Suchergebnisse

Предприятие нередко несет значительные затраты на мероприятия по созданию эффективной системы управления рисками. Разработка стандартов управления рисками не только решит эту проблему в кратчайшие сроки, но и обеспечит государство инструментарием для регулирования рискованности бизнеса. Создание такой системы должно базироваться на анализе как собственного, так и международного опыта в этой области. ; А company often carries significant costs when creating an effective risk management system. Development of risk management standards will not only solve this problem in a short time, but will provide the state with the tools to regulate business riskiness. Creating such a system should be based on an analysis of both national and international experience in this field.

Contents: Tapol strongly disapproves of Queen's visit to Indonesia -- Campaign activities during December IGGI meeting -- Campaign for the release of imprisoned MPs, Australian MPs, TU and Church Leaders' statement -- Demonstrations and arrests during PM Tanaka's visit -- Tapols dying of starvation in Indonesia -- KOPKAMTIB is unconstitutional says Indonesian Lawyer -- A glimpse of conditions on Buru -- President Suharto's letter to Pramudya Ananta Tur -- Purge of all category C government employees -- Lawyers, students and professors arrested in new wave of repression -- Accused exposes torture in military detention centrre -- Amnesty International Report on torture in Indonesia -- The tapols, case notes: Mrs Siti Mudigdio, MP ; Njoman S. Pendit, writer and translator

Searching for Peace in Europe and Eurasia offers much-needed insight into the possibilities for effective conflict prevention and peacebuilding throughout the region. Presenting surveys of the violent conflicts in Europe, the Caucasus, and Central Asia, the contributors offer a unique combination of background information, detailed descriptions of ongoing activities, and assessments of future prospects for conflict resolution and peacebuilding. A major focus of their work is the efforts of regional organizations and NGOs to make civil society part of any peace process, and they thoroughly cover the activities of grassroots groups. A directory of more than 400 organizations working in the field of conflict prevention and peacebuilding in the region is also included. More than 40 experts and organizations in Europe and Eurasia have collaborated in the compilation of this important work, which includes a foreword by Max van der Stoel (the former OSCE high commissioner on national minorities) and contributions by such prominent scholars and practitioners as Mari Fitzduff, Michael S. Lund, Valery Tishkov, Raymond Detrez, and Kevin Clements. The work was coordinated by the European Centre for Conflict Prevention, an NGO dedicated to contributing to the prevention and resolution of violent conflicts in the international arena

Background: The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods: We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$ per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings: In 2019, health spending globally reached $8·8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8·7-8·8) or $1132 (1119-1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this total, $40·4 billion (0·5%, 95% UI 0·5-0·5) was development assistance for health provided to low-income and middle-income countries, which made up 24·6% (UI 24·0-25·1) of total spending in low-income countries. We estimate that $54·8 billion in development assistance for health was disbursed in 2020. Of this, $13·7 billion was targeted toward the COVID-19 health response. $12·3 billion was newly committed and $1·4 billion was repurposed from existing health projects. $3·1 billion (22·4%) of the funds focused on country-level coordination and $2·4 billion (17·9%) was for supply chain and logistics. Only $714·4 million (7·7%) of COVID-19 development assistance for health went to Latin America, despite this region reporting 34·3% of total recorded COVID-19 deaths in low-income or middle-income countries in 2020. Spending on health is expected to rise to $1519 (1448-1591) per person in 2050, although spending across countries is expected to remain varied. Interpretation: Global health spending is expected to continue to grow, but remain unequally distributed between countries. We estimate that development organisations substantially increased the amount of development assistance for health provided in 2020. Continued efforts are needed to raise sufficient resources to mitigate the pandemic for the most vulnerable, and to help curtail the pandemic for all. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. ; open