Suchergebnisse

The paper discusses the ideological campaign against "sycophancy towards the West" in 1947. This ideological campaign pursued the objective in the current foreign policy environment to nip the liberal sentiments of a part of the scientific intelligentsia related to the possibility of expanding international contacts and softening the internal regime. Based on materials from the State Archive of Contemporary History of the Saratov Region (SACHSR) and the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art (RSALA), the author analyzes the specifics of the campaign in higher education institutions of Saratov. The role of local party bodies in organizing the campaign, the mechanism of its implementation, and the consequences for higher education in the region are shown. The author states that the campaign against the "sycophancy towards the West" of 1947, shifted from the center to the region, lost its sharpness, took, in many ways, propaganda forms and, nevertheless, had a negative impact on the development of Saratov's universities.

The Famous ethnographer and folklorist G.V. Ksenofontov, was a pupil of the Irkutsk scientific school of Ethnography and archeology of Professor B.E. Petri, The author of this paper focuses on the work of a researcher on shamanism, published in the late 1920s. G.V. Ksenofontov – one of the first professional scientists who was engaged not only in collecting folklore materials, but also in the study of shamanism among Siberia people. The value and uniqueness of his materials is that they are collected promptly and on territories not affected by technological progress. The paper deals with the works in which the scientist studies aspects of the origin and development of shamanism among Siberia people and provides comparative material from the history of the formation of early religious beliefs among the ancient Jews. The author of the works was interested in the Central active figure of the shaman, the essence of his mental activity, as well as the ritual of kamlanie itself.

There are significant regional disparities in students' outcomes in Kazakhstan. Whilst there has been progress in the overall quality of secondary education, large-scale assessments demonstrate a gap in knowledge of several years between certain Southern and Western regions when compared to the top-performing city of Almaty.
The author analyzed country data from timss 2015 using the Learning-adjusted years of schooling (lays) measure developed by the World Bank along with an expert survey to understand the factors behind this disparity across the country. The author's analysis suggests that this situation can be caused by the lack of specific regional education development policies, the language of instruction in school, and the poor socioeconomic development of the region in the first place. There are also indications that students in the disadvantaged regions might be less motivated, which can affect their academic achievement. The author proposes a two-stage policy intervention to improve the chances for good childhood education across regions.

In today's global order, for those seeking a just, equal, and healthy existence for humanity and nature, it is time to exercise the transformative utopian impulse. Yet, against such praxis, capitalism's retrieval mechanism subsumes and consumes the potential of utopianism. Within this co-optation, an enclosure of "eutopian" sensibility within a resigned "dystopian" structure of feeling compromises the radical utopian project through practices of disciplined "improvement" within the "realism" of the existing order. Herein, this essay discusses two symptomatic texts that it argues are imbricated within this dystopian ambience. With great respect for its author, I read Dystopia: A Natural History, by Gregory Claeys, as a component of this hegemonic structure of feeling rather than a challenge to it; meanwhile, I read Kim Stanley Robinson's "Dystopias Now" as a negation of that negation, as the author takes an anti-anti-utopian stance that reasserts the radical utopian project.

This essay engages Vanessa K. Valdés's Diasporic Blackness: The Life and Times of Arturo Alfonso Schomburg. It traces Valdés's main contributions and notes that her work invites readers to expand their views of Schomburg's Afro-Caribbean/Latinx/Latin American identity and his complex personality, as well as his relentless but gentle commitment to advancing black liberation. Following Saidiya Hartman's strategy of "critical fabulation" to highlight previously silenced Afro-Epistemes, the author dwells on Schomburg's childhood, life commitment, and legacies. Part of the essay's purpose is to sketch the transnational community of formerly enslaved and free men and women from whom Schomburg inherited what the author calls his Maroon political consciousness. The essay also emphasizes how Valdés invites African diaspora scholars, activists, educators, artists, and so on to reflect on and trouble preconceived ideas about Maroon subjectivity, marronage, and Africa. It concludes by imagining ways Schomburg would engage our present.

The paper reviews the main activities of Komsomol organizations in the South Ossetian Autonomous Region of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic during the Great Patriotic War. The author enumerates the main events of the 1930s that contributed to the education of Komsomol members not only as future political cadres of the country, but also as future soldiers and officers of the Red Army. The paper studies participation of representatives of the Komsomol in support of the Red Army, organization of its sustainment, industrial and agricultural production. The author analyses ideological and agitation activities of the Komsomol organizations that are considered a state function assigned to the Komsomol of the region during the most severe military struggles in the Caucasian theater of operations. The paper identifies the main motive of the Komsomol organizations' activity driven by personal initiative of Komsomol members, as well as the reasons for its formation during the most difficult conditions of wartime.

The article describes the Slovak National Uprising and its role in defeat of nazi Germany. It is shown that after the so-called Munich Treaty and creation of (First) Slovak Republic the majority of population was satisfied with state of affairs. The bombings of Bratislava by US Air Force in June 1944 caused increasing of local Resistance groups. This situation triggered off the decision of the Germans to occupy Slovakia. It is spoken in detail about course of the uprising. Author proposes the division of uprising into three phases depends on activities from both sides. Attention is given to the role of the USSR support to insurgents and reinforcing of Slovak Communist Party and other left parties. Despite of defeat of uprising this movement had positive consequences in politics, economy and culture of Slovakian territory. The author comes to conclusion that Slovak National Uprising was political victory which gave acceptable position towards President E. Beneš and Moscow.

The paper deals with criminological analysis of war as a negative social phenomenon, from the earliest communities up to the New Age, by using historical and comparative methods. Being an armed conflict between people and groups, war is an act of force and coercion aimed at imposing one's will on the enemy. The paper aims to describe the evolution of warfares through three major historical epochs: the Old Age, the Middle Ages, and the New Age. The author analyzes each major historical period in terms of the prevailing causes, motives, justifications and consequences of war in the specific period. The author points out that the use of force in warfare progressively expanded in every subsequent historical epoch, particularly as a result of the development of destructive tools and technologies. Although international customary law imposes limitations on the use of force in warfare, it does not necessarily reduce the scope and the impact of its application.

In this article, the author tries to clarify the relationship between the offence of violating the privacy of correspondence and the offence of unauthorized access to a computer system. The purpose is to test the scope of art. 302 of the Criminal Code in regard to electronic correspondence. Even if some would argue that the notion of correspondence stipulated in article 302 of the Criminal Code also covers electronic correspondence (e.g. an e-mail), the author concludes that only the offence provided under art. 360 of the Criminal Code is applicable. In this context, it is emphasized that the principle of lex certa prohibits the assimilation of the act consisting in opening of a correspondence with the act of accessing computer data. In the author's point a view, any kind of electronic correspondence is in fact a communication which consists only in a set of computer data. Consequently, computer data cannot be opened but only accessed.

The article focuses on the collective political institution, the veche, of the Russian medieval city of Pskov. The author argues that the horizontal political ties within that city prevailed over the vertical ones in the period before its subjugation to the Muscovite State in 1510. Pskov is put into a broad comparative perspective which results in the conclusion by the author that the development of Pskov in the fourteenth–fifteenth centuries very closely resembled that kind of urban synoecism which was practiced by Western European communes in their early stage of development (eleventh–twelfth centuries). It means, first, that the Russian Middle Ages repeated in some important features that which had occurred in Western Europe, and, second, that it happened not due to a borrowing of political institutions (as was the case with many East European countries) but independently because of similar conditions arising, albeit after a two-century delay. URL: https://www.upjs.sk/filozoficka-fakulta/katedra-historie/10984/

This article focuses on history of education in Muslim world in from fourteenth until seventeenth centiuries in Ottoman state. As the most important Muslim state in the world during classical period (1300-1600), Ottoman state became the role model of education system for Muslims. Influenced by Seljuk Anatolia state, Ottoman built education through medrese system controlled by state. The system supported the state to design career development for its subject. In addition to devşirme system, medrese system provided large opportunity for its subject to obtain career as teacher and professor (müderris), judge (kadı), and bureaucrat (kalemiye). Research method in this article are qualitative and bibliographical research. Author examines historical reseources to analyze research problem. The aim of research is to observe and analyze relationship between education system and career development in Ottoman state. According to this research, author concludes that medrese system in Ottoman state provided opportunity for its subject to participate in social mobility thorugh its career in government circle.

The paper deals with the study of the image of Rome and the socio-political situation of the era, which represent a significant historic context. The focus is on the real image of the Roman emperors Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius and Nero. The presence in the novel image of the narrator acting as interpreter of history and guide for the reader to actual historical events, suggests talking about the possibility of the historical analysis of the novel. Sadoc is one of the most significant characters in the novel. We can assume that the images of the author and the narrator seem to be identical and Anthony Burgess` main ideas are given by Sadoc. The article gives attention to the analysis of the narrative features of Sadoc. Highlighting the actions of the apostles in the struggle for faith, the author doesn`t hide the main political events in The Kingdom of the wicked.

The Shaping of Civic Society in Poland after 1989 and its Current State In the article, the author presents the subject of the formation of attitudes and institutions of civil society in the reality of the Polish political transformation that began in 1989. The author focuses on factors influencing the development of Polish society in the context of civic activity and participation. The issues presented refer to the directions of development adopted by the Polish state, which were oriented on improving civil society institutions in the public sphere. They also diagnose the condition of Polish civic participation and activity in the light of political transformation after the fall of communism. The article has been enriched with the results of survey research conducted in May 2020. The survey questionnaire drafted for the purpose was intended to measure the level of involvement of the respondents in public affairs of their local communities. The final section of the article contains conclusions.

The content of the article is in the thematic field of practical philosophy, designated as "philosophy for children". Within the framework of the article, the author considers specificity of the philosophical language. The main linguistic means are explicated and described, making it possible to expand the usual descriptions of the world, to achieve expression of non-trivial philosophical intuitions, to outline new directions of philosophical search. Particular attention is paid to such techniques as using metaphors, tautologies and a vicious circle in the definition in philosophical texts, as well as a step-by-step, gradual refinement of thought by introducing "operational concepts". In conclusion, the author gives examples of tasks aimed at acquiring the language of philosophy by school-aged children (10–13 years old) as part of the program of additional education for children and adolescents "Green Sun" (team of authors: N. Ilyushenko, N. Kutuzova, D. Kutuzov, O. Davydik).

This paper discusses the emergence, existence, and fate of a planned, systematic town in a passive region of the then Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia – later renamed to Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia – in the period after World War II. The author critically assesses the reasons for the creation and construction of a modern town at the locality of Lički Osik in central Lika. The town was entirely dependent on and shared the same fate with the military industrial facility "Marko Orešković", as it was built to support its production. Economic, social, and cultural ups and downs marked the half-century existence of this town, defining both its uncertain present and its promising future. Based on unpublished archival documents from that period, the author has reconstructed the reasons and modes of existence of the planned military enterprise as well as the associated town, which remains emblematic as an unrealistic and misunderstood economic development project in this part of Croatia.