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Abstract: In Clapper v. Amnesty International, the Supreme Court ruled that lawyers and journalists do not have standing to challenge government warrantless wiretapping of international correspondence under the 2008 amendments to FISA. The Court refused to recognize the increased costs of protecting confidential communications as injuries-in-fact unless surveillance is "certainly impending." But more tellingly, the plaintiffs did not even allege the real injury at stake—the loss of a reasonable expectation of privacy for groups the government targets. The standing doctrine forces parties and courts to reason insincerely and blocks potentially meritorious lawsuits. Although there have been proposals to reform the standing doctrine, courts say that the Constitution requires it. The constitutional justifications advanced do not withstand scrutiny. Scholars and courts justify constitutional standing doctrine in terms of separation of powers and the ability to waive one's rights. Both justifications are rooted in the countermajoritarian difficulty, which posits that in a democracy, courts cannot legitimately interfere with majority rule except to protect minority rights. Both justifications fail because each confuses the preferences of the majority with democracy. To the contrary, democracy also requires the rule of law, which is predicated on principled adjudication independent of majority preferences. Thus, the bare invocation of majority rule is not sufficient to justify the constitutional standing doctrine.

The scope of allergy risk is diverse considering the myriad ways in which protein allergenicity is affected by physiochemical characteristics of proteins. The complexity created by the matrices of foods and the variability of the human immune system add additional challenges to understanding the relationship between sensitization potential and allergy disease. To address these and other issues, an April 2012 international symposium was held in Prague, Czech Republic, to review and discuss the state-of-the-science of sensitizing properties of protein allergens. The symposium, organized by the Protein Allergenicity Technical Committee of the International Life Sciences Institute's Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, featured presentations on current methods, test systems, research trends, and unanswered questions in the field of protein sensitization. A diverse group of over 70 interdisciplinary scientists from academia, government, and industry participated in the symposium. Experts provided overviews on known mechanisms by which proteins in food may cause sensitization, discussed experimental models to predict protein sensitizing potential, and explored whether such experimental techniques may be applicable in regulatory settings. Three accompanying reviews address critical factors and methods for assessing allergic sensitization: 1) food-and protein-related factors; 2) host-specific factors and 3) screening methods, i.e., the ability of experimental models to predict the sensitizing potential of proteins and whether such models are applicable within regulatory settings.

The ancient Celtic world evokes debate, discussion, romanticism and mythicism. On the one hand it represents a specialist area of archaeological interest, on the other, it has a wide general appeal. The Celtic world is accessible through archaeology, history, linguistics and art history. Of these disciplines, art history offers the most direct message to a wider audience. This volume of 37 papers brings together a truly international group of pre-eminent specialists in the field of Celtic art and Celtic studies. It is a benchmark volume the like of which has not been seen since the publication of Paul Jacobsthal's Early Celtic Art in 1944. The papers chart the history of attempts to understand Celtic art and argue for novel approaches in discussions spanning the whole of Continental Europe and the British Isles. This new body of international scholarship will give the reader a sense of the richness of the material and current debates. Artefacts of rich form and decoration, which we might call art, provide a most sensitive set of indicators of key areas of past societies, their power, politics and transformations. With its broad geographical scope, this volume offers a timely opportunity to re-assess contacts, context, transmission and meaning in Celtic art for understanding the development of European cultures, identities and economies in pre- and proto-history.

The Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) compares the results of 15-year-old students from a growing number of countries, mainly industrialized. This recurring evaluation of student achievement has been the subject of numerous publications. However, if Francophone countries participate with more or less favourable results, there is still very little literature comparing countries that share the French language. There are several reasons for this. The first problem lies in the definition of what is meant by "Francophone countries". Although several countries participating in PISA belong to the political Francophonie, few of them have effectively administered tests in French and use it as the language of instruction. The countries of Sub- Saharan Africa, in contrast, do not participate in PISA. It is therefore impossible to make comparisons among all the countries where French is actually the, or one of the, languages of instruction. It is also necessary to identify the performance of schools where French is actually practiced in the countries using several languages of instruction and compare similar situations outside of this variable. From this perspective, international publications do not always provide information, which must then be sought in national reports. The situation of students educated in French but not using the language at home, further complicating comparisons, should probably also be taken into account. ; Peer reviewed

The contribution analyses whether the un Drug Conventions still serve their original purpose, namely the furtherance of the health and welfare of mankind in the 21st century. To this end the contribution begins with an outline of how the un Drug Conventions aim to protect mankind's health and welfare. On this basis it is inquired whether un Drug Conventions are somehow irreversibly imbued with a zero-tolerance approach that undermines the health and welfare of vulnerable groups on both ends of the supply chain respectively. Thus, with respect to the supply side the question is pursued whether the un Drug Conventions provisions on crop cultivation imperil the livelihoods of rural communities. With regard to the demand side it is examined whether the un Drug Conventions forestall the adoption of more liberal, i.e. non-punitive and health-oriented approaches towards illicit drug users. In a next step, the analysis turns to a long-standing and currently particularly prevalent criticism according to which the international drug control regime puts disproportionate pressure on so-called drug producing and drug transit States, while turning a blind eye on the so-called drug consuming States. In concluding, the contribution turns to the question how the international drug control system could be enhanced to better meet its proper goals of protecting mankind's health and welfare.

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics on 24/3/2014, available online: DOI 10.1080/19406940.2014.896390 ; This paper reflects on and offers a critical analysis of the relationship between youth sport and citizenship development, in practice and in the UK policy context of sports coaching and physical education. While deploying data and insights from a recently completed research project in England, which identified substantial tensions in intergenerational relationships in sport and coaching, the argument and analysis also invokes wider international concerns and more generally applicable implications for policy and practice. Drawing heuristically upon the philosophy of Dewey (2007 [1916]), it is recognised that the concept of citizenship as a form of social practice should seek to encourage the development of complementary traits and dispositions in young people. To develop socially and educationally thus entails engagement in meaningful social and cultural activity, of which one potentially significant component is participation in youth sport, both within and outside formal education. However, it is argued that any confident assumption that sporting and coaching contexts will necessarily foster positive traits and dispositions in young people should be considered dubious and misplaced. Deploying a Lacanian (1981) perspective to interpret our data, we contend that 'liaisons' and interactions between coaches and young people are often treated suspiciously, and regarded as potentially 'dangerous'.

В статье проводится детальный анализ отношения лидера меньшевиков-«оборонцев» А.Н. Потресова и его единомышленников к заключенному большевиками 3 марта 1918 г. Брест-Литовскому мирному договору с Германией. Автор делает вывод, что, резко осудив заключение Брестского мира, Потресов и другие меньшевики-«оборонцы» продемонстрировали как высокую степень гражданственности и патриотизма, призвав, среди прочего, к сплочению различных политических партий вокруг единой идеи вооруженной борьбы против агрессии германского империализма, так и свой интернационализм и преданность идеям международного пролетарского движения, поскольку были убеждены, что и ему Брестский мир нанес тяжелейший удар.The article presents the detailed analysis of the attitude of the Mensheviks-«defensists» leader A.N. Potresov and his proponents to concluded by Bolsheviks on March, 3 rd, 1918 Brest-Litovsk peace treaty with Germany. The author made the conclusion that, strongly condemned the conclusion of the Brest peace, Potresov and other Mensheviks-«defensists» have brightly shown a high degree of civic consciousness and patriotism, and called up to unite various political parties around the uniform idea of the armed struggle against aggression of the German imperialism. Also they demonstrated their internationalism and fidelity to ideas of the international proletarian movement because they have been convinced that the Brest-Litovsk Piece treaty have harmed the international proletarian movement.

Цель: Сравнительно-правовой анализ механизмов борьбы с коррупцией, предусмотренных Конвенцией ОЭСР, и ее имплементации в законодательство трех ведущих европейских государств. Методология: Использовались сравнительно-правовой и формально-юридический методы. Результаты: Автор выявил особенности имплементации Конвенции ОЭСР по борьбе с подкупом иностранных должностных лиц при осуществлении международных коммерческих сделок в законодательстве трех европейских стран: Франции, Германии и Великобритании; изучил принятое в этих государствах антикоррупционное законодательство и оценки проделанной работы со стороны самой ОЭСР. Новизна/оригинальность/ценность: Статья обладает научной ценностью, так как в ней в сравнительно-правовом ключе рассматриваются актуальные вопросы имплементации антикоррупционных международно-правовых норм в национальное законодательство. ; Purpose: A comparative analysis of the mechanisms of countering corruption provided by the OECD convention and its implementation in the legislation of three leading European countries. Methodology: Comparative-legal and formal-legal methods were used. Results: In article was analysed the implementation of the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions in the legislation of three leading European countries: France, Germany, Great Britain, Anti-corruption legislation of these countries and the evaluations made by the OECD was revealed. Novelty/originality/value: The article has scientific value because it provides a comparative analysis of the topical issues of the implementation of international anti-corruption provisions in national legislation.

Общественная дипломатия стран АЛБА направлена на укрепление социально-экономического сотрудничества между странами участницами интеграционного объединения, а также на расширение культурных и образовательных программ для проведения независимого политического курса стран АЛБА на международной арене. Создание культурно-цивилизационного единства для народов, проживающих на территории стран АЛБА, является одной из целей ее общественной дипломатии. В этой связи институты интеграционного объединения работают для повышения эффективности информационной политики, в частности, посредством создания и развития информационных порталов различных организаций АЛБА. Целью данной статьи является анализ методов общественной дипломатии АЛБА, используемых для формирования имиджа интеграционного объединения на международной арене. ; Public diplomacy of ALBA countries is aimed at strengthening the socio-economic cooperation between the members of the integration association, as well as the expansion of cultural and educational programs for independent political course of ALBA countries on the international level. Creating cultural and civilizational unity for the peoples living on the territory of the ALBA, is one of the goals of public diplomacy of ALBA. The regional integration institutions within the association work to expand the field of informational policy, by creating and developing of informational portals of various organizations of ALBA. The purpose of this article is to analyze the methods of public diplomacy ALBA uses to form the image integration association on the international level.

В статье поэтапно рассматривается интернационализация хорватского вопроса в 19291939 гг., представлявшего собой основную внутриполитическую проблему Королевства Югославия, приобретшую международный характер после завершения Первой мировой войны. Приобретение хорватским вопросом международного характера значительно усилило его воздействие на внешнюю политику всего Югославского государства. Так, в 1930-е годы хорватский вопрос часто служил поводом для вмешательства во внутренние дела Югославии со стороны иностранных держав, что вносило элемент сдержанности во внешнюю политику Королевства. Автором выделены следующие этапы: период активизации хорватского элемента, период пониженной активности, хорватский вопрос в период Регентства. Особое внимание уделено влиянию событий европейского и мирового масштаба на развитие проблемы в Королевстве Югославия. ; The article examines the Croatian issue internationalization in a stage-by-stage way. Being one of the main internal political problems of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the Croatian issue soon acquired an international character. Moreover, international significance of the Croatian issue infl uenced foreign policy of Yugoslavia. Thus, some foreign powers often used the issue to interfere in domestic aff airs of the Kingdom. The following stages of the internationalization of Croatian issue are defined by the author: the period of the Croatian element's activation, reduced activity period, the Croatian issue in the Regency period. Special attention is paid to the influence of European and world-scale events on the problem's development in the Kingdom.

Защита прав человека основная задача правового государства. Пред лагаемая статья посвящена рассмотрению механизма защиты прав жертв преступлений на универсальном (международном) и на национальном (госу дарственном) уровне. Правила обращения с жертвами преступлений опре деляются в различных международно-правовых актах, которые являются обязательными для национального законодательства в сфере защиты их прав и законных интересов. Анализ действующего законодательства пока зывает, что некоторые вопросы виктимологической защиты прав человека и гражданина отражены и, отчасти, решаются посредством закрепления норм в Конституции РФ. Высказывается авторская позиция по проблеме реализации права человека на защиту в нашем государстве. ; Human rights protection is the main objective of the constitutional state. The offered article is devoted to consideration of the mechanism of protection of the rights of the crime victims on universal (international) and at national (state) level. Rules of the treatment of the crime victims are defined in various international legal acts which are obligatory for the national legal system in the sphere of protection of their rights and legitimate interests. The analysis of the current legislation shows that some questions of victimological protection of human and citizen rights are reflected and, partly, are solved by means of fixing of norms in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The author's position on a problem of realizing of a human right to protection in our state is expressed.

Within the EGP Project "The Capacity Building of Environmental Justice and Guarding Environmental Rights in Western China", the scholars of the University of Bologna, partner of the China University of Political Science and Law (CUPL) and its Center for Legal Assistance to Pollution Victims (CLAPV), have worked on an Environmental Law Survey so as to provide to the interested public – in particular, Chinese judges, lawyers, academics, and civil society as a whole – with the most interesting and recent judicial decisions or pieces of Environmental Law legislations developed in the most relevant legal fields. The choice has fallen on the scientific juridical disciplines of Administrative Law, Civil Procedural Law, Comparative Law, Criminal Procedural Law, EU Law and International Law, since these disciplines express highly relevant perspectives for the promotion of an effective environmental protection within the European Union, European Countries, and the International Community. We hope that the carefully selected rulings and pieces of legislation may provide the Chinese interpreter, practitioner or judge involved in Environmental Law issues in China or concerning China, with legal reasoning and innovative juridical solutions which may inspire their extremely demanding daily activities, constantly involving a balance between the right to a clean and healthy environment of the citizens and the rights of economic operators and undertakings.

1ères lignes : Regardless of the attention it attracts, the notion of "a country's place in the world" is generally held to designate its economic power and political influence. And yet, in this age of benchmarking3, it seems every domain is the subject of one international ranking or another. From traditional areas such as economics to education and innovation, more and more sectors are becoming the object of measurement, evaluation and, naturally, rankings. These league tables are typically compiled by consulting firms or analysts commissioned to carry them out, or by international agencies which evaluate all entities included in the ranking through the lens of a standardized set of metrics. One point that most have in common is that they leave to one side the question of how suitable a "single" metric – conceived in a particular country, but applied to radically diverse local contexts – is for evaluating perceptions as subjective as "quality of urban living" or the "liveability" of a city. Nevertheless, we might also argue that since they are based on the measurement of the salary levels rankings and occupational ranks of men and women in each individual country, gender equality rankings provide a useful starting point for comparisons and debate on why a given country scores so well – or so poorly – in the ranking4.

Приведены современное определение интернационализации высшего (третичного) образования и законодательно утвержденные в России направления международного сотрудничества в сфере образования. Рассмотрены основные цели интернационализации на глобальном уровне и на уровне национальных образовательных систем 2005 и 2014 годов. Проанализированы характеристики высшего качественного уровня интернационализации третичного образования, на котором развиваются различные формы стратегического партнерства. Выполнено сравнение современных организационных форм интеграции в сфере образования – кооперации, ассоциации и консорциума. Приведены примеры международных практик стратегического партнерства с глобальными и региональными политическими, научно-образовательными и экологическими целями. Выявлены факторы, сдерживающие развитие стратегических партнерств, инициированных российскими образовательными организациями высшего образования ; The paper provides the current definition of higher (tertiary) education internationalization and trends of international collaboration in the field of education approved by the Russian legislature. The author considers the main goals of education internationalization at the global and national levels in 2005 and 2014. The author analyzes characteristics of the highest quality level of tertiary education internationalization, which developed various organization forms of integration. The paper compares modern organizational forms of partnership in education cooperation, association and consortium. International practice of strategic partnerships with global and regional political, scientific, educational and environmental goals are given as examples. The author determines the factors which constrain development of strategic partnership initiated by Russian higher educational institutions. The article is targeted at specialists in educational management