys indicate that Canadians would be fine with that. Allowing competition in delivery, on the other hand, comes with risks of rivals willing to snap up delivery routes in dense urban networks, leaving Canada Post with an even less profitable model in being left to deliver its (and competitors') products in only high-cost areas. This can be offset, however, by requiring competitors to assume some of the incumbent's universal service obligations, or at least paying a tax to compensate Canada Post for its obligations. Ensuring these reforms remain compatible with the financial viability of the incumbent would be helped by setting up an independent regulator to ensure the maintenance of a level playing field and to separate the influence of politics from decision-making. In the current era, however, the idea that universal service obligations should be exclusive to mail carriers seems antiquated. It is only rational that the independent regulator be charged with overseeing that universal service obligations are shared between telecom services and mail services.

Despite of its impact on urban transportation policies after the World War II, urban travel demand modeling (UTDM) - an array of mathematical tools and practices geared towards predicting flows in urban transportation networks, such as urban highways and mass transit systems - has received scant attention from humanities and social sciences scholars. This working paper offers a first long-term analysis - from the 1950s to the 2000s - of the trajectory of this kind of modeling in France. To do so, it makes use of an analytical framework which envisages modeling practices as a production process: aside from the "product" itself, i.e. the main characteristics of the model under study, the analysis is interested in the different actors involved in producing the model (individuals and institutions), as well as the "raw materials" (for example, data from surveys of household travel) and the "means of production", such as computer facilities (hardware and software), which are necessary for its production and implementation. Based on this analytical framework, this paper highlights a process characterized by two main developments. From 1950-1980, State French engineers along with private consulting firms, after having familiarized themselves with American modeling practices, succeeded in creating a national expertise in this domain, which the central French state normalized, disseminated, and implemented on a large scale throughout the national territory in the 1970s. The post 1980 period clearly contrasts with what went before. Indeed, evidence shows that the French state progressively withdrew from UTDM, and, therefore, prepared the way for the rise to dominance of private (and more often that not foreign) engineering consulting firms, which became the main repositories of expertise concerning urban traffic forecasting in France. ; En dépit de l'importance de la modélisation des déplacements urbains en matière de politiques de transports, force est de constater la quasi-absence d'intérêt dont les historiens et autres chercheurs en sciences sociales ont fait montre à son égard jusqu'à présent. Ce document propose une première analyse de la modélisation des déplacements urbains en France, des années 1950 au début des années 2010. Pour ce faire, nous avons adopté une perspective particulière, qui envisage la modélisation comme un processus de production : outre le " produit " lui-même (la structure des modèles), nous nous sommes intéressés à la fois aux différents acteurs (individus et institutions) qui ont produit ce type de modélisation, aux " matières premières " (enquêtes sur la mobilité.) et aux " moyens de production " (logiciels et machines informatiques) nécessaires à sa production et sa mise en œuvre. Regardée à travers cette grille d'analyse, la trajectoire de la modélisation des déplacements urbains en France met en évidence deux grandes périodes distinctes, aux caractéristiques contrastées. Après avoir commencé par se familiariser, à partir des années 1950, avec la modélisation américaine, les acteurs français, publics et privés, construisent, sous l'égide de la puissance publique, durant la décennie suivante et le début des années 1970, une expertise nationale que l'Administration centrale va ensuite " normaliser " et diffuser massivement à travers le territoire. Comme pour le cas nord-américain, la période " 1980-présent " est en revanche marquée par la domination progressive de ce champ de modélisation par le secteur privé, représenté souvent par des bureaux d'études étrangers et des entreprises productrices de logiciels originaires de pays autres que la France. Ce sont ces acteurs privés qui deviennent le vecteur principal du changement dans les pratiques en matière de modélisation des déplacements urbains en France après 1980.

Studying analytical capabilities and developing methodological proposals for preparation and using of the financial social accounting matrix in order to study the complex sequence and interconnection indicators of the production of goods and services production, primary and secondary distribution of income, their final use, capital accumulation at the national and regional levels of the management. The generalized model of measuring the public-private partnership of the results becomes complete form as a result of considering the peculiarities of the economic behavior of households, government, which present the budgets of different levels, financial and credit systems which perform the functions of distribution and redistribution of income among institutional units.It is proved that the economic development of the region on the model of cooperation "private business – authorities – population" provides the ability to simultaneously meet the agreed non-antagonistic economic interests of all the parties' cooperation: the administration, investor, stockholder and the inhabitants of the region. Potential conflicts of cooperation of business and government, which is linked to the fact that the regional administration is not directly interested in increasing the value of the business, pursuing, above all, the goal of their own, non-monetary performance goals, overcome by taking into account the flow of benefits and costs. Attracted calculations show that the development of instruments of public-private partnerships is the most effective means of connecting the interests of authority, business and the stockholder. ; Исследуются аналитические возможности и разрабатываются методологические предложения относительно составления и использования финансовой матрицы социальных счетов с целью комплексного исследования последовательности и взаимной связи показателей выпуска товаров и услуг, производства, первичного и вторичного распределения доходов, их окончательного использования, накопления капитала на национальном и региональном уровнях хозяйствования. Обобщенная модель измерения результатов государственно-частного партнерства приобретает завершенную форму в итоге учета особенностей экономического поведения домашних хозяйств, органов государственного управления, представленных бюджетами различного уровня, финансовой и кредитной систем, которые выполняют функции распределения и перераспределения доходов между институциональными единицами.Доказывается, что экономическое развитие региона по модели сотрудничества "частный бизнес – органы управления – население" обеспечивает возможность одновременного согласованного удовлетворения неантагонистических экономических интересов всех сторон сотрудничества: администрации, инвесторов, стокхолдеров и жителей региона. Потенциальная конфликтность сотрудничества бизнеса и власти, которая связана с тем, что региональная администрация напрямую не заинтересована в увеличении стоимости бизнеса, преследуя, прежде всего, цель достижения собственных, немонетарных целей деятельности, преодолевается с учетом потоков их выгод и расходов. Привлеченные расчеты свидетельствуют, что развитие инструментов государственно-частного сотрудничества выступают наиболее эффективным средством соединения интересов власти, бизнеса и стокхолдеров. ; Досліджуються аналітичні можливості та розробляються методологічні пропозицій щодо складання і використання фінансової матриці соціальних рахунків з метою комплексного дослідження послідовності і взаємного зв'язку показників випуску товарів та послуг, виробництва, первинного та вторинного розподілу доходів, їх остаточного використання, нагромадження капіталу на національному і регіональному рівнях господарювання. Узагальнена модель вимірювання результатів державно-приватного партнерства набуває завершеної форми за рахунок врахування особливостей економічної поведінки домашніх господарств, держави, що представлена бюджетами різних рівнів, фінансової та кредитної системи, що виконує функції розподілу та перерозподілу потоків доходів між інституційними одиницями. Доводиться, що економічний розвиток регіону за моделлю співпраці "приватний бізнес – органи управління – населення" забезпечує можливість одночасного погодженого задоволення неантагоністичних економічних інтересів усіх сторін співпраці: адміністрації, інвесторів, стокхолдерів та жителів регіону. Потенційна конфліктність співпраці бізнесу та влади, яка пов'язана з тим, що регіональна адміністрація напряму не зацікавлена у зростанні вартості бізнесу, переслідуючи, передовсім, мету досягненні власних, немонетарних, цілей діяльності, долається з врахуванням потоків їх вигод та витрат. Залучені розрахунки свідчать, що розвиток інструментів державно-приватного партнерства є найбільш ефективним засобом поєднання інтересів влади, бізнесу та стокхолдерів.

Despite of its impact on urban transportation policies after the World War II, urban travel demand modeling (UTDM) - an array of mathematical tools and practices geared towards predicting flows in urban transportation networks, such as urban highways and mass transit systems - has received scant attention from humanities and social sciences scholars. This working paper offers a first long-term analysis - from the 1950s to the 2000s - of the trajectory of this kind of modeling in France. To do so, it makes use of an analytical framework which envisages modeling practices as a production process: aside from the "product" itself, i.e. the main characteristics of the model under study, the analysis is interested in the different actors involved in producing the model (individuals and institutions), as well as the "raw materials" (for example, data from surveys of household travel) and the "means of production", such as computer facilities (hardware and software), which are necessary for its production and implementation. Based on this analytical framework, this paper highlights a process characterized by two main developments. From 1950-1980, State French engineers along with private consulting firms, after having familiarized themselves with American modeling practices, succeeded in creating a national expertise in this domain, which the central French state normalized, disseminated, and implemented on a large scale throughout the national territory in the 1970s. The post 1980 period clearly contrasts with what went before. Indeed, evidence shows that the French state progressively withdrew from UTDM, and, therefore, prepared the way for the rise to dominance of private (and more often that not foreign) engineering consulting firms, which became the main repositories of expertise concerning urban traffic forecasting in France. ; En dépit de l'importance de la modélisation des déplacements urbains en matière de politiques de transports, force est de constater la quasi-absence d'intérêt dont les historiens et autres chercheurs en sciences sociales ont fait montre à son égard jusqu'à présent. Ce document propose une première analyse de la modélisation des déplacements urbains en France, des années 1950 au début des années 2010. Pour ce faire, nous avons adopté une perspective particulière, qui envisage la modélisation comme un processus de production : outre le " produit " lui-même (la structure des modèles), nous nous sommes intéressés à la fois aux différents acteurs (individus et institutions) qui ont produit ce type de modélisation, aux " matières premières " (enquêtes sur la mobilité.) et aux " moyens de production " (logiciels et machines informatiques) nécessaires à sa production et sa mise en œuvre. Regardée à travers cette grille d'analyse, la trajectoire de la modélisation des déplacements urbains en France met en évidence deux grandes périodes distinctes, aux caractéristiques contrastées. Après avoir commencé par se familiariser, à partir des années 1950, avec la modélisation américaine, les acteurs français, publics et privés, construisent, sous l'égide de la puissance publique, durant la décennie suivante et le début des années 1970, une expertise nationale que l'Administration centrale va ensuite " normaliser " et diffuser massivement à travers le territoire. Comme pour le cas nord-américain, la période " 1980-présent " est en revanche marquée par la domination progressive de ce champ de modélisation par le secteur privé, représenté souvent par des bureaux d'études étrangers et des entreprises productrices de logiciels originaires de pays autres que la France. Ce sont ces acteurs privés qui deviennent le vecteur principal du changement dans les pratiques en matière de modélisation des déplacements urbains en France après 1980.