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The aim of the research is to analyze the role of the consumer in a detailed way. Firstly I defined the concepts of "consumption" and "consumer", giving relief to the socio-economic theories that have characterized the subject during recent years,and taking in consideration the process of consumption and the behavioral and decisional theories proper of the consumer. Moreover, I have deeply analyzed the consumer under the juridical aspect, from the mere legal recognition to the trial and the efforts sustained by the European Legislator during the last years with the purpose of creating a system of common rules with the final goal of guaranteeing a high-level of protection to the consumer in international contracts and assuring the correct operation of the Single Internal Market founding the discipline on a competitive model. Great relief is given to the "Rome I Regulation" on the choice of the law aplicable to contracts and to the "Bruxelles Convention" on the competent court.

International audience ; We study mutual-aid games in which individuals choose to contribute to an informal mutual insurance pool. Individual coverage is determined by the aggregate level of contributions and a sharing rule. We analyze theoretically and experimentally the (ex ante) efficiency of equal and contribution-based coverage. The equal coverage mechanism leads to a unique no-insurance equilibrium while contribution-based coverage develops multiple equilibria and improves efficiency. Experimentally, the latter treatment reduces the amount of transfers from high contributors to low contributors and generates a \dual interior equilibrium". That dual equilibrium is consistent with the co-existence of different prior norms which correspond to notable equilibria derived in the theory. This results in asymmetric outcomes with a majority of high contributors less than fully reimbursing the global losses and a significant minority of low contributors less than fully defecting. Such behavioral heterogeneity may be attributed to risk attitudes (risk tolerance vs risk aversion) which is natural in a risky context.

The Italian judicial system has been living a long season of strong criticality. Over the past 30 years, several factors have aggravated the difficulties of the system operation. To solve this situation, in the period 2005-2013, Italian Governments have developed 12 major reforms of the Italian Code of Civil Procedure. Paradoxically, the succession of continuous reforms has ended to slow the activity of the practitioners, called constantly to adapt to the change of the "rules of the game", with obvious repercussions on the functioning of the courts and, indirectly, on citizens' rights. The constant changes of the Italian Code of Civil Procedure have pushed many "actors" to establish opportunities to meet, in a more or less formalised and structured way, in order to discuss the possible "practical translation" of the regulatory norms. In this sense, the article intends to present and critically discuss the phenomenon of the "Observatories of civil justice", which represents a unique experience in the European panorama.

Background: Foreign bodies can come from outside the body (exogenous) and in the body (endogenous). Foreign bodies can cause total obstruction resulting in atelectasis or partial obstruction with emphysema. Case: A 14-year-old girl with a cough with phlegm mixed with blood spots one day before admission. Patients swallowed needle 10 days ago while wearing jilbab while joking at school. Chest X-rays appear density of a metal with a long straight form of about 3.5 cm projected in the lower right hemitorac. Discussion: Performed Fiber Optic Bronchoscopy (FOB) with diagnostic and therapeutic indications for picking up foreign objects. In patients there is minimal bleeding post extraction pentul needle. Bleeding can be overcome by administering a cold sterile NaCl solution to the airway. Thoracotomy is not performed on the patient because the needle can be taken using FOB. Conclusion: Foreign bodies of the airways can be harmful. The needle extraction using FOB can rule out the need for thoracotomy in patients.

Das 1995 gegründete Gemeinschaftliche Sortenamt (CPVO) verwaltet ein System zum Schutz des geistigen Eigentums an Pflanzensorten. Der gewerbliche Rechtsschutz für Pflanzensorten wird mit besonderen Herausforderungen konfrontiert, denen sich das UPOV-Übereinkommen (UPOV: Internationaler Verband zum Schutz von Pflanzenzüchtungen) angenommen hat. Das Sortenschutzsystem der Europäischen Union basiert auf dem UPOV-Übereinkommen in der Fassung von 1991.Der Beitrag erklärt – auf der Grundlage der Verordnung (EG) Nr. 2100/94 des Rates über den gemeinschaftlichen Sortenschutz sowie der Durchführungsbestimmungen – Schlüsselbegriffe des Sortenschutzsystems. ; Operating since 1995, the Community Plant Variety Office (CPVO) manages a system for the protection of the intellectual property rights on plant varieties. Plant varieties pose specific problems as regards the industrial property regime. The UPOV convention (International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants) deals with these challenges. The Plant variety protection system of the European Union is based upon the 1991 act of the UPOV convention.The paper explains – on the basis of the Council Regulation (EC) 2100/94 of 27 July 1994 on Community plant variety rights and its Implementing Rules – key elements of the Community plant variety rights system.

International audience ; We study mutual-aid games in which individuals choose to contribute to an informal mutual insurance pool. Individual coverage is determined by the aggregate level of contributions and a sharing rule. We analyze theoretically and experimentally the (ex ante) efficiency of equal and contribution-based coverage. The equal coverage mechanism leads to a unique no-insurance equilibrium while contribution-based coverage develops multiple equilibria and improves efficiency. Experimentally, the latter treatment reduces the amount of transfers from high contributors to low contributors and generates a \dual interior equilibrium". That dual equilibrium is consistent with the co-existence of different prior norms which correspond to notable equilibria derived in the theory. This results in asymmetric outcomes with a majority of high contributors less than fully reimbursing the global losses and a significant minority of low contributors less than fully defecting. Such behavioral heterogeneity may be attributed to risk attitudes (risk tolerance vs risk aversion) which is natural in a risky context.

During the period of Venetian rule in Crete (1211–1669) many aspects of Venice's political and cultural life were affected by this Cretan connection. Nowadays, in Venice, it is still possible to see the contacts between the two territories on open display. But although Venetian monuments in Crete are still highly visible and have been widely studied, the importance of Crete (and of modern Greek culture in general) for Venice is not yet well known and appreciated either in Venice or in Italy in general. This paper is intended as a brief guide to "Crete in Venice". But it is not simply a tourist itinerary; through the bas-reliefs at the base of St Mark's clock-tower, where Crete is shown allegorically next to Cyprus, through the famous icon in the church of Santa Maria della Salute, through the Palazzo Vendramin-Calergi, and also through the testimony of music, art and architecture, the paper brings into focus the close historical links with Crete that can be witnessed in Venice to this day.

The security of data and information on government's information system required proper way of defending against threat. Security aspect can be achieved by using cryptography algorithm, applying information hiding concept, and implementing security protocol. In this research, two central facilities protocol was implemented on Research and Development Center of Mineral and Coal Technology's Cooperation Contract Monitoring System by utilizing AES and whitespace manipulation algorithm. Adjustment on the protocol by creating several rule of validation ID's generation and checking processes could fulfill two of four cryptography objectives, consist of authentication and non-repudiation. The solid collaboration between central legitimization agency (CLA), central tabulating facility (CTF), and client is the main idea in two central facilities protocol. The utilization of AES algorithm could defend the data on transmission from man in the middle attack scenario. On the other hand, whitespace manipulation algorithm provided data integrity aspect of the document that is uploaded to the system itself. Both of the algorithm fulfill confidentiality, data integrity, and authentication.

Non-state actors are increasingly participating in international climate diplomacy. The tactics employed by diverse civil society agents to influence climate policymaking are radicalizing through the adoption of more confrontational language. Activist groups have been seeking opportunities to influence policymakers regarding the rules related to transparency, public participation and accountability in the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). By scrutinizing efforts of three environmental NGOs (ENGOs) — Climate Action Network, Center for International Environmental Law and Carbon Market Watch — the analysis concentrates on what tactical shifts have occurred in the framing positions and approaches of these activists during the 1997-2015 period. After several years of legal advocacy, expertise and/or critique in an effort to reform input legitimacy of CDM governance, the selected ENGOs have recently drifted away from narratives of green governmentality and ecological modernization and, instead, radicalized their rhetorical tactics by turning to a human rights perspective under the umbrella of climate justice. ; Non-state actors in the new landscape of international climate cooperation

Despite the widespread nature of evasion (bad-faith compliance), this interesting phenomenon is under-studied in International Relations. Even the most sophisticated typologies of compliance and rule following overlook evasion. This is problematic because evasion is essentially a false positive that looks like genuine compliance but can have the effect of violation. Drawing on purposivist legal theory, this article offers an in-depth discussion of evasion. It articulates what evasion is, why it occurs, how it relates to designed flexibility, and how it impacts accountability. Evasion entails intentional compliance with the letter of the law but violation of the purpose of the law in order to minimize inconvenient obligations in an arguably legal fashion. Three original case studies illustrate the empirical purchase and generalizability of evasion in International Relations. Evasion contributes a more nuanced understanding of compliance, cautions that legality sometimes hinders accountability, and offers policy recommendations to counter undesirable evasion. The article concludes with promising directions for a research program on evasion.

International audience ; The article presents the theoretical and graphical principles for an ethical modeling of the Internet of the Things. These principles are applied to modeling the views of the European Parliament on the issue of civil rights rules for robotics. More specifically, we show how to collect raw data for modeling information existences in a knowledge ecosystem. In conclusion, we question the viability of a diagram to evaluate the ethics of connected objects and the work they still have to do to achieve this. ; L'article présente les principes théoriques et graphiques pour une modélisation éthique de l'internet des Objets. Ces principes sont appliqués à la modélisation des points de vue du parlement européen sur la question des règles de droits civiles pour la robotique. Plus particulièrement, nous montrons comment récolter des données brutes pour la modélisation d'existences informationnelles dans un écosystème de connaissances. En conclusion nous nous interrogeons sur la viabilité d'une signalétique pour évaluer l'éthique des objets connectés et sur les travaux qu'ils restent à mener pour y parvenir.

Development stage of curriculum 2013 has entered the limited-implementation phase to secondary schools. To maintain and improve the sustainability of the understanding and implementation of curriculum 2013, the government has programmed assistance activities for teachers and principals. This programs conducted as reinforcement in understanding the concept of Curriculum 2013 and to help overcome the obstacles that arise during the curriculum implementation. The research objective is to obtain information on the assistance of Curriculum 2013 implementation in accordance with the philosophy, concepts, rules, principles, meaning and procedures included in the elements of the curriculum changes based on Graduate Competence Standard (GCS), Core Competencies (CC) and Standard Competencies (SC) in Tanggamus regency, province of Lampung. The result of the research showed that there are the strengthening competency of target teacher during the mentoring conducted by the core/assistant teacher. The strengthening competencies includes the understanding of: 1) textbooks and teachers' manuals, 2) learning and assessment process, 3) the preparation of lesson plan, 4) learning implementation.

This document reports on shared software at the initial stage of ESiWACE, identifying different level of governance and analysing how it is applied in the single cases, listing stakeholders, steering and user groups and focusing on the role of the latters and on their interaction within the project. This activity is to be interpreted as a first step toward the ultimate goal of proposing/adjusting governance rules for certain software, when/where missing. Particular emphasis is therefore placed on the services guaranteeing more efficient exchange with the community. In view of the activities to come, we furthermore propose to create a 'living' software list to regularly collect information on software with potential to be shared among the European Climate modelling and NWP community, to serve as a valuable screening instrument to the ESIWACE governance. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement No 675191

In biomarker research, the goal is to construct an prediction rule on the basis of a small number of predictors. Formally, this means representing a macro-level response as a function of molecular features (DNA variants, transcript or protein abundancies) with minimal error. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 668858. This work was supported (in part) by the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract number 15.0324-2. The opinions expressed and arguments employed therein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Swiss Government. ; The information in this document is provided as is, and no guarantee or warranty is given that the information is fit for any particular purpose. The content of this document reflects only the author's view - the European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. The users use the information at their sole risk and liability.

In 2005, an estimated acreage of genetically modified plant (GMP) is 90 million hectares compared to 81 million hectares in 2004. The GMP is to be done along with the increasing human needs. With permission for GMP), which means that the task for scientists to continue to develop research to determine which GM products are allowed or not allowed.Also the participation of national and international government to create comprehensive regulation to regulate the use of GMP. GMP has several benefits for the cultivation of plants among other abiotic stress resistance, disease resistance, resistance to pests and maintain the quality of the plants.The Indonesian government has made regulations regarding GMP, through the Indonesian Government Regulation (Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia) No. 21 of 2005 on the biological safety of genetically modified products. In addition to government regulations, there are also other institutions that make the rules on GMP. As Indonesian Ulema Council (Majelis Ulama Indonesia) through the Indonesian Ulema Council Fatwa No. 35 of 2013 on genetic modified.