Suchergebnisse

Introduction: In Colombia, infant mortality rates in border municipalities greatly differ from the national average, making the identification of infant mortality determinants in these areasa priority to guide the development of public health policies.Objective: To identify some social determinants of infant mortality in Colombian border municipalities from 2005 to 2011.Materials and methods: An ecological study was conducted. Three regression models were built for the following categories: 1) structural determinants; 2) intermediate determinants of living and working conditions, behavioral and biological factors, and psychosocial factors, and 3) intermediate determinants of the Colombian health system.Results: According to the data found in the present study .it is possible to suggest that infant mortality in border municipalities is associated with ethnicity, race, education, infant dependency ratio, low birth weight, water quality, rurality, being in a female headed household, vaccination coverage, prenatal care coverage, level of satisfaction with the provision of health services, and healthcare system membership.Conclusions: Most of determinants of infant mortality in these municipalities exceed the scope of the health sector; therefore, the Colombian State faces two important challenges: to implement a trans-sectoral and cross-border approach, and to provide, with a health equity approach, an institutional response that adapts to the needs and culture of each municipality and region. ; Introducción. En Colombia, las tasas de mortalidad infantil de los municipios fronterizos presentan diferencias significativas en comparación con el promedio nacional, por lo que resulta prioritario identificar sus determinantes en estas zonas, con el fin de orientar el desarrollo de políticas en salud pública.Objetivo. Identificar algunos determinantes sociales de la mortalidad infantil en municipios fronterizos de Colombia en el periodo 2005-2011.Materiales y métodos. Estudio ecológico en el que se construyeron tres modelos de regresión para las siguientes categorías: 1) determinantes estructurales; 2) determinantes intermedios de condiciones de vida y trabajo, factores de tipo comportamental y biológico, y factores psicosociales, y 3) determinantes intermedios del sistema de salud colombiano.Resultados. Los datos encontrados sugieren que la mortalidad infantil de los municipios fronterizos se relaciona con condiciones de etnia, raza, educación, índice de dependencia infantil, bajo peso al nacer, calidad del agua, ruralidad, jefatura femenina del hogar, cobertura de vacunación, cobertura de control prenatal, satisfacción con los servicios de salud y afiliación al sistema de salud.Conclusiones. La mayoría de determinantes de la mortalidad infantil en estos municipios se sale del alcance del sector salud; por tanto, el Estado enfrenta dos desafíos importantes: implementar un abordaje transectorial y transfronterizo, y dar una respuesta institucional con un enfoque de equidad en salud que se adapte a las necesidades y a la cultura de cada municipio y región.

Tymoschenko M.M. ECONOMIC MECHANISM FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGY OF SUSTAINABLE RURAL DEVELOPMENT UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF STABILITY: METHODS AND INSTRUMENTSPurpose. The paper deals with the deepening of scientific and methodological provisions and substantiation of practical recommendations for the development of organizational and economic mechanism for implementation of the strategy of sustainable development of rural areas of Ukraine.Methodology of research. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the dialectic, systemic and synergetic scientific approaches. In the process of research, the following special scientific methods have been used: abstract cand logical, in particular methods of induction and deduction, analogy and comparison, operationalization of concepts; method of theoretical generalization and analysis and synthesis; various methods of economic and statistical methods (statistical observation, comparison, tabular, graphic).Findings. It should be emphasized that theoretical and methodical principles of forming an economic mechanism for realization of the strategy of sustainable rural development of Ukraine are discussed. It is determined that the only way of implementing the strategy of the stability of rural development is to establish an economic mechanism that includes methods and tools that will provide a certain type of balance between the social, economic and environmental components of the rural population. It has been established that the basis of sustainable rural development should be the effective means, levers and actions of both economic and organizational and managerial character, which will affect the interests of the economic structures in the village (agricultural institutes of different forms of ownership and types of management, farms and rural households) and will promote not only the intensification of economic life in the countryside, but also the achievement of social well-being and the solution of a number of environmental problems.Originality. It is proved that the economic mechanism of implementation of the strategy of sustainable development of rural territories of Ukraine, in contrast to the existing approaches, should be considered as a multifunctional system of political, legal, methodological, socio-economic, organizational-industrial, environmental protection, innovation-investment and other measures. That are aimed to provide real progressive changes in the productive, social and environmental spheres of the countryside for improving the well-being and quality of life of the rural population and maintaining you are in general.Practical value. The obtained results, the formulated conclusions and proposals will contribute to solving theoretical and practical problems of forming an effective economic mechanism for implementing the strategy of sustainable socio-economic development of rural territories as a key element of the modern model of the rural economy of Ukraine.Key words: rural areas; economic mechanism; sustainable rural development; socio-economic problems; strategy; methods; levers; tools.

Directions of further development of МВС of Ukraine, finding out of main constituents that need realization in the conditions of realization of reforms are illuminated in the article. Measures are analyzed lighted up in Conception of near-term measures of reformation of the system of Ministry of internal affairs and Strategy of development of organs of internal affairs of Ukraine and ways are offered them further realization. European integration of Ukraine obligates our state to provide the effective functioning of institutes, that will guarantee supremacy of right, inhibition of rights and freedoms of man and citizen,them effective defense. One of such tasks there is formation of Ministry of internal affairs as a civil organ of the European standard. For that time that passed with the acceptance of Strategy already separate questions in relation to reformation of organs of internal affairs were decided.: the National police, National household troops, is created, liquidations of subdivisions of a transport militia with the transmission of their functions to the territorial organs of the National police; the special subdivisions are liquidated on a fight against the organized crime; a veterinary militia that duplicated the functions of veterinary and phytosanitary services is liquidated; the State motor-car inspection is liquidated; status of militia is revised in matters of children in accordance with the requirements of international law in the field of a juvenal justice; the structure of Ministry of internal affairs of Ukraine is changed, the re-attestation of workers is conducted et al. Today the basic problem of the system of the organizationally-administrative providing of realization of public policy of Ministry of internal affairs of Ukraine in a law-enforcement sphere is the insufficient skilled providing of process of realization of public policy, an only coordinating organ that would engage in the decision of strategic tasks of public policy and coordinated activity of all subjects is absent.Today the organizationally-administrative mechanism of realization of public policy of Ministry of internal affairs of Ukraine in a law-enforcement sphere has an non effective horizontal model of co-ordination of this politics, the system of organs and institutes, that forms and will realize this politics, is ineffective ; В статье исследуются особенности финансово-экономического обеспечения политики МВД Украины в правоохранительной сфере, освещаются проблемные вопросы в сфере финансирования МВД Украины и предлагаются пути их решения. ; У статті висвітлюються напрями подальшого розвитку МВС України, з'ясування головних складників, що потребують реалізації в умовах проведення реформ. Аналізуються заходи, висвітлені в Концепції першочергових заходів реформування системи Міністерства внутрішніх справ та Стратегії розвитку органів внутрішніх справ України, та пропонуються шляхи їх подальшої реалізації.

AbstractThe role of financial counsellors as providers of information, support and advocacy for those in financial difficulty is a well established mechanism in the mainstream welfare landscape in Australia. In general, the role of financial counsellors is in helping people alleviate or resolve their financial difficulties through improvement of their financial literacy. It is recognised as an important component of policy responses to assist low‐income households and individuals in financial stress. The use of financial counsellors for older persons (i.e., those aged 65+ years), however, appears to be underutilised. Financial hardship and abuse of older persons within our community are becoming key issues as the population of Australia "ages". Existing evidence also suggests that service providers alone do not have adequate skills to address these issues. This paper firstly examines the development of financial counselling in Australia. It then examines the newly emerging role of financial counselling in supporting older persons in addressing barriers to financial literacy and then in navigating the complex landscape of aged care service provision. The current financialisation, marketisation and complexities of consumer‐directed care are identified as key contextual factors. The paper will then discuss an evaluation study of the provision of financial counselling to the older person population designed to support financial hardship and navigation of the complex aged care services system. The findings of the paper are based on an evaluation of the Financial Consumer Rights Council (FCRC), Victoria: Dignity and Debt Financial Difficulty and Getting Older initiative. This pilot initiative included older persons from both community‐based and aged care residential facilities in one regional area of Victoria. The initiative, conducted over 2016, was designed to assess the effectiveness of one‐on‐one financial counselling sessions with older persons that provided consumer advocacy and information about support services and entitlements (including hardship protections) associated with ageing. The evaluation found that the provision of financial counselling to the older person population could be a key mechanism in improving overall financial literacy, avoiding periods of financial hardship and in maintaining financial well‐being, quality of life and positive ageing. Findings also demonstrated a need for an expanded outreach financial counselling model to better service older persons in more isolated living environments and/or with mobility impairments living in the community, and the potential to situate offices of financial counsellors within medical centres (a space often visited by the ageing population), to co‐situate financial health check‐ups as an overall element of health and well‐being. As such, financial counselling was viewed as well placed to support older persons in improvement of financial literacy and in supporting navigation of the increasingly complex marketised and consumer‐directed care (CDC) landscape of aged care service provision in Australia.

This online publication has been corrected. The corrected version first appeared at thelancet.com on May 3, 2018 ; © 2018 The Author(s). Background: Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) requires health financing systems that provide prepaid pooled resources for key health services without placing undue financial stress on households. Understanding current and future trajectories of health financing is vital for progress towards UHC. We used historical health financing data for 188 countries from 1995 to 2015 to estimate future scenarios of health spending and pooled health spending through to 2040. Methods: We extracted historical data on gross domestic product (GDP) and health spending for 188 countries from 1995 to 2015, and projected annual GDP, development assistance for health, and government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private health spending from 2015 through to 2040 as a reference scenario. These estimates were generated using an ensemble of models that varied key demographic and socioeconomic determinants. We generated better and worse alternative future scenarios based on the global distribution of historic health spending growth rates. Last, we used stochastic frontier analysis to investigate the association between pooled health resources and UHC index, a measure of a country's UHC service coverage. Finally, we estimated future UHC performance and the number of people covered under the three future scenarios. Findings: In the reference scenario, global health spending was projected to increase from US$10 trillion (95% uncertainty interval 10 trillion to 10 trillion) in 2015 to $20 trillion (18 trillion to 22 trillion) in 2040. Per capita health spending was projected to increase fastest in upper-middle-income countries, at 4·2% (3·4–5·1) per year, followed by lower-middle-income countries (4·0%, 3·6–4·5) and low-income countries (2·2%, 1·7–2·8). Despite global growth, per capita health spending was projected to range from only $40 (24–65) to $413 (263–668) in 2040 in low-income countries, and from $140 (90–200) to $1699 (711–3423) in lower-middle-income countries. Globally, the share of health spending covered by pooled resources would range widely, from 19·8% (10·3–38·6) in Nigeria to 97·9% (96·4–98·5) in Seychelles. Historical performance on the UHC index was significantly associated with pooled resources per capita. Across the alternative scenarios, we estimate UHC reaching between 5·1 billion (4·9 billion to 5·3 billion) and 5·6 billion (5·3 billion to 5·8 billion) lives in 2030. Interpretation: We chart future scenarios for health spending and its relationship with UHC. Ensuring that all countries have sustainable pooled health resources is crucial to the achievement of UHC. ; The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Defence date: 29 November 2017 ; Examining Board: Prof. Hanspeter Kriesi (Supervisor), European University Institute; Prof. Fabrizio Bernardi (Co-supervisor), European University Institute; Prof. Geoffrey Evans, Nuffield College, Oxford; Prof. Silja Häusermann, University of Zurich ; Post-industrial transformations in the occupational structure and new patterns of class-party alignments have fueled the debate on the relevance of social class as a determinant of political preferences and behavior. Although the growth of the service sector is one of the distinctive traits of post-industrial economies, low-skilled service workers have received limited attention in recent research on class politics. This dissertation analyzes the political implications of class in post-industrial societies, focusing specifically on the comparison between low-skilled production and service workers. Through a two-step analysis of class voting, this dissertation studies, first, the association between class and issue preferences and, second, the relationship between class and electoral behavior. This approach to class voting also allows me to theorize and analyze potential moderators and mechanisms of the individual-level association between class and political outcomes. To study these different aspects of class voting both cross-sectionally and longitudinally this thesis relies on multiple datasets like the European Social Survey, the Chapel Hill Expert Survey and the British Household Panel Survey, and on different estimation methods like multi-level, conditional logistic and panel data regression models. The results of a systematic comparison of production and service workers indicate that the two classes constitute a rather homogeneous electoral constituency both in terms of preferences on cultural and economic issues, as well as in their likelihood of voting for different party families. Thus, these two groups could constitute a new working class, characterized by its economically left-wing but culturally authoritarian political preferences, but also by its higher levels of electoral abstention. Other than revealing the similarity between production and service workers, this dissertation also contributes to the literature on class voting by studying moderators and mechanisms of the individual-level relationship between class location and political preferences. The analyses indicate that the politicization of policy issues by parties or the length of class tenure moderate this relationship. Moreover, I also consider how vertical and horizontal class mobility throughout an individuals' career relates to differences in policy preferences. For this purpose, I implement a longitudinal approach, which has been rather infrequent in studies of class voting. The conclusion of this dissertation discusses the implications of these findings for the political representation of the working class and for aggregate levels of class voting. Overall, and in clear contrast with the dealignment thesis, this dissertation indicates that class is still a relevant determinant of political preferences in post-industrial societies.

Актуализируется подход, на основе которого межрелигиозное и межэтническое взаимодействие на Алтае в XIX начале XX в. анализируется с позиции этносоциальных стереотипов. Прослеживается динамика трансформации стереотипов «миссионер», «инородец» и других со времени учреждения Алтайской духовной миссии во второй четверти XIX в. до социально-политических и этнокультурных изменений рубежа XIX-XX вв. и очередной волны распространения северного буддизма (ламаизма) на территории Алтае-Саянского региона. ; In the article the religious interaction of the Altai indigenous and Slavic population in the XIX-th century the beginning of the XX-th century from the point of view ethno-social stereotype is covered. The author observes the dynamic of the transformation of stereotypes: «missionary», «inorodets» and others from the building of Altai Spiritual Mission to the socio-political and ethno-cultural changes at the frontier of XIX-XX-th centuries and the next wave of the North Buddhism (Lamaism) expansion. At the beginning of the article the author describes the definition of «stereotype» as a stable, regularly repeated shape of relations and behavior, which is determined by the «stamps», «templates», «models» and others taken in the particular social and cultural environment, and the «ethno-social stereotype» as standard of specific ethnic community in relation to itself (self-perception), to other peoples, to the social and political institutions, faiths and their religious institutions, ethnic events, and a national history. Based on archive sources, the author analyzes the activity of the Altai Spiritual Mission, and the reaction of the indigenous population to the Christianization, estimates what aspects of these relationships influence the folding of stereotypes. Hereafter, in this article changes in the stereotypes that had occurred during Burkhanism movement in the beginning of the XX century, under the influence of the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905 years and the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907 years are determined. As a consequence, the author concludes that the stereotypical perception of the indigenous population changed that is to say: presentations of principled commitment to Burkhanism movement religious tradition, the strictest observance of the moral and ethical standards become firmly established to replace the old prejudices of duplicity, household cruelty and changeability, an ordinary profanity. It is pointed out that, changes in behavior caused by the communion of the new faith doctrine, called forth negative attitude on the part of the Slavic population of the Altai. In addition, relation of indigenous population to the activities of Altai Spiritual Mission had changed: was formed the opinion about the missionaries which acted to bypass the 17-th October 1905 year Manifest of the tsar, as well as an avoidance or uncommunicative disregard for sermons instead of a moderate interest in the sermons, the Christian postulates, regulations and cult of formal performance, respect for the humble.

The paper starts by questioning the theory of second demographic transition
(SDT) and its universal relevance in the field of marriage behavior and
family organization in low fertility context, arguing for more differentiated
approaches. With an aim to illustrate the contextual specifics of
post-socialist countries in general and of Serbia in particular, the author
claims that analyzed changes have not just been delayed or incomplete in
comparison to more developed European countries, but shaped by specific
modernization processes, which led to rationally developed strategies in
overcoming structural risks, although, without ideational changes typical to
the theory of SDT. Slow changes in marital behavior and family organization
in Serbia are illustrated in recent sociological (empirical) research
findings. The perceived changes are linked to specific structural risks (war,
slow transformation and enduring economic hardships, weak state and low trust
in institutions, etc) and value characteristics (persistence of materialism
and traditionalism, but with increasing ambivalence). The connection between
structural and ideational changes is considered through social stratification
variable by relying on Coale's model on necessary preconditions for
behavioral changes as well as on social deprivation concept. Having in mind
upper social strata (more educated and better off), the value changes precede
the behavioral that are adapted to economic uncertainty, which still force
more traditional marital and family patterns. Therefore, there is a rank of
different options, from extended family (for a short period at the beginning
of marriage or after divorce) to separated leaving (of married partners) in
parental households (due to refusing the extended family option thus creating
quite specific "living apart together" form), combined with dominant strategy
of prolonging the marriage. Hence, for upper social strata, marriage is still
a universal but negotiable institution since more alternative options
(although attractive and in accordance to changing values) are deemed
irrational (have no obvious benefit). As regards the lower social strata
(less educated and worse off), marriage is more in accordance with their
higher inclination to traditional values, but general value liberalization
legitimizes possible failures (divorces, extra marital births), which, even
if not desired or economically rational, happen due to lower capacity to
command life. For that reason, cohabitations and extra marital births are
more common among actors at the lower end of the stratification ladder. The
paper concludes that adaptive strategies related to traditional patterns of
family organization dominate in Serbia, which might be illustrated by the
fact that every third of one parent families lives in extended families. Even
with significant structural changes (and economic improvements) in Serbia in
the near future it is realistic to expect familism as an influential context,
which suggests the spreading of cohabitation primarily as a pre- marital
option (but more desired than forced).

AbstractThe two major problems with the social polarization thesis are its definition and quantification. This article focuses on a dual labour market, locally and internationally, but ignores wider social inequality. A framework developed from Friedmann's world city hypothesis and data on changes in occupation, status and migration are used to test the validity of the hypothesis in Singapore, Hong Kong, Taipei and Seoul. The results show that, in all these cities, there is a common trend towards professionalization, but no accompanying growth in managers, clerks, and self‐employed and household labour. Different scenarios of social polarization have been observed in two types of Asian world city, the 'city state' (e.g. Singapore and Hong Kong) and the 'capital city' (e.g. Taipei and Seoul). Singapore and Hong Kong are examples of a centralized development model that enhances the labour force and expands cross‐border networks with polarized immigrant workers. In contrast, Taipei and Seoul, both of which are subject to political tensions, demonstrate anti‐centralizing tendencies and have had to prevent the emigration of native elites and control the immigration of low‐skilled foreign workers. The social polarization hypothesis in Asian world cities needs to be re‐examined in the local institutional context mediated by the social policies of developmental states.Résumé La thèse de la polarisation sociale soulève deux grands problèmes: sa définition et sa quantification. Cet article s'intéresse à un marché du travail dual, sur un plan local et international, en ignorant l'inégalité sociale au sens large. Utilisant un cadre élaboréà partir de l'hypothèse de la ville mondiale de Friedmann et de données sur les évolutions en matière d'emploi, de position sociale et de migration, il teste la validité de la thèse à Singapour, Hong Kong, Taipei et Séoul. Toutes ces villes partagent une tendance à la professionnalisation, mais sans augmentation parallèle des cadres, des employés de bureau, des travailleurs indépendants et de la main‐d'œuvre familiale. Des scénarios de polarisation sociale différents ont été observés dans deux types de villes mondiales asiatiques, l'État‐cité (comme Singapour et Hong Kong) et la ville‐capitale (comme Taipei et Séoul). Singapour et Hong Kong relèvent d'un modèle de développement centralisé qui améliore l'emploi et tisse des réseaux transfrontaliers avec des travailleurs immigrants polarisés. En revanche, Taipei et Séoul, qui connaissent toutes deux des tensions politiques, présentent des tendances anticentralisatrices et ont dû empêcher l'émigration de leurs élites locales, tout en contrôlant l'immigration des travailleurs étrangers peu qualifiés. Dans les villes mondiales asiatiques, il convient donc de réexaminer l'hypothèse de la polarisation sociale dans le contexte institutionnel local issu des politiques sociales d'États promoteurs de développement.

The aim of my dissertation is to study the gender wage gap with a specific focus on developing and transition countries. In the first chapter I present the main existing theories proposed to analyse the gender wage gap and I review the empirical literature on the gender wage gap in developing and transition countries and its main findings. Then, I discuss the overall empirical issues related to the estimation of the gender wage gap and the issues specific to developing and transition countries. The second chapter is an empirical analysis of the gender wage gap in a developing countries, the Union of Comoros, using data from the multidimensional household budget survey "Enquete integrale auprès des ménages" (EIM) run in 2004. The interest of my work is to provide a benchmark analysis for further studies on the situation of women in the Comorian labour market and to contribute to the literature on gender wage gap in Africa by making available more information on the dynamics and mechanism of the gender wage gap, given the limited interest on the topic in this area of the world. The third chapter is an applied analysis of the gender wage gap in a transition country, Poland, using data from the Labour Force Survey (LSF) collected for the years 1994 and 2004. I provide a detailed examination of how gender earning differentials have changed over the period starting from 1994 to a more advanced transition phase in 2004, when market elements have become much more important in the functioning of the Polish economy than in the earlier phase. The main contribution of my dissertation is the application of the econometrical methodology that I describe in the beginning of the second chapter. First, I run a preliminary OLS and quantile regression analysis to estimate and describe the raw and conditional wage gaps along the distribution. Second, I estimate quantile regressions separately for males and females, in order to allow for different rewards to characteristics. Third, I proceed to decompose the raw wage gap estimated at the mean through the Oaxaca-Blinder (1973) procedure. In the second chapter I run a two-steps Heckman procedure by estimating a model of participation in the labour market which shows a significant selection bias for females. Forth, I apply the Machado-Mata (2005) techniques to extend the decomposition analysis at all points of the distribution. In Poland I can also implement the Juhn, Murphy and Pierce (1991) decomposition over the period 1994-2004, to account for effects to the pay gap due to changes in overall wage dispersion beyond Oaxaca's standard decomposition.

En este trabajo analizamos el ex post de una modalidad del proceso de migración intraurbana, esto es, el efecto de la decisión de moverse o buscar una alternativa de vivienda por parte de un número elevado de unidades familiares que entran en el proceso. Un análisis agregado de esta naturaleza implica acercarse a los cambios que experimenta la estructura metropolitana de la Ciudad de México al final del periodo en el que se registra el fenómeno de movilidad intrametropolitana (1995-2000). No se trata, por lo tanto, de mostrar el patrón de diferenciación espacial en un momento dado, sino de descubrir las tendencias de cambio que la estructura urbana experimenta a lo largo del tiempo, a diferencia de un corte sincrónico que utiliza variables "stock" para mostrar un patrón de distribución espacial de esas variables.Hemos subdividido la Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México en anillos concéntricos y en zonas o sectores urbanos. Este es un recurso que tiene una larga historia en la geografía social urbana para simplificar los patrones de distribución de individuos y hogares con múltiples características económicas y sociales que interactúan de manera compleja en el espacio urbano. El uso de estos modelos espaciales permite apreciar las relaciones que ocurren entre las características de la vivienda, los atributos de los residentes, y su ubicación en el espacio urbano. AbstractThis paper analyzes the ex-post of one aspect of the process of intra-urban migration, in other words, the effect of the decision to move or seek alternative housing by a high number of family units involved in the process. An aggregate analysis of this nature implies examining the changes experienced by the metropolitan structure of Mexico City at the end of the period when the phenomenon of intra-metropolitan mobility was registered (1995-2000). The point, then, is not to show the pattern of spatial differentiation at a specific time, but rather to reveal the changing trends experienced by urban structure over time, unlike a synchronic section that uses stock variables to show the spatial distribution pattern of these variables.The authors have sub-divided the Metropolitan Zone of Mexico City into concentric rings and urban zones or sectors. This recourse has long been used in urban social geography to simplify the distribution patterns of individuals and households with numerous economic and social characteristics that interact in a complex fashion within urban space. The use of these spatial models shows the relationships that occur between housing characteristics, residents' attributes and their location in urban space.

Contains papers presented at a UNU/WIDER "International Conference on Growth and Poverty" held in Helsinki, May 2001.

'Das Paradigma der 'virtuellen Wirtschaft', das von Clifford Gaddy und Barry Ickes propagiert wird, verspricht einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Theorie der Transformationswirtschaft, weil es Phänomene wie negative Wertschöpfung, Tausch und Zahlungsrückstände in einen geschlossenen Ansatz der postsowjetischen Wirtschaft integriert. Im folgenden Text werden verschiedene quantitative Aspekte des von Gaddy und Ickes formulierten Modells (im Folgenden Standardmodell genannt) mit Hilfe der Input-Output-Rechnung analysiert. Dabei werden einige von dem Originalmodell abweichende Ergebnisse erzielt. Darüber hinaus wird eine Erweiterung des Modellansatzes der Tauschwirtschaft vorgenommen.' (Textauszug)