Suchergebnisse

This thesis focuses on access to care and universal health coverage (UHC) and targets the caseof Morocco, which is a particularly stimulating illustration of the gap that may exist between apolicy of greater access to care and less than optimal results. Indeed, Morocco has implementeda proactive policy of compulsory health insurance and free healthcare for the mostdisadvantaged. However, the health indicateors of the population are not improving and theperformance of the Moroccan health system remains weak. This thesis aims to understand thedrivers of this paradox by relying on the economic theories of health insurance and the role ofhealth coverage on access to care on the one hand on the tradition of public health which allowsto develop explanatory models of health status and judge the performance of the health whichallows to develop explanatory models of health status and judge the performance of the healthsystem. Demographic and epidemiological transitions, the challenges ot funding UHC, socialdeterminants of health and especially the lack of adequate planning, have led to unexpected ofeven perverse effects in terms of accessibility, care pathway, quality of care fot patients, patientsatisfaction and impact on the performance of health facitilities (impoverishment of hospitalsand flights of solvent patients to the private sector).Our work has shed light on the real reasons for "a planned failure" which may not be a problemof demand or funding but probably more a question of offer, implementation of UHC,organization and governance of the health system as a whole. Modeling of the care pathwayand USS profiles according to the UHC are presented to facilitate the proposal of a newparadigm and model of medical coverage in Morocco.In view of the results observed in our study, UHC is a tool that has not optimized the use ofpublic health services and as incredible as it may seem, it has widened health inequalities, hasnot reduced as waited for the catastrophic expenses of health (out of pocket) and positioned theprivate sector like "better" recourse of a course of erratic care "awkwardly planned" and whosesocial cost could be higher than the total invoice of the health expenses in Morocco.A new path for the Moroccan UHC is necessary to avoid erratic care pathways and the perverseeffects of basic medical coverage which have cost Morocco nearly two decades of inefficiencyin terms of universal access to health services, satisfaction with the health system andcatastrophic health expenditure for households. ; Cette thèse porte sur l'accès aux soins et la couverture sanitaire universelle (CSU) et cible le cas du Maroc qui constitue une illustration particulièrement stimulante du décalage qui peut exister entre une politique de plus grand accès aux soins et des résultats peu optimaux. En effet le Maroc a mis en oeuvre une politique volontariste d'assurance maladie obligatoire et de gratuité pour les plus défavorisés. Pourtant les indicateurs sanitaires de la population ne s'améliorent pas et la performance du système de santé marocain reste faible. Cette thèse vise à comprendre les ressorts de ce paradoxe en s'appuyant sur les théories économiques de l'assurance santé et le rôle de la couverture santé sur l'accès aux soins d'une part et sur la tradition de santé publique qui permet d'élaborer des modèles explicatifs de l'état de santé et de juger de la performance du système de santé .Les transitions démographiques et épidémiologiques, les défis du financement de la CSU, les déterminants sociaux de la santé et surtout le manque de planification adaptée, ont conduit à des effets inattendus voir pervers tant en matière d'accessibilité, de parcours de soins, de qualité de la prise en charge des malades, de satisfaction des patients et d'impact sur la performance des structures de soins(paupérisation des hôpitaux et fuite des patients solvables vers le privé).Notre travail a permis d'éclairer les vraies raison « d'un échec programmé » qui n'est peut être pas un problème de demande ou de financement mais probablement plus une question d'offre de soins , de mise en oeuvre de la CSU, d'organisation et de gouvernance du système de santé dans sa globalité. Une modélisation du parcours de soins et des profils d'USS selon la CSU sont présentés pour faciliter la proposition d'un nouveau paradigme et modèle de couverture médicale au Maroc. Au vu des résultats observés dans notre étude, la CSU est un outil qui n'a pas optimisé l'utilisation des services de santé publiques, a creusé les inégalités en santé, n'a pas réduit comme attendu les dépenses catastrophiques de santé et a positionné le secteur privé comme « meilleur » recours d'un parcours de soins erratique et dont le coût social pourrait être supérieur à la facture globale des dépenses en santé au Maroc. Une nouvelle voie pour la CSU marocaine est nécessaire pour éviter des effets pervers qui ont coûté au Maroc près de deux décades d'inefficience en terme d'accès universel aux services de santé, de satisfactionvis-à-vis du système sanitaire et de dépenses catastrophiques de santé pour les ménages.

This thesis focuses on access to care and universal health coverage (UHC) and targets the caseof Morocco, which is a particularly stimulating illustration of the gap that may exist between apolicy of greater access to care and less than optimal results. Indeed, Morocco has implementeda proactive policy of compulsory health insurance and free healthcare for the mostdisadvantaged. However, the health indicateors of the population are not improving and theperformance of the Moroccan health system remains weak. This thesis aims to understand thedrivers of this paradox by relying on the economic theories of health insurance and the role ofhealth coverage on access to care on the one hand on the tradition of public health which allowsto develop explanatory models of health status and judge the performance of the health whichallows to develop explanatory models of health status and judge the performance of the healthsystem. Demographic and epidemiological transitions, the challenges ot funding UHC, socialdeterminants of health and especially the lack of adequate planning, have led to unexpected ofeven perverse effects in terms of accessibility, care pathway, quality of care fot patients, patientsatisfaction and impact on the performance of health facitilities (impoverishment of hospitalsand flights of solvent patients to the private sector).Our work has shed light on the real reasons for "a planned failure" which may not be a problemof demand or funding but probably more a question of offer, implementation of UHC,organization and governance of the health system as a whole. Modeling of the care pathwayand USS profiles according to the UHC are presented to facilitate the proposal of a newparadigm and model of medical coverage in Morocco.In view of the results observed in our study, UHC is a tool that has not optimized the use ofpublic health services and as incredible as it may seem, it has widened health inequalities, hasnot reduced as waited for the catastrophic expenses of health (out of pocket) and positioned theprivate sector like "better" recourse of a course of erratic care "awkwardly planned" and whosesocial cost could be higher than the total invoice of the health expenses in Morocco.A new path for the Moroccan UHC is necessary to avoid erratic care pathways and the perverseeffects of basic medical coverage which have cost Morocco nearly two decades of inefficiencyin terms of universal access to health services, satisfaction with the health system andcatastrophic health expenditure for households. ; Cette thèse porte sur l'accès aux soins et la couverture sanitaire universelle (CSU) et cible le cas du Maroc qui constitue une illustration particulièrement stimulante du décalage qui peut exister entre une politique de plus grand accès aux soins et des résultats peu optimaux. En effet le Maroc a mis en oeuvre une politique volontariste d'assurance maladie obligatoire et de gratuité pour les plus défavorisés. Pourtant les indicateurs sanitaires de la population ne s'améliorent pas et la performance du système de santé marocain reste faible. Cette thèse vise à comprendre les ressorts de ce paradoxe en s'appuyant sur les théories économiques de l'assurance santé et le rôle de la couverture santé sur l'accès aux soins d'une part et sur la tradition de santé publique qui permet d'élaborer des modèles explicatifs de l'état de santé et de juger de la performance du système de santé .Les transitions démographiques et épidémiologiques, les défis du financement de la CSU, les déterminants sociaux de la santé et surtout le manque de planification adaptée, ont conduit à des effets inattendus voir pervers tant en matière d'accessibilité, de parcours de soins, de qualité de la prise en charge des malades, de satisfaction des patients et d'impact sur la performance des structures de soins(paupérisation des hôpitaux et fuite des patients solvables vers le privé).Notre travail a permis d'éclairer les vraies raison « d'un échec programmé » qui n'est peut être pas un problème de demande ou de financement mais probablement plus une question d'offre de soins , de mise en oeuvre de la CSU, d'organisation et de gouvernance du système de santé dans sa globalité. Une modélisation du parcours de soins et des profils d'USS selon la CSU sont présentés pour faciliter la proposition d'un nouveau paradigme et modèle de couverture médicale au Maroc. Au vu des résultats observés dans notre étude, la CSU est un outil qui n'a pas optimisé l'utilisation des services de santé publiques, a creusé les inégalités en santé, n'a pas réduit comme attendu les dépenses catastrophiques de santé et a positionné le secteur privé comme « meilleur » recours d'un parcours de soins erratique et dont le coût social pourrait être supérieur à la facture globale des dépenses en santé au Maroc. Une nouvelle voie pour la CSU marocaine est nécessaire pour éviter des effets pervers qui ont coûté au Maroc près de deux décades d'inefficience en terme d'accès universel aux services de santé, de satisfactionvis-à-vis du système sanitaire et de dépenses catastrophiques de santé pour les ménages.

This thesis focuses on access to care and universal health coverage (UHC) and targets the caseof Morocco, which is a particularly stimulating illustration of the gap that may exist between apolicy of greater access to care and less than optimal results. Indeed, Morocco has implementeda proactive policy of compulsory health insurance and free healthcare for the mostdisadvantaged. However, the health indicateors of the population are not improving and theperformance of the Moroccan health system remains weak. This thesis aims to understand thedrivers of this paradox by relying on the economic theories of health insurance and the role ofhealth coverage on access to care on the one hand on the tradition of public health which allowsto develop explanatory models of health status and judge the performance of the health whichallows to develop explanatory models of health status and judge the performance of the healthsystem. Demographic and epidemiological transitions, the challenges ot funding UHC, socialdeterminants of health and especially the lack of adequate planning, have led to unexpected ofeven perverse effects in terms of accessibility, care pathway, quality of care fot patients, patientsatisfaction and impact on the performance of health facitilities (impoverishment of hospitalsand flights of solvent patients to the private sector).Our work has shed light on the real reasons for "a planned failure" which may not be a problemof demand or funding but probably more a question of offer, implementation of UHC,organization and governance of the health system as a whole. Modeling of the care pathwayand USS profiles according to the UHC are presented to facilitate the proposal of a newparadigm and model of medical coverage in Morocco.In view of the results observed in our study, UHC is a tool that has not optimized the use ofpublic health services and as incredible as it may seem, it has widened health inequalities, hasnot reduced as waited for the catastrophic expenses of health (out of pocket) and positioned theprivate sector like "better" recourse of a course of erratic care "awkwardly planned" and whosesocial cost could be higher than the total invoice of the health expenses in Morocco.A new path for the Moroccan UHC is necessary to avoid erratic care pathways and the perverseeffects of basic medical coverage which have cost Morocco nearly two decades of inefficiencyin terms of universal access to health services, satisfaction with the health system andcatastrophic health expenditure for households. ; Cette thèse porte sur l'accès aux soins et la couverture sanitaire universelle (CSU) et cible le cas du Maroc qui constitue une illustration particulièrement stimulante du décalage qui peut exister entre une politique de plus grand accès aux soins et des résultats peu optimaux. En effet le Maroc a mis en oeuvre une politique volontariste d'assurance maladie obligatoire et de gratuité pour les plus défavorisés. Pourtant les indicateurs sanitaires de la population ne s'améliorent pas et la performance du système de santé marocain reste faible. Cette thèse vise à comprendre les ressorts de ce paradoxe en s'appuyant sur les théories économiques de l'assurance santé et le rôle de la couverture santé sur l'accès aux soins d'une part et sur la tradition de santé publique qui permet d'élaborer des modèles explicatifs de l'état de santé et de juger de la performance du système de santé .Les transitions démographiques et épidémiologiques, les défis du financement de la CSU, les déterminants sociaux de la santé et surtout le manque de planification adaptée, ont conduit à des effets inattendus voir pervers tant en matière d'accessibilité, de parcours de soins, de qualité de la prise en charge des malades, de satisfaction des patients et d'impact sur la performance des structures de soins(paupérisation des hôpitaux et fuite des patients solvables vers le privé).Notre travail a permis d'éclairer les vraies raison « d'un échec programmé » qui n'est peut être pas un problème de demande ou de financement mais probablement plus une question d'offre de soins , de mise en oeuvre de la CSU, d'organisation et de gouvernance du système de santé dans sa globalité. Une modélisation du parcours de soins et des profils d'USS selon la CSU sont présentés pour faciliter la proposition d'un nouveau paradigme et modèle de couverture médicale au Maroc. Au vu des résultats observés dans notre étude, la CSU est un outil qui n'a pas optimisé l'utilisation des services de santé publiques, a creusé les inégalités en santé, n'a pas réduit comme attendu les dépenses catastrophiques de santé et a positionné le secteur privé comme « meilleur » recours d'un parcours de soins erratique et dont le coût social pourrait être supérieur à la facture globale des dépenses en santé au Maroc. Une nouvelle voie pour la CSU marocaine est nécessaire pour éviter des effets pervers qui ont coûté au Maroc près de deux décades d'inefficience en terme d'accès universel aux services de santé, de satisfactionvis-à-vis du système sanitaire et de dépenses catastrophiques de santé pour les ménages.

This paper deals with the economic performance of various population groups in Germany giving special attention to ethnic origin of immigrants as compared to the native born German population. In addition, winners and losers of the re-distribution process, induced by the tax and social security system, are identified. This is done by considering different components of market and non-market income as well as taxes and social security contributions. This income portfolio analysis is based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel covering the observation years 1995 to 1997. Population subgroups are made up of West Germans, East Germans, and immigrants; the latter being split into Ethnic Migrants (Aussiedler) and foreigners. Immigrants are differentiated according to their state of assimilation: those immigrants living together with a native born adult German ("mixed" immigrants) and others ("pure" immigrants). In order to control for any retirement related impact we run all analyses for the total population as well as for those who live in households with a head of prime age. Our results show that immigrants are a very heterogeneous group with respect to their economic performance. The well-assimilated "mixed" immigrants have an even better relative income position than the autochthonous West German population. In general, we confirm the well-known poor market performance of immigrants. However, also immigrants´ non-market incomes are atypically low (except for those of "pure" Aussiedler), mainly due to their age structure, resulting in lower eligibility for and receipt of old age pensions. Non-market incomes of younger immigrants are somewhat higher than those of the autochthonous West German population, but still much lower when compared to the East German population.Analyzing the re-distribution effect caused by public transfers, old age pensions, and tax and social security contributions, we find that immigrants as a whole are (slightly) net payers. Again, "pure" Aussiedler are an exception. When focusing only on younger people, the situation is reversed, and immigrants profit slightly. This is due to above average non-market income of "pure" immigrants. However, East Germans are still much better off. The question which remains to be answered is whether these differences stem from an immigrant specific effect per se or whether they are influenced by underlying social structure differences. Using random-effects models to control for various socio-economic measures, we find that non-German immigrants remain net payers. In addition, immigrants' need of being subsidized by the re-distribution process rapidly and strongly decreases with progressing duration of stay in Germany. On the other hand, the subgroups substantially profiting from the re-distribution process are "pure" Aussiedler and East Germans. This means - at least in our static "snapshot" analysis - that the "classic" immigrants (of non-German nationality) are no economic burden to the autochthonous population.

The article analyzes socioeconomic processes in the early modern Europe, in particular trade in its separate regions. It considers the classical economic model focused on the industry and agriculture, which Eastern and Western Europe followed in their multifaceted development. It studies legislation, namely the Second Lithuanian Statute and the Sejm Constitutions for assessing the involvement of gentry representatives in commerce. It indicates that the activity of the Volhynian gentry in the internal trade of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was due to both external changes in the market, primarily the demand for products from Eastern Europe, and the tendency observed on the continent when running a household became a business that made incomes grow. It analyzes general criticism in the intellectual circles of the trade activity of the gentry as such, which could lead to a certain deterioration of traditions. Man-knight and man-merchant intersections in the society of that time were acceptable if a nobleman traded goods from his own estates and could prove it with an oath.The article also investigates key areas of trade of the Volhynian gentry in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth on the basis of documentary material of court books of the 16th–17th-century Volhynia and previously published sources of economic nature. It studies main range of goods sold and bought by the representatives of the elite, observes the participation of the Volhynian gentry in trade operations with the core centers of the Polish-Lithuanian economy, and their involvement in local fairs and tradings. It shows the role of intermediaries, first of all representatives of the Jewish community and peasants from the gentry fоlwarks, in the trade enterprise of the gentry. ; У статті проаналізовано соціально-економічні процеси у ранньомодерній Європі, зокрема торговельну справу на території її окремих регіонів. Розглянуто класичну економічну модель, згідно з якою Східна і Західна Європа розвивалася в різних напрямках, із орієнтацією на промисловість і сільське господарство. Досліджено законодавство, а саме II Литовський Статут і сеймові конституції на предмет оцінки зайнятості представниками нобілітаційного стану в комерції. Вказано, що активність волинської шляхти у торгівлі Речі Посполитої зумовлювалася як зовнішніми змінами на ринку, насамперед попитом на продукцію із Східної Європи, так і тенденцією, що простежувалася на континенті, коли ведення господарства ставало справою, що уможливлювала зростання прибутків. Проаналізовано загальну критику в інтелектуальних колах торговельної діяльності шляхти як такої, що могла вести до певного псування традицій. Прийнятними були перетини людини-рицаря і людини-торговця у тогочасному суспільстві, якщо шляхтич провадив торгівлю товарами із власних маєтностей і міг засвідчити це присягою.На основі документального матеріалу судових книг Волині XVI–XVII ст. і опублікованих раніше джерел економічного характеру проаналізовано ключові напрямки торгівлі волинської шляхти у Речі Посполитій. Досліджено основний асортимент товарів, які продавали і купували представники еліти. Простежено участь волинської шляхти у торговельних операціях із центральними осередками річпосполитської економіки та їхню залученість до локальних ярмарків і торгів. Показано роль посередників, передовсім представників єврейської спільноти і селян із шляхетських фільварків, у торговельній підприємливості шляхти.

Social and labor relations in the process of market environment development in the agricultural sector of the agro-industrial complex are undergoing significant changes. The study of these changes is necessary to identify trends that characterize all the processes associated with the use of labor, increase its productivity and impact on the efficiency of agricultural production. Miscalculations in socio-economic policy result in negative consequences and loss of human capital. One of the peculiarities of the period of Ukraine's integration with the EU in Ukraine is that the state does not regulate the content of social and labor relations, and other regulators, such as social partnership, are not yet working at full capacity. The most serious problems were in social and labor relations directly on agricultural enterprises and especially in farms and households. There is a need for effective state influence, using the opportunities of OTG, on the formation of a national model of social and labor relations and the effective use of labor potential. Further development of social and labor relations should be carried out in the context of Ukraine's integration with the EU, which raises the need to improve socio-economic policy towards the agricultural sector in terms of its transformation and adaptation to European integration structures. It is advisable to determine the main directions and priorities of socio-economic modernization of OTG in the coming years. The main ones are: and popularization of knowledge, including the reform of rural vocational schools, the search for new forms of adult learning, the development of economic, technical and social infrastructure, support for entrepreneurship and non-agricultural activities in rural areas. ; Соціально-трудові відносини в процесі розвитку ринкового середовища в аграрному секторі АПК зазнають суттєвих змін. Дослідження цих змін необхідно для визначення тенденцій, які характеризують всі процеси, пов'язані з використанням праці, підвищенням її продуктивності і впливу на ефективність сільськогосподарського виробництва. Прорахунки в соціально-економічній політиці обертаються негативними наслідками і втратою людського капіталу. Одна з особливостей періоду інтеграції України з ЄС в Україні полягає в тому, що держава не регламентує змісту соціально-трудових відносин, а інші регулятори, такі як соціальне партнерство ще не працюють на повну потужність. Найбільш серйозні проблеми були в соціально-трудових відносинах безпосередньо на сільгосппідприємствах і особливо у фермерських та господарствах населення. Необхідно ефективний державний вплив, використовуючи можливості ОТГ, на формування національної моделі соціально-трудових відносин та ефективного використання трудового потенціалу. Подальший розвиток соціально-трудових відносин повинен здійснюватись в контексті інтеграції України з ЄС, що висуває необхідність вдосконалення соціально-економічної політики щодо аграрного сектора в умовах його трансформації і пристосування до інтеграційних структур Європи. Доцільно визначити основні напрямки і пріоритети соціально-економічної модернізації ОТГ в найближчі роки. Головними з них є: популяризація знань, в тому числі реформа сільських профтехучилищ, пошук нових форм навчання дорослих, розвиток економічної, технічної та соціальної інфраструктури, підтримка підприємництва і несільськогосподарської діяльності в сільській місцевості.

The article analyzes socioeconomic processes in the early modern Europe, in particular trade in its separate regions. It considers the classical economic model focused on the industry and agriculture, which Eastern and Western Europe followed in their multifaceted development. It studies legislation, namely the Second Lithuanian Statute and the Sejm Constitutions for assessing the involvement of gentry representatives in commerce. It indicates that the activity of the Volhynian gentry in the internal trade of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was due to both external changes in the market, primarily the demand for products from Eastern Europe, and the tendency observed on the continent when running a household became a business that made incomes grow. It analyzes general criticism in the intellectual circles of the trade activity of the gentry as such, which could lead to a certain deterioration of traditions. Man-knight and man-merchant intersections in the society of that time were acceptable if a nobleman traded goods from his own estates and could prove it with an oath.The article also investigates key areas of trade of the Volhynian gentry in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth on the basis of documentary material of court books of the 16th–17th-century Volhynia and previously published sources of economic nature. It studies main range of goods sold and bought by the representatives of the elite, observes the participation of the Volhynian gentry in trade operations with the core centers of the Polish-Lithuanian economy, and their involvement in local fairs and tradings. It shows the role of intermediaries, first of all representatives of the Jewish community and peasants from the gentry fоlwarks, in the trade enterprise of the gentry. ; У статті проаналізовано соціально-економічні процеси у ранньомодерній Європі, зокрема торговельну справу на території її окремих регіонів. Розглянуто класичну економічну модель, згідно з якою Східна і Західна Європа розвивалася в різних напрямках, із орієнтацією на промисловість і сільське господарство. Досліджено законодавство, а саме II Литовський Статут і сеймові конституції на предмет оцінки зайнятості представниками нобілітаційного стану в комерції. Вказано, що активність волинської шляхти у торгівлі Речі Посполитої зумовлювалася як зовнішніми змінами на ринку, насамперед попитом на продукцію із Східної Європи, так і тенденцією, що простежувалася на континенті, коли ведення господарства ставало справою, що уможливлювала зростання прибутків. Проаналізовано загальну критику в інтелектуальних колах торговельної діяльності шляхти як такої, що могла вести до певного псування традицій. Прийнятними були перетини людини-рицаря і людини-торговця у тогочасному суспільстві, якщо шляхтич провадив торгівлю товарами із власних маєтностей і міг засвідчити це присягою.На основі документального матеріалу судових книг Волині XVI–XVII ст. і опублікованих раніше джерел економічного характеру проаналізовано ключові напрямки торгівлі волинської шляхти у Речі Посполитій. Досліджено основний асортимент товарів, які продавали і купували представники еліти. Простежено участь волинської шляхти у торговельних операціях із центральними осередками річпосполитської економіки та їхню залученість до локальних ярмарків і торгів. Показано роль посередників, передовсім представників єврейської спільноти і селян із шляхетських фільварків, у торговельній підприємливості шляхти.

This thesis examines the conditions for the realization of a decarbonized and sustainable industrial civilization by studying certain aspects of its physical feasibility and political acceptability. Chapter 1 studies the evolution of the Energy Return On Investment in different prospective scenarios, and predicts that the overall efficiency of the electricity sector to supply a net energy surplus would be halved in a 100% renewable scenario. Chapter 2 highlights the importance of metal recyclability in a model of optimal extraction of metals and fossil fuels for energy production. The annex to Chapter 2 extends the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker theorem to the case of a convex series under a finite number of constraints. Chapters 3 and 4 are based on a survey of a representative sample of three thousand French people, carried out during the Yellow vests movement. Chapter 3 examines beliefs about a carbon "tax & dividend", a measure touted to combat climate change because of its effectiveness and progressivity. If 70% reject the tax & dividend, it is because of pessimistic perceptions about its properties: in contradiction with the micro-simulations, most believe that their household would lose purchasing power with the reform, perceive it as regressive, and inefficient to reduce pollution and fight climate change. Chapter 4 analyses knowledge, perceptions and values related to climate change, examines opinions on carbon taxation and assesses support for other climate policies. ; Cette thèse s'interroge sur les conditions de réalisation d'une civilisation industrielle décarbonée et durable, en étudiant certains aspects de sa faisabilité physique et de son acceptabilité politique. Le Chapitre I étudie l'évolution du taux de retour énergétique dans différents scénarios prospectifs, et prédit que l'efficacité globale du secteur de l'électricité à fournir un surplus d'énergie serait réduite de moitié dans un scénario 100% renouvelable. Le Chapitre 2 souligne l'importance de la recyclabilité des métaux dans un modèle d'extraction optimale des métaux et des fossiles pour la production d'énergie. L'annexe au Chapitre 2 étend le théorème de Karush-Kuhn-Tucker au cas d'une série convexe sous un nombre fini de contraintes. Les Chapitres 3 et 4 se fondent sur une enquête auprès d'un échantillon représentatif de trois milles français, réalisée durant le mouvement des Gilets jaunes. Le Chapitre 3 étudie les croyances relatives à une taxe carbone avec dividende, mesure vantée pour lutter contre le changement climatique du fait de son efficacité et de sa progressivité. Si 70 % rejettent la taxe avec dividende. c'est en raison de perceptions pessimistes quant à ses propriétés : en contradiction avec les micro-simulations effectuées, la plupart pensent que leur ménage perdrait en pouvoir d'achat suite à la réforme, la perçoivent comme régressive et inefficace pour réduire la pollution et lutter contre le changement climatique. Le Chapitre 4 analyse les connaissances, les perceptions et les valeurs liées au changement climatique, examine les opinions relatives à la taxation du carbone et évalue le soutien à d'autres politiques climatiques.

Labour market, value of wages and standard of living are inextricably linked determinants of economic development. Croatian GDP, living standards and purchasing power of the population are among the lowest in Europe. Wage growth in Croatia is present, but, as in most Central and Eastern European countries, it is not accompanied by an increase in labour productivity. The majority of the income of the Croatian population is spent on food, which is associated with low productivity of the economy. There is a significant dependence on social transfers in the structure of the household income, which, for a significant share of the population, represent the difference between poverty and relatively normal life. Croatia has failed to create economic models that enable economic growth through technological progress and strengthening of labour productivity. In order to improve the standard of living in the Republic of Croatia, it is necessary to solve the structural problems present in the labour market and create economic policies that encourage economic growth. This paper analyses the relationship between the value of wages, labour market and standard of living in the Republic of Croatia. The hypothesis is that structural problems in the Croatian labour market affect the value of wages, and consequently the standard of living of Croatian citizens. The aim of this paper is to analyse the structural problems on the labour market in Croatia and their impact on the value of wages. The purpose of this paper is to point out the importance of an efficient labour market in the national economy of the Republic of Croatia. ; Tržište rada, vrijednost plaća i životni standard neraskidivo su povezane odrednice gospodarskog razvoja. Hrvatski BDP, životni standard i kupovna moć stanovništva među najnižima su u Europi. Rast plaća u Republici Hrvatskoj postoji, ali, kao i u većini zemalja srednje i istočne Europe, nije popraćen porastom produktivnosti radne snage. Glavnina dohotka hrvatskoga stanovništva otpada na prehranu, što se povezuje sa slabom produktivnošću gospodarstva. U strukturi dohotka stanovništva primjećuje se i znatna ovisnost o socijalnim transferima koji, za znatan udio stanovništva, predstavljaju razliku između siromaštva i relativno normalnog života. Republika Hrvatska je podbacila u kreiranju ekonomskih modela koji omogućuju gospodarski rast kroz tehnološki napredak i jačanje produktivnosti radne snage. Kako bi se poboljšao životni standard u Republici Hrvatskoj, nužno je riješiti strukturne probleme prisutne na tržištu rada i kreirati ekonomske politike koje potiču gospodarski rast. U ovome radu analizira se veza između vrijednosti plaća, tržišta rada i životnog standarda u Republici Hrvatskoj. Postavljena hipoteza glasi: strukturni problemi na hrvatskom tržištu rada utječu na vrijednost plaća, a posljedično i na životni standard hrvatskih građana. Cilj rada jest analizirati strukturne probleme na tržištu rada u Republici Hrvatskoj i njihov utjecaj na vrijednost plaća. Svrha rada je ukazati na važnost efikasnog tržišta rada u nacionalnom gospodarstvu Republike Hrvatske.

This thesis examines the conditions for the realization of a decarbonized and sustainable industrial civilization by studying certain aspects of its physical feasibility and political acceptability. Chapter 1 studies the evolution of the Energy Return On Investment in different prospective scenarios, and predicts that the overall efficiency of the electricity sector to supply a net energy surplus would be halved in a 100% renewable scenario. Chapter 2 highlights the importance of metal recyclability in a model of optimal extraction of metals and fossil fuels for energy production. The annex to Chapter 2 extends the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker theorem to the case of a convex series under a finite number of constraints. Chapters 3 and 4 are based on a survey of a representative sample of three thousand French people, carried out during the Yellow vests movement. Chapter 3 examines beliefs about a carbon "tax & dividend", a measure touted to combat climate change because of its effectiveness and progressivity. If 70% reject the tax & dividend, it is because of pessimistic perceptions about its properties: in contradiction with the micro-simulations, most believe that their household would lose purchasing power with the reform, perceive it as regressive, and inefficient to reduce pollution and fight climate change. Chapter 4 analyses knowledge, perceptions and values related to climate change, examines opinions on carbon taxation and assesses support for other climate policies. ; Cette thèse s'interroge sur les conditions de réalisation d'une civilisation industrielle décarbonée et durable, en étudiant certains aspects de sa faisabilité physique et de son acceptabilité politique. Le Chapitre I étudie l'évolution du taux de retour énergétique dans différents scénarios prospectifs, et prédit que l'efficacité globale du secteur de l'électricité à fournir un surplus d'énergie serait réduite de moitié dans un scénario 100% renouvelable. Le Chapitre 2 souligne l'importance de la recyclabilité des métaux dans un modèle d'extraction optimale des métaux et des fossiles pour la production d'énergie. L'annexe au Chapitre 2 étend le théorème de Karush-Kuhn-Tucker au cas d'une série convexe sous un nombre fini de contraintes. Les Chapitres 3 et 4 se fondent sur une enquête auprès d'un échantillon représentatif de trois milles français, réalisée durant le mouvement des Gilets jaunes. Le Chapitre 3 étudie les croyances relatives à une taxe carbone avec dividende, mesure vantée pour lutter contre le changement climatique du fait de son efficacité et de sa progressivité. Si 70 % rejettent la taxe avec dividende. c'est en raison de perceptions pessimistes quant à ses propriétés : en contradiction avec les micro-simulations effectuées, la plupart pensent que leur ménage perdrait en pouvoir d'achat suite à la réforme, la perçoivent comme régressive et inefficace pour réduire la pollution et lutter contre le changement climatique. Le Chapitre 4 analyse les connaissances, les perceptions et les valeurs liées au changement climatique, examine les opinions relatives à la taxation du carbone et évalue le soutien à d'autres politiques climatiques.

This thesis examines the conditions for the realization of a decarbonized and sustainable industrial civilization by studying certain aspects of its physical feasibility and political acceptability. Chapter 1 studies the evolution of the Energy Return On Investment in different prospective scenarios, and predicts that the overall efficiency of the electricity sector to supply a net energy surplus would be halved in a 100% renewable scenario. Chapter 2 highlights the importance of metal recyclability in a model of optimal extraction of metals and fossil fuels for energy production. The annex to Chapter 2 extends the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker theorem to the case of a convex series under a finite number of constraints. Chapters 3 and 4 are based on a survey of a representative sample of three thousand French people, carried out during the Yellow vests movement. Chapter 3 examines beliefs about a carbon "tax & dividend", a measure touted to combat climate change because of its effectiveness and progressivity. If 70% reject the tax & dividend, it is because of pessimistic perceptions about its properties: in contradiction with the micro-simulations, most believe that their household would lose purchasing power with the reform, perceive it as regressive, and inefficient to reduce pollution and fight climate change. Chapter 4 analyses knowledge, perceptions and values related to climate change, examines opinions on carbon taxation and assesses support for other climate policies. ; Cette thèse s'interroge sur les conditions de réalisation d'une civilisation industrielle décarbonée et durable, en étudiant certains aspects de sa faisabilité physique et de son acceptabilité politique. Le Chapitre I étudie l'évolution du taux de retour énergétique dans différents scénarios prospectifs, et prédit que l'efficacité globale du secteur de l'électricité à fournir un surplus d'énergie serait réduite de moitié dans un scénario 100% renouvelable. Le Chapitre 2 souligne l'importance de la recyclabilité des métaux dans un modèle d'extraction optimale des métaux et des fossiles pour la production d'énergie. L'annexe au Chapitre 2 étend le théorème de Karush-Kuhn-Tucker au cas d'une série convexe sous un nombre fini de contraintes. Les Chapitres 3 et 4 se fondent sur une enquête auprès d'un échantillon représentatif de trois milles français, réalisée durant le mouvement des Gilets jaunes. Le Chapitre 3 étudie les croyances relatives à une taxe carbone avec dividende, mesure vantée pour lutter contre le changement climatique du fait de son efficacité et de sa progressivité. Si 70 % rejettent la taxe avec dividende. c'est en raison de perceptions pessimistes quant à ses propriétés : en contradiction avec les micro-simulations effectuées, la plupart pensent que leur ménage perdrait en pouvoir d'achat suite à la réforme, la perçoivent comme régressive et inefficace pour réduire la pollution et lutter contre le changement climatique. Le Chapitre 4 analyse les connaissances, les perceptions et les valeurs liées au changement climatique, examine les opinions relatives à la taxation du carbone et évalue le soutien à d'autres politiques climatiques.

Trotz des stark ausgeprägten Umweltbewusstseins in der österreichischen Bevölkerung scheint es vielen Menschen schwerzufallen, ihr Verhalten umweltfreundlich zu gestalten. Diesem Phänomen, in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur als Value-Action Gap bezeichnet, wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit nachgegangen. Die theoretische Basis bilden die Theory of Planned Behavior, das Framework of Environmental Behavior sowie die Low-Cost-Hypothese des Umweltverhaltens. Anhand dieser Theorien wird ein Modell entwickelt, das von einem linearen Zusammenhang zwischen Einstellung, Intention und Verhalten bei umweltbezogenen Low-Cost-Verhaltensweisen, hier exemplarisch für Konsum- und Mobilitätsverhalten, ausgeht. Bisherige Studien lassen darauf schließen, dass zwischen den persönlichen Umwelteinstellungen, der daraus gebildeten Intention und dem darauffolgenden Umweltverhalten Diskrepanzen auftreten können. Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit wird anhand quantitativer Analysen des Pretests des OeNB-Fragebogens (209 Personen) untersucht, welche Personengruppen besonders häufig einen Gap zwischen diesen drei Faktoren aufweisen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass insbesondere jüngere Menschen, am Land lebende Personen sowie einkommensstarke Familien mit Kindern im Haushalt mit höherer Wahrscheinlichkeit einen Gap zwischen Einstellung, Intention und Verhalten aufweisen. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit werden diese Ergebnisse mithilfe 15 qualitativer Interviews hinsichtlich der Gründe für auftretende Diskrepanzen sowie individueller Wünsche und gesellschaftlichen Lösungsansätzen genauer beleuchtet. Die häufigsten Ursachen für Value-Intention-Action Gaps sind neben Zeit- und Kostenfaktoren auch Bequemlichkeit und Routine. Die Befragten wünschen sich ein besseres Angebot an umweltfreundlichen Alternativen, eine Kennzeichnung dieser sowie vermehrt Informationen dazu. Auf gesellschaftlicher Ebene sind vor allem Aufklärung und Bewusstseinsbildung sowie politische Regelungen für den Schutz der Umwelt nötig. ; Despite strong environmental awareness amongst the Austrian population, many people seem to have difficulties with adopting an environmentally friendly behaviour. This phenomenon, in the scientific literature known as the Value-Action Gap, will be investigated in the present study. The theoretical basis lies in the Theory of Planned Behavior, the Framework of Environmental Behavior and the Low-Cost Hypothesis of Environmental Behavior. Based on these theories, a model is developed that assumes a linear relationship between attitude, intention and behaviour in environmentally related low-cost behaviours - in this case for consumption and mobility behaviour. Previous studies suggest that discrepancies can occur between personal environmental attitudes, the resulting intention and the subsequent environmental behaviour. In the first part of this study, quantitative analyses of the pretest of the OeNB questionnaire (209 persons) are used to determine which groups of people are particularly likely to exhibit a gap between these three factors. The results show that younger people, individuals living in rural areas, as well as high-income families with children living in one household, are particularly likely to show a gap between attitudes, intentions and behaviour. In the second part of the study, these results are examined in more detail with the help of 15 qualitative interviews regarding the reasons for these discrepancies as well as individual wishes and social approaches to solutions. Besides time and cost factors, the most common reasons for value-intention-action gaps are comfort and routine. The respondents would like to see a broader offer of environmentally friendly alternatives, a clearer labelling of these and more information about them. At the societal level, education and raising awareness as well as political regulations for environmental protection are particularly necessary. ; Beate Klösch, BSc BA ; Zusammenfassungen in Deutsch und Englisch ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Masterarbeit, 2020 ; (VLID)4769308

Purpose
Based on unique data the authors analyze the Rwandan non-farm employment expansion in rural areas and its relation to agricultural productivity. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the factors that determine off-farm work hours in Rwanda, and how farmers' off-farm employment affects agricultural output. Since production efficiency may depend on off-farm work and off-farm work depend on production efficiency (Lien et al., 2010), both production and off-farm work are endogenous. While controlling for endogeneity, the authors investigate the relationship between off-farm work and agricultural production.


Design/methodology/approach
In this paper the authors use a unique panel data set spanning over 26 years originating from household surveys conducted in the northwest and densely populated districts of Rwanda. Econometric estimations are based on a random effects two-stage Tobit model to control for endogeneity.


Findings
The study confirms theoretical and empirical findings from other developing countries that off-farm employment is one of the essential conditions for having an economically viable agricultural business and vice versa.


Research limitations/implications
The study is carried out in only one district of Rwanda. Even though most rural areas in Rwanda have similar features the findings cannot necessarily be generalized for the entire country of Rwanda. As in any study, the raw data set suffer from a number of shortcomings which cannot be fully eliminated by the econometric estimation, but this is a new data set which has the best data available for this research question in Rwanda.


Practical implications
The authors can conclude that there are synergy effects of investing government resources into both on-farm and off-farm employment expansions. Thus, in Rwanda on-farm investments can actually partly contribute to a future natural smooth transformation to more off-farm total output and productivity and vice versa. Though there are still limited off-farm employment opportunities in the studied area, there are considerable potentials to generate income and increase agricultural production through the purchase of additional inputs.


Social implications
The findings imply that a favorable business climate for off-farm businesses creates spill-over effects which enhance the smallholder farmers' opportunities to survive, generate wealth, create employment and in effect reduce poverty.


Originality/value
From the best of the authors' knowledge, similar studies have not been conducted in Rwanda, nor elsewhere with this type of data set. The findings provide original insights regarding off-farm and agricultural relationships in rural areas under dense population pressure. The results provide some indications that off-farm employment in developing countries (such as Rwanda) is one of the essential conditions for having an economically viable agricultural business and vice versa. The second wave of data was collected by the authors and was used solely for the purpose of this paper.

Abstract This dissertation is comprised of three independent essays with the unifying theme of how uncertainty affects the macroeconomy. The first essay studies an incomplete market economy where the firm faces a non-trivial investment decision due to capital adjustment costs. The adjustment costs make the price of capital endogenous and help to explain the observed volatility of the returns to physical capital. The particular form of market incompleteness that is assumed in the essay is however not enough to match the observed price of risk. The essay contains also a technical contribution in showing how Arrow prices of contingent commodities can be used in computing the equilibrium in this class of models. The second essay studies the effect of population aging on asset prices. The modeling framework features deterministic transition paths for demographic structure and level of government expenditures along with aggregate uncertainty at business cycle frequency. The demographic transition leads to a projected increase of in tax rates that are needed to finance the government expenditures. This requires higher savings rates from households which reduces volatility of consumption growth and reduces the price of aggregate risk. The third essay is an empirical study which uses betting market data from the Swedish harness horse racing in conjunction with economic confidence indices. The main finding is that the risk attitudes of bettors that are reflected by the betting market data covary with the more traditional confidence measures in a reasonable way. The essay also contains a simple forecasting exercise which shows that the novel risk measure may also be useful in forecasting the industrial production. The results of the study are interpreted in terms of behavioral macroeconomics. ; Tiivistelmä Tämä väitöskirja koostuu kolmesta erillisestä esseestä, joiden yhdistävä tekijä on epävarmuus ja sen vaikutukset makrotalouden ilmiöihin. Ensimmäisessä esseessä tarkastellaan taloutta, jossa markkinat ovat epätäydelliset ja fyysisen pääoman sopeuttamiskustannukset vaikuttavat yrityksen investointipäätökseen. Pääoman sopeuttamiskustannukset tekevät pääoman hinnasta endogeenisen muuttujan ja auttavat selittämään havaittua pääoman tuottojen volatiliteettia. Tutkimuksessa käytetyt markkinoiden epätäydellisyyteen johtavat oletukset eivät kuitenkaan riitä selittämään historiallisesti havaittua riskin hintaa. Essee sisältää myös teknisen kontribuution. Siinä osoitetaan, miten talouden tilasta riippuvien hyödykkeiden Arrow-hintoja voidaan hyödyntää tämän tyyppisten talouksien tasapainon numeerisessa ratkaisemisessa. Toinen essee tarkastelee väestön ikääntymisen vaikutuksia varallisuushyödykkeiden hintoihin. Malli yhdistää väestörakenteen ja julkisten kulutusmenojen deterministisen muutoksen sekä suhdannevaihtelua kuvaavan kokonaistaloudellisen epävarmuuden. Väestörakenteen odotettu muutos johtaa julkisten kulutusmenojen kasvun myötä veroasteiden nousuun. Kotitaloudet joutuvat säästämään enemmän, mikä vähentää kulutuksen kasvun volatiliteettia ja kokonaistaloudellisen riskin hintaa. Kolmas essee on empiirinen tutkimus, jossa käytetään havaintoaineistoa Ruotsin ravivedonlyöntimarkkinoilta sekä taloudellisia luottamusindikaattoreita. Tärkein tulos on että vedonlyöntiaineiston heijastama suhtautuminen riskiin näyttää olevan vuorovaikutuksessa perinteisten luottamusindikaattoreiden kanssa. Esseessä käytetään myös yksinkertaista aikasarjamallia, joka viittaa siihen, että vedonlyöntiaineiston perusteella laskettu riskiin suhtautumisen mitta voi olla hyödyllinen teollisuustuotannon ennustamisessa. Tuloksia tulkitaan behavioraalisen makrotaloustieteen valossa.

Obesity is a genetically heterogeneous disorder. Using targeted and whole-exome sequencing, we studied 32 human and 87 rodent obesity genes in 2,548 severely obese children and 1,117 controls. We identified 52 variants contributing to obesity in 2% of cases including multiple novel variants in GNAS, which were sometimes found with accelerated growth rather than short stature as described previously. Nominally significant associations were found for rare functional variants in BBS1, BBS9, GNAS, MKKS, CLOCK and ANGPTL6. The p.S284X variant in ANGPTL6 drives the association signal (rs201622589, MAF~0.1%, odds ratio = 10.13, p-value = 0.042) and results in complete loss of secretion in cells. Further analysis including additional case-control studies and population controls (N = 260,642) did not support association of this variant with obesity (odds ratio = 2.34, p-value = 2.59 × 10(-3)), highlighting the challenges of testing rare variant associations and the need for very large sample sizes. Further validation in cohorts with severe obesity and engineering the variants in model organisms will be needed to explore whether human variants in ANGPTL6 and other genes that lead to obesity when deleted in mice, do contribute to obesity. Such studies may yield druggable targets for weight loss therapies. ; This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust (ISF, IB) (098497/Z/12/Z; WT098051), Medical Research Council (ISF, SOR) (MRC_MC_UU_12012/5), NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (ISF, IB, SOR), Bernard Wolfe Health Neuroscience Endowment (ISF), European Research Council (ISF) and NIH grant DK064265 (GLM), the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) project Beta-JUDO n°279153 (ISF, AK). This study comprises one arm of the UK10K Consortium (WT091310). The UK Household Longitudinal Study is led by the Institute for Social and Economic Research at the University of Essex and funded by the Economic and Social Research Council. AH and JH were funded by the German Ministry for Education and Research (National Genome Research Net-Plus 01GS0820), the German Research Foundation (DFG; HI865/2-1), the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreements n°245009 and n°262055. CHD case ascertainment and validation, genotyping, and clinical chemistry assays in EPICCVD were supported by grants awarded to the University of Cambridge from the EU Framework Programme 7 (HEALTH-F2-2012-279233), the UK Medical Research Council (G0800270) and British Heart Foundation (SP/09/002), the European Research Council (268834), the UK National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Merck and Pfizer. JD is supported by a British Heart Foundation Professorship, NIHR Senior Investigator, European Research Council Senior Investigator. Leipzig LIFE Child as part of the Leipzig Childhood Obesity cohort was funded by the European Union, by the European Regional Development Fund (ERFD) by means of the Free State of Saxony within the framework of the excellence initiative.