Suchergebnisse

Background Women's participation in medicine and the need for gender equality in healthcare are increasingly recognised, yet little attention is paid to leadership and management positions in large publicly funded academic health centres. This study illustrates such a need, taking the case of four large European centres: Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Germany), Karolinska Institutet (Sweden), Medizinische Universität Wien (Austria), and Oxford Academic Health Science Centre (United Kingdom). Case The percentage of female medical students and doctors in all four countries is now well within the 40–60% gender balance zone. Women are less well represented among specialists and remain significantly under-represented among senior doctors and full professors. All four centres have made progress in closing the gender leadership gap on boards and other top-level decision-making bodies, but a gender leadership gap remains relevant. The level of achieved gender balance varies significantly between the centres and largely mirrors country-specific welfare state models, with more equal gender relations in Sweden than in the other countries. Notably, there are also similar trends across countries and centres: gender inequality is stronger within academic enterprises than within hospital enterprises and stronger in middle management than at the top level. These novel findings reveal fissures in the 'glass ceiling' effects at top-level management, while the barriers for women shift to middle-level management and remain strong in academic positions. The uneven shifts in the leadership gap are highly relevant and have policy implications. Conclusion Setting gender balance objectives exclusively for top-level decision-making bodies may not effectively promote a wider goal of gender equality. Academic health centres should pay greater attention to gender equality as an issue of organisational performance and good leadership at all levels of management, with particular attention to academic enterprises and newly created management structures. Developing comprehensive gender-sensitive health workforce monitoring systems and comparing progress across academic health centres in Europe could help to identify the gender leadership gap and utilise health human resources more effectively.

Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan naisten koulutuksen ja imeväiskuolleisuuden suhdetta 80 matalan ja keskitulotason maassa kvantitatiivisin menetelmin. Suhdetta analysoidaan yhteiskunnallisten, koulutuksellisten ja lapsiterveyteen liittyvien muuttujien avulla. Aineiston on tuottanut UNICEF, UNDP ja UNESCO. Tutkimusaineisto on rajattu tulotason, väestömäärän, sekä HIV/AIDS-epidemian ja poliittisen epävakauden kriteereillä. Työssä sovelletaan lineaarista regressioanalyysiä ja rakenneyhtälömallinnusta. Tutkimus osoittaa, kuinka paljon menetelmän valinta vaikuttaa tuloksiin. Polkumallit tarjoavat uutta ymmärrystä siitä, miten naisten koulutuksen vaikutus alle yksivuotiaiden eloonjäämiseen toteutuu epäsuorien syy-yhteyksien kautta. Kaksi vaikutuksia välittävää mekanismia ovat lasten terveyspalvelujen hyödyntäminen ja naisten lisääntymisautonomia. Naisten koulutus on toiseksi tärkein imeväiskuolleisuuden selittäjä, tärkein on tuloköyhyyden vähäisyys. Tutkimustulokset ovat sopusoinnussa aiemman tutkimuksen kanssa. Tämän tutkimuksen tulokset korostavat, että naisten koulutuksen edistäminen, köyhyyden vähentäminen ja terveyspolitiikka ovat kaikki tärkeitä pikkulasten eloonjäämisen turvaamisessa. Imeväiskuolleisuutta voidaan käyttää keskeisenä hyvinvoinnin indikaattorina matalan ja keskitulotason maissa. ; This quantitative study investigates the relationship between women's education and infant survival in 80 low and middle income countries. The relationship between women's schooling and infant survival is analyzed with internal social and health-related variables, some of which only recently became available. Data is produced by UNICEF, UNDP and UNESCO. The data is controlled by income level, population size, as well as by extreme epidemic or political instabilities. The work applies both linear regression modelling and structural equation modelling. The study shows how much the choice of research method influences results. The path models provide new understanding on how women's education influences infant survival, completely through the indirect influences of child health provision and women's reproductive autonomy. Women's education is the second most important variable explaining the cross-country variation of infant survival. The most powerful societal variable is income poverty. These cross-country results are in line with the results of earlier research. The findings of this study stress that the universal social policies including women's education, poverty alleviation and multiple health policies, are all fundamental for better infant survival, which is an adequate proxy for wellbeing in low and middle income countries.

El mundo árabe representa uno de los vectores principales de la política exterior de España debido principalmente a cuatro factores: la dependencia energética, las cuestiones políticas y de seguridad, la emigración y la vecindad. A pesar del discurso unificador de englobar Magreb y Oriente Medio, si nos atenemos a los contenidos, la ponderación hacia los países centrales magrebíes resulta evidente, con un actor privilegiado, Marruecos, cuya bilateralidad está claramente marcada por el fenómeno migratorio desde mediados de la década de 1990 y algunos temas espinosos ¿pesca, Sahara Occidental, Ceuta y Melilla¿ que inciden en la agenda de estos dos actores internacionales. Si nos centramos en la etapa actual, en los tres años y medio de acceso al poder del presidente José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, esta dinámica se ha mantenido constante, resaltando dos actuaciones de especial calado: la retirada de las tropas españolas en Irak y la recomposición de las relaciones con Marruecos. Por tanto, la pregunta que cabe formular es qué diferencias y similitudes se producen a partir de 2004. El objetivo central del presente artículo se centra en dar respuesta a esta cuestión, evaluando el estado actual de las relaciones bilaterales, focalizando principalmente en el espacio magrebí en virtud del contenido de las mismas. ; The Arab World represents one of the main pillars of Spain's foreign policy. This is due to four main factors: energetic dependency, political and security matters, emigration, and vicinity. The unified speech tends to include the Maghreb and the Middle East, but the contents of this speech must also be regarded. Taking this into account, there is a clear evidence of the importance of the Maghribian countries, with Morocco holding the leading position. This bilateral position has been marked since the middle of the 1990s. The migratory phenomenon, other thorny subjects such as fishing, Western Sahara, Ceuta and Melilla, all affect the diary of both International actors. Focusing on the actual scenario, during ...

Ouvrage réédité en version électronique en 2010 http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/1188 ; As large scale social phenomena, pilgrimages cannot be reduced to their sole religious dimension. They fully participate in the mobility of the North Africa and Middle East area and sustain the development of tourism and trade exchanges. Ephemeral crossroads and extraordinary events, pilgrimages form not only a melting pot for people, but also for goods and ideas which are diffused upon the return of the pilgrims, thus involving important and often durable material, political or even psychological transformations. Gathering huge crowds, performing intense festive activities, pilgrimages are challenges for the public order at the same time as they put to the test the urban public space they shape and transform. The articles gathered in this volume bring to light the polymorphic event of pilgrimage in North Africa and the Middle East. Although it is a universal phenomenon, the pilgrimage, which, in this vast region, is endowed with distinctive characteristics, continues to be one of the main channels for community integration. ; Phénomènes sociaux de grande ampleur, les pèlerinages ne sauraient être réduits à leur seule dimension religieuse. Ils participent en effet pleinement aux mobilités qui traversent la région, alimentant le développement touristique et les échanges commerciaux. Carrefours éphémères, évènements extraordinaires, les pèlerinages forment un creuset où viennent se croiser non seulement les hommes, mais également les biens et les idées qui essaiment au retour des pèlerins, entraînant des transformations matérielles, politiques, voire psychologiques, importantes et souvent durables. Rassemblant des foules parfois immenses, accompagnés d'intenses activités festives, ils sont à la fois défis à l'ordre public et mises à l'épreuve de l'espace public urbain qu'ils transforment et remodèlent. Les contributions réunies dans ce volume s'attachent à rendre compte, en multipliant les situations observées et les angles d'approche, de cet événement polymorphe qu'est le pèlerinage au Maghreb et au Moyen-Orient. Phénomène universel, il revêt dans cette vaste région maints traits spécifiques et il y demeure l'un des principaux vecteurs de l'intégration communautaire.

The Small Arms Survey 2014 considers the multiple roles of women in the context of armed violence, security, and the small arms agenda. The volume's thematic section comprises one chapter on violence against women and girls - with a focus on post-conflict Liberia and Nepal - and another on the recent convergence of the small arms agenda with that of women, peace and security. Complementing these chapters are illustrated testimonies of women with experience as soldiers, rebels and security personnel. The 'weapons and markets' section assesses the potential impact of the Arms Trade Treaty, presents the 2014 Transparency Barometer and an update on the authorised small arms trade, and analyses recent ammunition explosions in the Republic of the Congo. Additionally, it examines ammunition circulating in Africa and the Middle East, maps the sources of insurgent weapons in Sudan and South Sudan, and evaluates crime gun records in the United States

The Small Arms Survey 2014 considers the multiple roles of women in the context of armed violence, security, and the small arms agenda. The volume's thematic section comprises one chapter on violence against women and girls - with a focus on post-conflict Liberia and Nepal - and another on the recent convergence of the small arms agenda with that of women, peace and security. Complementing these chapters are illustrated testimonies of women with experience as soldiers, rebels and security personnel. The 'weapons and markets' section assesses the potential impact of the Arms Trade Treaty, presents the 2014 Transparency Barometer and an update on the authorised small arms trade, and analyses recent ammunition explosions in the Republic of the Congo. Additionally, it examines ammunition circulating in Africa and the Middle East, maps the sources of insurgent weapons in Sudan and South Sudan, and evaluates crime gun records in the United States

"The World News Prism enjoys a well-earned reputation for excellence in its in-depth analysis of the changing role of transnational news media in the 21st-century. In the eighth edition of this classic text, the authors expand their discussion of news systems in developing nations and the impact of digital media on traditional societies. A new chapter dedicated to evolving media in Egypt, Tunisia, and elsewhere in Africa and the Middle East explores the role of the Internet, cell phones, and Al Jazeera in facilitating momentous political change in the region. The book also provides important updates on the decline of print media in the West and the challenges this poses to global reporting now and for the future. Combining scholarly insights with a concise and accessible writing style, The World News Prism: Challenges of Digital Communication lends remarkable clarity to the fog of today's global information revolution"--

Investigating the planet's biomes and examining the modern threats to each ecosystem, this interactive series challenges young readers to look at how their own actions affect the planet's health. With compare-and-contrast facts and vocabulary-building sidebars, each engaging guide reveals how environmental threats-both human and natural-affect plants and animals.Detailing the largest biome, this guide surveys the environmental threats to the earth's oceans. Teaching students about coral reefs-the rainforests of the ocean-this educational resource explores topics such as the connection between increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the bleaching of the reefs. By comparing the size of an island of floating plastic and other trash in the middle of the Pacific Ocean to the state of Texas-and how that floating island impacts ocean life-the guide shows young environmentalists why consuming less plastic is important.

The Roman Empire has been an object of fascination for the past two millennia, and the story of how a small city in central Italy came to dominate the whole of the Mediterranean basin, most of modern Europe and the lands of Asia Minor and the Middle East, has often been told. It has provided the model for European empires from Charlemagne to Queen Victoria and beyond, and is still the basis of comparison for investigators of modern imperialisms. By an exhaustive investigation of the changing meanings of certain key words and their use in the substantial remains of Roman writings and in the structures of Roman political life, this book seeks to discover what the Romans themselves thought about their imperial power in the centuries in which they conquered the known world and formed the empire of the first and second centuries AD

The OSCE Yearbook's key focus this year is on the Caucasus, the setting for so many bloody wars and conflicts: Russia's war in Chechnya, the wars of secession in Georgia, and the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh. In nine original contributions, international experts analyse the causes of these conflicts and their historical and political contexts, describe recent developments, examine the role of religion, and discuss transregional economic and political issues.The OSCE Yearbook 2004 again devotes considerable attention to the OSCE's long-term missions. Further topics tackled in the tenth volume of this series include anti-Semitism (and the high-profile OSCE anti-Semitism conference held in Berlin in April 2004), urgent contemporary problems such as money laundering and organized crime, the OSCE's co-operation with Transparency International in the fight against corruption, and the possibility of applying the model of the CSCE to the conflicts of the Middle East. (Nomos / Pll)

Thus far, very little is known of the social origin and position of scribes and calligraphers in the premodern Islamic world. The difficulty in finding data on the biographies and activities of the professional practitioners of calligraphy in historiographical works is probably one of the main causes of this regrettable situation. Taking as a starting point the results of some previous groundbreaking research, the present article gathers scattered information retrieved from different sources about two calligraphers from the Horn of Africa that lived and worked in the Middle East during the Mamlūk period. In the analysis of these two cases, it is hoped that some light will be shed on the presence of calligraphic masters from the Horn in the Arab world from which may be gained, on a more general level, a better picture of the personalities of calligraphers in the Islamic world.

This contribution aims at a precise investigation of the archaeological evidence relating to war and the aspects of militarisation associated with the communities that lived in the Southern Caucasus between the Early Bronze Age and the Iron Age. The picture that emerges according to our reconstruction hypothesis differs significantly from what has been proposed and accepted by a large part of the academic community, especially as regards the methods and timing of the onset of the beginning of the militarization processes. In fact, we think that the Middle Bronze Age played a much more important role in these processes than has been generally believed to date. Militarisation, from the data presented, would no longer seem to have been a sporadic and rather random process but rather a gradual and constant development that reached its peak, in the time frame examined, with the birth of the state of Urartu.

""The Intermediary" in the Philosophy of Space: Precariousness, Creation, Freedom. The reflection proposed by this text is the result of a dialogue spread over several years between philosophers and geographers. The best common ground between each other – in the right middle of the road – is undoubtedly the concept of the "intermediary", which describes, negatively or affirmatively, the future of our physical, social, conceptual spaces and which speaks to us about discontinuity, hybridization, flow, contiguity, but also vulnerability, counterpowers and freedom. We wanted to show that far from being a concept of the residual, the unassimilable, the incomprehensible or even the irrational, the intermediary is the place of hospitality, the open work of alternative creativity, resistance, or affirmation of those who, excluded from dominant discourses, claim a right to speak and freely participate in social life. Keywords: Public space, social space, precariousness, intermediary, hybridization, resistance, creation. "

AbstractThe democratic backsliding, which began in Poland after the ascent to power of the Law and Justice/Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (PiS) party in 2015, continued in 2021. The Polish government maintained its confrontational attitude toward European institutions, from the European Commission to the European Parliament and the European Union's Court of Justice. The latter imposed on Poland a daily fine of €1 million for the government's refusal to reverse reforms of the judiciary that put into question the independence of judges. On the domestic front, the ruling camp underwent a series of internal frictions that jeopardized its majority in the lower house (Sejm), but it preserved a slim majority by co‐opting dissenters from other parliamentary caucuses and independents. The government's actions on the Polish–Belarussian border to prevent Middle Eastern refugees entering the country, and hence the EU, were a serious departure from international law principles.

Until the twentieth century, there were no stable forms of financial institutions in the Muslim world that could be defined as "banks". The first banks, in their classical form, owned by Muslims (the corporate "majority") began to appear after the 1920s. The collapse of the colonial system after the Second World War led to the emergence of new states, including Muslim ones. These states needed their own financial systems - this is how the first national banking institutions of Muslim countries began to appear. Since the second half of the 20th century. In the Muslim world, primarily in the Middle East, a process called "Islamic revival" is beginning - a term that denotes various types of spreading or strengthening of Islam. An important role in this was played by the religious concept - tajdid, which was manifested throughout the history of Islam in periodic calls for the restoration of basic religious principles in public relations.