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"The Port Royal Experiment builds on classic scholarship to present not a historical narrative but a study of what is now called development and nation-building. The Port Royal Experiment was a joint governmental and private effort begun during the Civil War to transition former slaves to freedom and self-sufficiency. Port Royal Harbor and the Sea Islands off the coast of South Carolina were liberated by Union Troops in 1861. As the Federal advance began, the white plantation owners and residents fled, abandoning approximately 10,000 black slaves. Several private Northern charity organizations stepped in to help the former slaves become self-sufficient. Nonetheless, the Point Royal Experiment was only a mixed success and was contested by efforts to restore the status quo of white dominance. Return to home rule then undid much of what the experiment accomplished. While the concept of development is subject to a range of interpretations, in this context it means positive, continuously improving, and sustained change across a variety of human social conditions. Clearly such an effort was at the heart of the Port Royal Experiment. While the term 'nation-building' may seem misplaced given that no 'nation' was the beneficiary of these efforts, the requirement to build institutions critical to nation-building operations was certainly a large part of the Port Royal Experiment and offers many lessons for modern efforts at nation building. The Port Royal Experiment divides into ten chapters, each of which is designed to treat a particular aspect of the experience. Topics include planning considerations, philanthropic society activity, civil society, economic development, political development, and resistance. Each chapter presents the case study in the context of more recent developmental and nation-building efforts in such places as Bosnia, Somalia, Kosovo, Iraq, and Afghanistan and incorporates recent scholarship in the field. Modern readers will see that the challenges that faced the Port Royal Experiment remain relevant, even as their solutions remain elusive"--

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las implicaciones de las decisiones y políticas gubernamentales sobre la producción primaria, la transformación agroindustrial, el abastecimiento alimentario y las importaciones de productos lácteos. El artículo se desarrolló de conformidad con el siguiente compendio metodológico: En un primer momento se exponen algunas consideraciones históricas previas en relación con el sector agroalimentario; en un segundo momento se reseña las principales políticas agroalimentarias dirigidas al CAVEPROLAC y, en un tercer momento, se analizan las implicaciones y las consecuencias de la intervención del actual gobierno en las diferentes etapas que conforman el CAVEPROLAC, en particular, respecto a las siguientes etapas y peculiaridades: producción primaria, industria, consumo, abastecimiento, escasez, inflación, importaciones, búsqueda de rentas y corrupción. ; The aim of this paper is to analyze the effects of decisions and government policies on primary production, agro-processing, food availability and dairy products imports. It has the following methodological structure: In the first part some historical considerations regarding the agro-food sector are exposed; in the second part, major agribusiness policies aimed at CAVEPROLAC are outlined; finally and in a third part, the implications and consequences of the intervention by the current government in the different levels of CAVEPROLAC were analyzed, particularly, regarding the following levels and aspects: primary production, industry, consumption, supply, shortages, inflation, imports, rent seeking and corruption. ; 41-71 ; SABER-ULA ; agustin.morales@ucv.ve, amauta_ve@yahoo.com ; semestral

La innovación, o capacidad emprendedora como también se le conoce en la literatura, constituye la variable fundamental que determina el desarrollo local. La concepción teórica de esta variable involucra muchos aspectos del quehacer cultural, empresarial, económico y político, que deben estar claramente alineados en torno a un objetivo común, para lo cual es fundamental la existencia de un verdadero proceso de descentralización política y administrativa. Este artículo muestra las oportunidades y dificultades existentes actualmente en Venezuela en relación con la implantación de un proceso de desarrollo local sustentado en el fomento de la innovación tecnológica. Se recurre a un análisis teórico de las principales normativas que rigen la materia, en concordancia con el análisis de cifras estadísticas disponibles al respecto. ; Innovation, or entrepreneurship as it is also known in the literature, establishes the fundamental variable that determines the development local. The theoretical concept of this variable involves many aspects of cultural task, business, economic and political, which must be clearly aligned around a common goal, which is fundamental to the existence of a genuine process of political and administrative decentralization. This paper shows the opportunities and difficulties currently in Venezuela in relation to the implementation of a local development process supported by the promotion of technological innovation, using a theoretical analysis of the main regulations governing the matter, consistent with the analysis of statistical figures available in this regard. ; 141-172 ; arodrigz@ula.ve, rodríguez_armando@cantv.net ; semestral

International audience ; see women as reasoning creatures and claim that they should be treated as men are. Astell has attracted, as has Wollstonecraft, but for different motives, the label of ' " the first English feminist.' " 1 As Kolbrener observes, their feminisms are contrasted: 'Astell's feminism was still firmly rooted in conservative political commitments and the language of the High Church' 2 whereas Wollstonecraft's was 'based upon rights and natural liberty.' 3 Both writers were politically committed, denouncing women's status and submission, and criticizing many aspects of patriarchy which Fletcher defines as 'the institutionalised male dominance over women and children in the family and the subordination of women in society in general.' 4 There is an analogy between the family (microcosm) and the state (macrocosm) as Smith clearly explains: 'Monarchical theory, outlined most thoroughly by Robert Filmer [Patriarcha (1680)], stressed authority flowing from a natural, God-ordained patriarchal principle. As the father ruled his family and household at God's will, so the king held sway over his larger, national family.' 5 The patriarchal analogy between the family and the state implies a parallel between the domestic microcosm of the family (with the husband's authority over his wife, the father's over his children and the master's over his servants) and the political macrocosm of the state (the king's authority over his subjects). The analogy is complemented by the 'patriarchal opposition between the 'public' (economy/state) and the 'private' (domestic, conjugal and intimate life).' 6 Domestic patriarchy refers to the submission of women, the final aim of their education being marriage, sometimes for economic survival, but always as a means of domestic patriarchy to maintain a 'patrilineal system of property inheritance.' 7 Political patriarchy coupled with the social contract implies not only the absence of women's involvement in political life but also the absence of their civil existence.

International audience ; see women as reasoning creatures and claim that they should be treated as men are. Astell has attracted, as has Wollstonecraft, but for different motives, the label of ' " the first English feminist.' " 1 As Kolbrener observes, their feminisms are contrasted: 'Astell's feminism was still firmly rooted in conservative political commitments and the language of the High Church' 2 whereas Wollstonecraft's was 'based upon rights and natural liberty.' 3 Both writers were politically committed, denouncing women's status and submission, and criticizing many aspects of patriarchy which Fletcher defines as 'the institutionalised male dominance over women and children in the family and the subordination of women in society in general.' 4 There is an analogy between the family (microcosm) and the state (macrocosm) as Smith clearly explains: 'Monarchical theory, outlined most thoroughly by Robert Filmer [Patriarcha (1680)], stressed authority flowing from a natural, God-ordained patriarchal principle. As the father ruled his family and household at God's will, so the king held sway over his larger, national family.' 5 The patriarchal analogy between the family and the state implies a parallel between the domestic microcosm of the family (with the husband's authority over his wife, the father's over his children and the master's over his servants) and the political macrocosm of the state (the king's authority over his subjects). The analogy is complemented by the 'patriarchal opposition between the 'public' (economy/state) and the 'private' (domestic, conjugal and intimate life).' 6 Domestic patriarchy refers to the submission of women, the final aim of their education being marriage, sometimes for economic survival, but always as a means of domestic patriarchy to maintain a 'patrilineal system of property inheritance.' 7 Political patriarchy coupled with the social contract implies not only the absence of women's involvement in political life but also the absence of their civil existence.

The Health and Well-Being of Caribbean Immigrants in the United States is a timely addition to the knowledge base concerning the integration of this population into the fabric of American society. On the eve of the fortieth anniversary of the 1965 Immigration Reform Act, this book examines the relationship between immigrants from the Caribbean and the culture of the United States. This body of work provides resources for scholars and researchers and provides instrumental strategies for use in practice by counselors/social workers, curriculum developers, and immigration analysts. With this book, you will develop a new appreciation for the social capital immigrants bring with them, their adaptation to their new society, and the extent to which their distinctive characteristics promote or hinder their social mobility. Using tables, figures, and graphs, The Health and Well-Being of Caribbean Immigrants in the United States provides thorough analyses of broad-ranging issues and proposes viable solutions to the problems these immigrants face. In this important resource, expert educators, researchers, and community leaders address the unique challenges that affect this population, including: increased infant mortality rates increased HIV/AIDS among the Caribbean community the growing trend of violence and abuse among Caribbean and Caribbean-American youths the special needs of aging and elderly immigrants living in the United States the impact of the 1996 immigration legislation on Caribbean familiesThe Health and Well-Being of Caribbean Immigrants in the United States paints a clear picture of how these citizens are coping with the social, economic, and political aspects of the American way of life. This guide offers new findings and insight into the reality of the diverse immigrant Caribbean population, setting the stage for establishing

Black and Brown in Los Angeles is a timely and wide-ranging, interdisciplinary foray into the complicated world of multiethnic Los Angeles. The first book to focus exclusively on the range of relationships and interactions between Latinas/os and African Americans in one of the most diverse cities in the United States, the book delivers supporting evidence that Los Angeles is a key place to study racial politics while also providing the basis for broader discussions of multiethnic America. Students, faculty, and interested readers will gain an understanding of the different forms of cultural borrowing and exchange that have shaped a terrain through which African Americans and Latinas/os cross paths, intersect, move in parallel tracks, and engage with a whole range of aspects of urban living. Tensions and shared intimacies are recurrent themes that emerge as the contributors seek to integrate artistic and cultural constructs with politics and economics in their goal of extending simple paradigms of conflict, cooperation, or coalition. The book features essays by historians, economists, and cultural and ethnic studies scholars, alongside contributions by photographers and journalists working in Los Angeles.

"This book is an edition of primary source texts. It presents ethnographic material recorded by two Missionary Benedictines who were sent out from St. Ollilien to south-east Tanganyika (today Tanzania) in the 1920s: Joachim Ammann OSB (1898-1981) and Meinulf Küsters OSB (1890-1947). The work of these two missionaries has been preserved in the form of typewritten manuscripts kept in the archives of the Benedictine abbey in Ndanda (south-east Tanzania). The manuscripts are related to each other in a way that means it is not always easy to tell who is the originator of the contents. ... Part I, the first of Amman's two typescripts, offers an overview of the traditional culture of the Mwera.... Part II, Amman's second typescript, gives a detailed description of initiation rites for boys and girls. ... Part III of this edition of the texts contains some of the field notes written by Meinulf Küsters OSB when he worked among the Mwera in 1927/1928. His aim was to give at least a sketchy description of all important aspects of Mwera culture"--P. 259-260

International audience ; Abstract. MOOC, a new form of distance learning, has given rise to the hope of democratisation and acces to knowledge in all the continents. Therefore, inspiring speeches are delivered. Indeed, MOOC appears as a solution to critical issues of massive enrolment and lack of resources that developing countries are facing. On this matter, we will examine aspects regarding true hopes or myths, by questioning current possibilities that MOOC may yet offer. ; Les MOOC, nouvelle forme de formation à distance, suscitent les plus grands espoirs quant à la démocratisation et l'accès aux savoirs sur tous les continents. Dès lors, des discours enthousiastes apparaissent, présentant les MOOC comme une solution aux problèmes cruciaux de massification et de manque de moyens que rencontrent les pays du Sud-notamment en Afrique. Sur ce point, nous nous proposons d'analyser ce qui, dans les discours, relève de véritables espoirs ou de mythes, en nous interrogeant sur les possibles qu'il est cependant aujourd'hui permis d'envisager. Mots-clés. MOOC, espoirs, nouveaux mythes, mutation, évolution, dispositif d'enseignement numérique, enjeux économiques et politiques

International audience ; Abstract. MOOC, a new form of distance learning, has given rise to the hope of democratisation and acces to knowledge in all the continents. Therefore, inspiring speeches are delivered. Indeed, MOOC appears as a solution to critical issues of massive enrolment and lack of resources that developing countries are facing. On this matter, we will examine aspects regarding true hopes or myths, by questioning current possibilities that MOOC may yet offer. ; Les MOOC, nouvelle forme de formation à distance, suscitent les plus grands espoirs quant à la démocratisation et l'accès aux savoirs sur tous les continents. Dès lors, des discours enthousiastes apparaissent, présentant les MOOC comme une solution aux problèmes cruciaux de massification et de manque de moyens que rencontrent les pays du Sud-notamment en Afrique. Sur ce point, nous nous proposons d'analyser ce qui, dans les discours, relève de véritables espoirs ou de mythes, en nous interrogeant sur les possibles qu'il est cependant aujourd'hui permis d'envisager. Mots-clés. MOOC, espoirs, nouveaux mythes, mutation, évolution, dispositif d'enseignement numérique, enjeux économiques et politiques

In this article, the development and changes in Swedish public policy relating to tourism from the 1930s to 2010 is described and interpreted from a political economy perspective. A case study, compiled from mainly secondary sources, is analyzed from a theoretical framework based on regulation theory. The purpose with this study is to increase the understanding of how the macro political economy context has influenced the policy-making in tourism in Sweden, but also to make a contribution to an area which seems to be quite neglected when it comes to research. The changes are analyzed according to the three periods denoted as pre-Fordism (mid-19th century-1930s), Fordism (1930s-1970s) and post-Fordism (1970s to present). It is observed how the general changes between these periods regarding aspects such as regulation and deregulation, and the degree of state involvement, have affected tourism policy making. The tourism policy making has changed from being insignificant, to a high degree of state involvement including planning, control and supervision, to a situation where the market rather than government regulation is considered as state of the art.

What are the relations between the emergence of a state on the international scene and nuclear proliferation? The claim that the acquisition of nuclear arms systems is a condition or consequence of the emergence of a state is called into question here on the basis of a tripartite analysis. First, at the methodological level, Edward Carr's original intuition concerning the teleological aspect of the discipline of International Relations is reaffirmed by establishing on the basis of six precise indicators the homology between a received understanding of nuclear history as the history of proliferation and developmentalist thought, both of which are teleological. It is then demonstrated at the empirical level that many proliferating states have not in fact emerged while some emergent states have not chosen to acquire nuclear arms systems. At the policy level, finally, it turns out that the correlation between emergence and proliferation is not just incomplete and unsound: if its aim is to identify suspects of proliferation in order to better prevent the latter, it can in fact prove counter-productive.

What explains major foreign policy changes? Why and when does the state change its foreign policy? Despite the importance of foreign policy change, which can (re)shape the nature of a given state's international relations vis-a-vis other states and international systems, explanations of foreign policy change have received only sporadic attention in foreign policy analysis literature. Against this backdrop, I offer in this article a new framework designed to capture both motivational and processual aspects of foreign policy change. I develop the framework by critically examining and synthesising two recent systematic explorations of foreign policy change: one framework within the tradition of rationalism (broadly defined) -- David Welch's Painful Choice: A Theory of Foreign Policy Change (2005) -- and the other within constructivism -- Jeffrey Legro's Rethinking the World: Great Power Strategies and International Order (2006). For the motivational analysis, I link the role of crisis-defining ideas to threat perception to sharpen prospect theory. I illustrate this reformulated synthesis with an example of Japan's policy shift toward East Asian financial regionalism. Adapted from the source document.

What are the relations between the emergence of a state on the international scene and nuclear proliferation? The claim that the acquisition of nuclear arms systems is a condition or consequence of the emergence of a state is called into question here on the basis of a tripartite analysis. First, at the methodological level, Edward Carr's original intuition concerning the teleological aspect of the discipline of International Relations is reaffirmed by establishing on the basis of six precise indicators the homology between a received understanding of nuclear history as the history of proliferation and developmentalist thought, both of which are teleological. It is then demonstrated at the empirical level that many proliferating states have not in fact emerged while some emergent states have not chosen to acquire nuclear arms systems. At the policy level, finally, it turns out that the correlation between emergence and proliferation is not just incomplete and unsound: if its aim is to identify suspects of proliferation in order to better prevent the latter, it can in fact prove counter-productive.

www.conflits.org ; National audience ; Après les attentats spectaculaires et meurtriers du 11 septembre 2001 aux Etats-Unis, puis ceux du 11 mars 2004 à Madrid, les services de renseignement occidentaux ont vu leur rôle et leur poids s'accroître dans la lutte contre le radicalisme musulman. A partir d'une enquête portant sur les services français, espagnols et britanniques, cet article analyse les évolutions de leurs missions et de leurs analyses de cette question. Rompant avec une approche mécaniste, qui verrait dans la transformation de ces missions le simple fruit d'une « adaptation » à de nouvelles menaces, il montre que leur nature et leur forme résultent à la fois de l'évolution de l'activité des groupes clandestins et de leur perception ; des effets de la permanence des grilles d'analyse des services de renseignement qui avaient été forgées sur d'autres terrains ; et du travail perpétuel de relégitimation que ces services vont mener auprès de certains secteurs de l'appareil d'Etat. Il contribue de la sorte à éclairer certains aspects souvent méconnus des modes pratiques de régulation de la violence politique dans les démocraties occidentales.