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How does China see the rest of the world? One way to answer this question is to look at the work of China's scholars in the field of International Relations (IR). This leads to a second question - to what extent do Chinese IR scholars influence Beijing's foreign policy and outlook? The contributors to this book seek to answer these key questions, drawing on their own first- and second-hand experiences of involvement in scholarly IR debates in China. Discussing fundamental aspects of China's foreign policy such as China's view of the international structure, soft power projection, maritime disputes, and the principle of non-interference, this book provides insights into the hinterland of Chinese foreign policy-making. It is an invaluable reference for global IR scholars, especially those with a direct interest in understanding and predicting China's actions and reactions on a range of international issues.

The recent forced migration to Europe has created more challenges for the labor market integration. However, the Swedish government encourages unemployed immigrants to seek employment in the farming, gardening, and forestry industries. Thus, this article focuses on the matching process in the Swedish agricultural sector by using an exploratory, qualitative, in-depth interview with representatives involved in the matching process. Immigrants experience challenges of Swedish language proficiency, lacking a driving license and adapting to new cultures in the workplace, while employers attribute challenges of effective hiring process and the absence of evidence of immigrants' work experience. Furthermore, the employment service offices struggle with scant knowledge of agricultural employment that needs to be combined with limited contact with employers and the bureaucratic delays caused by requirements of qualifications validation. The paper concludes with a Labour Market Matching Model, which focuses on critical aspects before, during, and after the matching process.

The recent forced migration to Europe has created more challenges for the labor market integration. However, the Swedish government encourages unemployed immigrants to seek employment in the farming, gardening, and forestry industries. Thus, this article focuses on the matching process in the Swedish agricultural sector by using an exploratory, qualitative, in-depth interview with representatives involved in the matching process. Immigrants experience challenges of Swedish language proficiency, lacking a driving license and adapting to new cultures in the workplace, while employers attribute challenges of effective hiring process and the absence of evidence of immigrants' work experience. Furthermore, the employment service offices struggle with scant knowledge of agricultural employment that needs to be combined with limited contact with employers and the bureaucratic delays caused by requirements of qualifications validation. The paper concludes with a Labour Market Matching Model, which focuses on critical aspects before, during, and after the matching process.

Este artículo se ha elaborado en el marco del proyecto «La ciencia europea y su impacto. Del origen a la recepción y desarrollo del darwinismo en España: interpretación, polémicas y aniversarios» (ref, HUM2007-65125-C02-0l), financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación. ; (ES) Teniendo en cuenta que es casi imposible recrear en unas pocas páginas las desconcertantemente variadas lecturas políticas del darwinismo, este artículo trata de clarificar algunos de los aspectos capitales de la interacción entre la ciencia darwiniana y la política. Aunque es difícil separar la teoría de Malthus de la población, la selección natural y las ideas políticas liberales de Darwin, ello no impidió un importante proceso de apropiación de sus ideas por diferentes actores sociales con agendas políticas diversas. Este proceso multifacético de apropiación fue decisivamente facilitado por los cambios de Darwin respecto del papel de la selección natural y su uso extensivo del lenguaje metafórico, lo que abrió la puerta a interpretaciones rivales sobre su significado. Sin embargo, aunque el daf\Ninismo fue utilizado de muchas maneras para propósitos políticos diferentes, se puede detectar una tendencia general de cambio histórico, de las visiones abiertamente liberales que promueven la libre competencia entre individuos en el mercado (1860-1870) a una copiosa literatura que apoya la lucha entre razas y la acción del Estado para prevenir la degeneración biológica. ; (EN) Keeping in mind the near impossibility of recreating in a few pages the bewilderingly varied political readings of Darwinism, this paper attempts to clarify so me seminal aspects of the interaction between Darwinian science and politics. Although it is difficult to separate Malthus's theory of population, natural selection and Darwin's liberal political views, this did not stop the considerable appropriation of his ideas by different social players with diverse political agendas. This multi-faceted process of appropriation was decisively facilitated by Darwin's changes with respect to the role of natural selection and his extensive use of metaphoric language, which opened the door to rival interpretations of their meaning. Nevertheless, although Darwinism was used in many ways for different political purposes, one can detect a general tendency of historical change, from overtly liberal views promoting freemarket competition among individuals (1860-70) to copious literature supporting struggle among the races and the action of the S tate to prevent biological degeneration (1880-1914). ; Peer reviewed

Reification, fetishism, alienation, mastery, and control – these are some of the key concepts of modernity that have been battered and beaten by postmoderns and nonmoderns alike, with Bruno Latour, a nonmodern, discarding them most recently. Critical of this approach, which creates a rift between moderns and nonmoderns, the author engages in dialogue with modern thinkers – particularly Peter Berger, Thomas Luckmann and Stanley Pullberg – with a view to recycling and redefining the concept of reification from a nonmodern perspective. Marxian scholars associate reification with an attitude of detachment and passivity. Drawing on two years of ethnographic fieldwork in a Luvale-speaking region of northwest Zambia, Africa, the author seeks to convert the negative and asymmetrical Marxian reading of reification, which places subjects above objects, to a positive symmetry. Marx explained the capitalist economy through the lens of religion. Reversing the direction of symmetrical comparison, the author considers the northwestern Zambian universe of ancestors and their different mahamba manifestations in the form of spiritual beings, diseased bodies and material objects through the lens of Marxian concepts, mainly reification and fetishism. Three aspects of reification understood as a human universal come to light: first, reification and animation entail each other both in the realms of materiality (human bodies and material objects) and immateriality (concepts and spirits), being best perceived as a form of fetishism. Reifacts are fetishes and fetishes are reifacts. Second, because fetishes are animated and do things, reification is a form of engagement with the world, a means to action and a tool for transformation. Third and last, and without contradiction, reification entails engagement and detachment, action and withdrawal, control and surrender. There is much to gain from recycling the old concept of reification. In a non-partisan symmetrical perspective, the redefinition of reification as fetishism yields a new, positive understanding of the place of material and immaterial things in social life and the ways in which we humans apprehend the world and implicate those things in our projects and struggles. Reification is not an impediment to action but a condition for action.

This edited volume explores a variety of aspects of associative governance, providing detailed case studies of associations and associational governance in Scandinavia. Theoretically developing a concept and approach of associative governance, the book sheds light on a dynamic way of perceiving associative aspects of community and commercial life that has been hitherto underexplored and undertheorized. It shows how governance by associations may be conducted not only bottom‑up by self‑organized and voluntary participation, but also top‑down by authoritative incorporation through government, and – not least – in multifarious interstices in between. New section by exploring a vibrant panoply of dimensions of associative governance, empirically grounded in historical analyses of a wide range of organizational repertoires, the book may provide novel insights into the significant role of associative governance in Scandinavia over the past two centuries. Finally, it provides research‑based knowledge about how to maintain "good political and economic institutions" in the future and a more holistic and dynamic approach to the literature on The Nordic model. The book will be of key interest to scholars and students of Nordic and Scandinavian studies, history, sociology, political science, marketing, social policy, organization theory, and public management. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution‑Non Commercial‑No Derivatives (CC‑BY‑NC‑ND) 4.0 license.

Part I - Focus Public Health: Missing health political opportunities due to a lack of nutritional behaviour acceptance -- The Importance of Research-Based Learning as a Didactic Necessity in German Public Health Degree Programs -- Community based health promotion for senior citizens – what we can learn from South Korean Model of Senior Centers -- The Impact of Health Literacy on the Healthcare System -- Tertiary prevention and After-Care for Cancer Patients in a Hotel Setting -- Health conferences in Germany, Austria and France. An Overview -- Vaccination Coverage and Attitudes - Ethical Aspects as Challenges in Combatting Measles along the Danube -- Lessons from the creation and failure of two regional cooperation models in the Hungarian health system -- Occupational Health Management as Central Element in Combating Social and Regional Health Inequalities -- Part II - Focus Medicine: Use and significance of expert medical advice on the Internet: results of an online survey among users of German-language health portals -- A source data verification based data quality analysis within the network of a German comprehensive cancer center -- The National Decade Against Cancer 2019-2029: Contents of the initiative and some critical thoughts -- Part III - Focus Digitalization: A Comprehensive Method for Multi-criteria Evaluation of Health Regions -- The Commercial Value of Health-Related Data - an Empirical Study -- Health apps in the area of conflict between state regulation and IT architectures -- Acceptance analysis and ELSI-Aspects of sensor-based care-management: certain results from a qualitative study adressing dehydration management. .

In this book, well-renowned international scholars discuss topics related to various aspects of the history of the Battle of Salamis, inspired by the democratic origins of the Greek naval victory at Salamis. They present deductions from the battle that can be useful for today, and seek answers for a more prosperous and brighter future for our societies. Their analyses are divided into five parts in the book: 1) The democratic implications of the Battle of Salamis; 2) The strategies that lead to monumental naval victories; 3) The institutional implications of the Battle of Salamis; 4) Various societal aspects of the Athenian democracy; 5) The interconnections between two glorious battles: Thermopylae and Salamis. This book is the first out of two edited volumes as a sequel of an international academic conference titled Salamis and Democracy: 2500 Years After that took place between October 3rd and October 5th, 2020, on the occasion of the 2500th anniversary of the great historical event of the Battle of Salamis, which saved Greek culture and the newly founded democratic regimes throughout the Hellenic world during the Classical period (508-323 BCE). The book is a must-read for scholars and students of history, political science, economics, and law, as well as policy-makers interested in a better understanding of classical, ancient, and political history, democracy, strategy, governance, and social choice.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Preface -- Concerning Gaia—Semiosic Production of/in/by/for Our Planet -- Editing the Text of a Disease: Semiotic and Ethical Aspects of Therapeutic Genetic Engineering -- The Brain's Models and Communication -- Semiotics and Biosemiotics: Are Sign-Science and Life-Science Coextensive? -- Modeling Life: A Note on the Semiotics of Emergence and Computation in Artificial and Natural Living Systems -- Some Semiotic Aspects of the Psycho-Physical Relation: The Endo-Exosemiotic Boundary -- Organization of Biosystems: A Semiotic Approach -- Nature Semiotics: The Icons of Nature -- Ecogenesis and Echogenesis: Some Problems for Biosemiotics -- Phytosemiotics Revisited -- Evolution and Semiotics -- On the Specificity of Musculoskeletal Symptoms: A Biosemiotic Excursion -- As Signs Grow, So Life Goes -- The Neglect of Subjective Medical Data and the Cultural Construction of Pain Disease—A Cross-Cultural Study -- On Abductions from the X-Ray Screen: The Semiotic Potential of Radiology Illustrated by Two False Suspicions -- Species, Signs, and Intentionality -- 'Tell Me, Where is Fancy Bred?': The Biosemiotic Self -- Biosemiotics: A Functional-Evolutionary Approach to the Analysis of the Sense of Information -- Half of the Living World Was Unable to Communicate for about One Billion Years -- The Social Construction of Alzheimer's Disease -- Biosemiotics, Ethnographically Speaking -- Categorical Perception as a General Prerequisite to the Formation of Signs? On the Biological Range of a Deep Semiotic Problem in Hjelmslev's as Well as Peirce's Semiotics -- Varieties of Semiosis -- On the Emergence of Chemical Languages -- Index -- Backmatter

Intro -- Contents -- Introduction - Working Together to See Further: European and African Perspectives on Refugees and Forced Migrants Compared -- Bibliography -- 2. Historical and Legal Perspectives: Migration and Social Rights in a Globalized Society -- The Development of Refugee Protection in Africa: From Cooperation to Nationalistic Prisms -- Introduction -- Refugees in Africa: An Overview -- Nation-State Building and Nationalism -- Pan-Africanism and Refugee Protection -- The OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa -- Post-Independence Nationalism and Refugee Protection -- Coups and Countercoups -- Group and Individual Asylum -- Local Integration and Circular Movements -- Self-Settlement -- Naturalization of Refugees -- Second Liberation Nationalism and the New Wars -- Refugee Camps as a Nationalistic Construct -- Detention of Refugees -- Securitization of Refugees and Asylum -- Criminalization of Asylum -- Neoliberalism, Democracy and Nationalism -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- EU 'Asylum System' - Elements, Failure and Reform Prospects -- 1 Introduction -- 2 What Is the 'Common European Asylum System - CEAS'? -- 2.1 Overview -- 2.2 Qualification -- 2.3 Procedure -- 2.4 Reception -- 2.5 Dublin III -- 3 Why Does the 'CEAS' Fail? -- 3.1 Facts -- 3.2 Normative Reasons -- 3.3 Procedural Reasons -- 4 What Options for the Future? -- 4.1 General Aspects -- 4.1.1 Who Shall Be Granted Humanitarian Refugee Protection? -- 4.1.2 How Should Refugee Reception Be Configured? -- 4.1.3 Who Shall Be Responsible for the Organization of Refugee Protection? -- 4.2 Present Proposals -- 4.2.1 Overview - A Lengthy Process -- 4.2.2 Determination of the Competent Member State -- 4.2.3 Distribution and Financial Consequences -- 4.3 Normative Guidelines -- 5 A Preliminary Final Word.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Acknowledgments and Dedication -- List of Contributors -- Introduction -- Part I Languages in Their Social and Individual Environment -- A Linguistic and Biological Diversity: Minority and Majority Languages, Endangerment and Revival -- 1 Biological Diversity and Language Diversity: Parallels and Differences -- 2 The Ecology of Language Contact: Minority and Majority Languages -- 3 Language Endangerment and Language Death: The Future of Language Diversity -- 4 The Economy of Language Ecology: Economic Aspects of Minority Languages -- 5 Language Evolution from an Ecological Perspective -- 6 Ecolinguistic Aspects of Language Planning -- B Language Contact (Bilingualism and Multilingualism) and Contact Languages -- 7 Individual and Societal Bilingualism and Multilingualism -- 8 Linguistic Imperialism and the Consequences for Language Ecology -- 9 What Creolistics Can Learn From Ecolinguistics -- 10 Ecosystemic Linguistics -- Part II The Role of Language Concerning the Environment (Biological and Ecological Sense) -- A The Role of Language in Creating, Aggravating and Solving Environmental Problems -- 11 Positive Discourse Analysis: Rethinking Human Ecological Relationships -- 12 Using Visual Images to Show Environmental Problems -- 13 Investigating Texts about Environmental Degradation Using Critical Discourse Analysis and Corpus Linguistic Techniques -- 14 The Pragmatics of Metaphor: An Ecological View -- B How Environmental Topics Appear in Texts and in the Media: Ecological and Unecological Discourse -- 15 Lexicogrammar and Ecolinguistics -- 16 The Treatment of Environmental Topics in the Language of Politics -- 17 Eco-Advertising: The Linguistics and Semiotics of Green(-Washed) Persuasion -- 18 'Global Warming' or 'Climate Change'?.

Africa, The Middle East and the New International Economic Order discusses the relationship between the socio-economic development of Africa and of the Middle East. Divided into two parts, this book first discusses the Sub-Saharan Africa and the New International Economic Order (NIEO), and then tackles North Africa, the Middle East, and the New International Economic Order. The first chapter tackles constraints and opportunities for the NIEO in Sub-Saharan Africa, while the second chapter covers the Sub-Saharan political and economic structures and the NIEO. The third chapter discusses the national development paths in Sub-Saharan Africa and the fourth chapter is about the transnational corporation in Sub-Saharan Africa, with special reference to the Ivory Coast. Chapter 5 considers the NIEO in North Africa and the Middle East; Chapter 6 tackles the obstacles to the establishment of the NIEO in the Middle East and North Africa. The seventh chapter concerns itself with the social and cultural aspects of the NIEO in the Middle East, and the eighth chapter discusses the economic choice of the Arab countries and the NIEO. The last chapter reviews the international trade of North African and The Middle Eastern countries and the NIEO. This book will be of great interest to economists, entrepreneurs, sociologists, and even political analysts, since it covers the socio-economic aspects of a volatile region, which can have a great impact on the world economy.

In Citizen Science, experts from a variety of disciplines share their experiences of creating and implementing successful citizen science projects, primarily those that use massive data sets gathered by citizen scientists to better understand the impact of environmental change. This first and foundational book for this developing field of inquiry addresses basic aspects of how to conduct citizen science projects, including goal-setting, program design, and evaluation, as well as the nuances of creating a robust digital infrastructure and recruiting a large participant base through communications and marketing. An overview of the types of research approaches and techniques demonstrates how to make use of large data sets arising from citizen science projects. A final section focuses on citizen science's impacts and its broad connections to understanding the human dimensions and educational aspects of participation. Intended as a resource for a broad audience of experts and practitioners in natural sciences, information science, and social sciences, this book can be used to better understand how to improve existing programs, develop new ones, and make better use of the data resources that have accumulated from citizen science efforts. Its focus on harnessing the impact of "crowdsourcing" for scientific and educational endeavors is applicable to a wide range of fields, especially those that touch on the importance of massive collaboration aimed at understanding and conserving what we can of the natural world

This intimate study of prostitutes in New York City during the mid-nineteenth century reveals these women in an entirely new light. Unlike traditional studies, Marilynn Wood Hill's account of prostitution's positive attractions, as well as its negative aspects, gives a fresh perspective to this much-discussed occupation.Using a wealth of primary source material, from tax and court records to brothel guidebooks and personal correspondence, Hill shows the common concerns prostitutes shared with women outside the "profession." As mothers, sisters, daughters, and wives, trapped by circumstances, they sought a way to create a life and work culture for themselves and those they cared about.By the 1830s prostitution in New York was no longer hidden. Though officially outside the law, it was well integrated into the city's urban life. Hill documents the discrimination and legal harassment prostitutes suffered, and shows how they asserted their rights to protect themselves and their property. Although their occupation was frequently degrading and dangerous, it offered economic and social opportunities for many of its practitioners. Women controlled the prostitution business until about 1870, and during this period female employers and their employees often achieved economic goals not generally available to other working women.While examining aspects of prostitution that benefited women, Hill's vivid portrayal also makes evident the hardships that prostitutes endured. What emerges is a fully rounded study that will be welcomed by many readers.