Suchergebnisse

"Relational Theories in International Relations" published on by Oxford University Press.

Well-known empirical puzzles in international macroeconomics concern the large divergence of equilibrium outcomes for consumption across countries from the predictions of models with full risk sharing. It is commonly believed that these risk-sharing puzzles are related to another empirical puzzle-the home-bias in equity puzzle. However, we show in a series of dynamic models that the full risk sharing equilibrium may not require much diversification of equity portfolios when there is price stickiness of the degree typically calibrated in macroeconomic models. This conclusion holds under a range

1. Ziel einer vergleichenden Studie -- 2. Der Untersuchungsgegenstand -- 2.1 Zum Begriff der "steuerlichen Belastung" -- 2.2 Anforderungen an einen internationalen Belastungsvergleich -- 2.3 Energieverbrauch als Steuerobjekt -- 2.4 Gesamtkatalog der zu berücksichtigenden Steuern -- 3. Eingrenzung des Untersuchungsfeldes -- 3.1 Auswahl der Steuern -- 3.2 Bestimmung der relevanten Energieträger -- 4. Methoden des Steuerlastvergleichs -- 4.1 Der Vergleich der Steuertarife -- 4.2 Der qualitative Vergleich der Steuernormen -- 4.3 Die quantitative Analyse der Energiebesteuerung -- 5. Praktische Schwierigkeiten und Konsequenzen für den Untersuchungsansatz -- 5.1 Physikalisch-technische Probleme -- 5.2 Der Preis als Determinante wertorientierter Steuern -- 5.3 Die vergleichende Studie unter dem Währungsaspekt -- 6. Durchführung der Analyse und Ergebnisse -- 6.1 Untersuchungsschema -- 6.2 Belastung der Energieträger durch "Steuern auf spezielle Güter" und steuerähnliche Abgaben -- 6.3 Belastung der Energieträger durch die Mehrwertsteuer -- 6.4 Gesamtbelastung -- Literatur.

International law, and in particular the Charter of the United Nations, are the backbone of international relations and are crucial for maintaining international peace and security. From this perspective, it is important to note that the applicability of international law to cyberspace and cyber operations has been a matter of controversy. There are two main challenges in this regard: on the one hand, given the unique characteristics of cyberspace, interpreting the application of the norms of international law to cyber operations may require a certain level of adaptation, not transformation. On the other hand, the subjects of international law, and particularly States, may have different if not divergent interpretations of certain specific norms of international law. This article aims at outlining the major international processes and initiatives dealing with the question of application of international law to cyberspace and cyber operations. This article shows the specific situation of the European Union and its Member States in these processes. It focuses first on the cooperation at the multilateral level, and mainly within the United Nations. The second part highlights the diversity of States' approaches on these questions. Finally, the two last parts exposes the growing involvement of non-state actors, notably major companies and the academic community.