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Despite the substantial amount of useful prior work on turnover among nurses, our understanding of the causal mechanisms explaining why nurses voluntarily leave their jobs is limited. The purpose of this article is to promote the development of stronger conceptual models of the causes of voluntary turnover among nurses. The author compares the nursing-specific literature to research on voluntary turnover from the general management field over the past 30 years and examines the evolution of key theories used in the nursing literature. Results of this review comparing nursing research with that in the broader field suggest that, over time, nursing research has not kept pace with conceptualizations from general management explaining why people either remain at or quit their jobs. The author argues that conceptual models of turnover among nurses can benefit significantly from drawing more effectively on particular models and concepts available in general management studies of turnover.

This article examines the role of culture in the local urban development process through a case study of recent proposals in Davis, California. The author argues that community cultural expectations—of environmental leadership and the preservation of local character—had an important impact on project proposals and the political campaigns that followed, including the ability of an unlikely corporate developer to win public approval from this town with a vocal and usually powerful anti-corporate character. While on the surface the local growth coalition came together as expected in the literature, this study demonstrates that development organizations operate within cultural contexts that are more complex than the existing discourse has accounted for. Factors that the author calls "cultural sensitivity" and "cultural sincerity" both play a role. As concerns with environmental sustainability and preservation of local character gain prominence in development politics, the insights drawn from these cases are of particular value.

This article examines why pregnant and mothering students did or did not stay in high school to see whether schools violated Title IX legislation by not providing equal educational opportunities. Examining life-story interviews conducted in 2002–2004 with 62 black, white, and Latina pregnant and mothering students in Connecticut, the author found that (1) while school policies and faculty were often hostile and unreceptive, mothers who dropped out were usually disengaged from school before pregnancy; (2) the presence or absence of school-based day care was a critical factor in school outcomes; and (3) alternative programs for pregnant and mothering students were experienced differently depending on whether students came from urban or nonurban school districts. In conclusion, the author argues that when our attention shifts from teen mothers to the problems of underfunded and overburdened schools, we are confronted with the larger systemic problems of economic and racial segregation and consequently educational inequality.

This article is focussed on the problem of economic-statistical calculations and includes an economic-statistical research of economic fluctuations. The author also discusses the rules for statistical identification of economic welfare, economic development features of Lithuania after it became a member of the European Union. The notion of specific economic indicators, their classification issues, and the role and place of economic indicators presenting a systemic view of the country's economy through identification of economic activities and their development are also discussed.The article deals also with the methodologies based on various statistical methods and offers a methodology for revealing the components of economic fluctuations. A common notion is that the methodologies using analytical time series smoothed with the least squares method for revealing economic fluctuation components are best. The author proposes a methodology for calculating and evaluating the components of economic fluctuations, based on gross domestic product data.

Автор статьи рассматривает процесс формирования в стране горизонтального социального контракта под углом контрактной специфики существующего в России государства. Анализ тенденции формирования нового социального контракта показал, что государство сохранило свои позиции автократора, строящего отношения с другими субъектами на принципах вертикального социального контракта. Однако возникающие на региональном уровне практики контрактного взаимодействия власти, бизнеса и населения делают возможным формирование в перспективе неклассического варианта горизонтального социального контракта с государством «помогающей руки». ; The author examines process of horizontal social contract formation in context of contract specificity of the Russian state. Analysis of tendencies of new social contract formation shows that the state has preserved its positions of autocrat that establish relationship with the other subjects on principles of vertical social contract. However, at the regional level practices of contract interaction between the government, business and public began to emerge, that let author state contract state of "helping hand" is forming in the country.

This article is focussed on the problem of economic-statistical calculations and includes an economic-statistical research of economic fluctuations. The author also discusses the rules for statistical identification of economic welfare, economic development features of Lithuania after it became a member of the European Union. The notion of specific economic indicators, their classification issues, and the role and place of economic indicators presenting a systemic view of the country's economy through identification of economic activities and their development are also discussed. The article deals also with the methodologies based on various statistical methods and offers a methodology for revealing the components of economic fluctuations. A common notion is that the methodologies using analytical time series smoothed with the least squares method for revealing economic fluctuation components are best. The author proposes a methodology for calculating and evaluating the components of economic fluctuations, based on gross domestic product data.

Aufbauend auf neuen Zugängen zu der Ende der 1970er Jahren entstandenen Regulationstheorie, die die Strukturen und Prozesse kapitalistischer Funktionsweise mit Elementen von Akkumulationsregimen, Regulation und Krise erklärt, werden von der Autorin sowohl der klassische Zugang als auch dessen Adaptionen auf verschiedene andere sozialwissenschaftliche Theorieansätze - wie z. B. dem Neo-Gramscianismus - kritisch hinterfragt. Aus dem Blickwinkel der Entwicklungsforschung und unter Hinzuziehung verschiedener Beispiele gegenwärtiger gesellschaftlicher Transformationsprozesse und emanzipatorischer Experimente in Lateinamerika wird aufgezeigt, dass die Regulationstheorie nach wie vor eine wertvolle Analysegrundlage für den gegenwärtigen Kapitalismus darstellt, jedoch einer Schwerpunktverlagerung bedarf. ; By building on new approaches to regulation theory, that emerged in the late 1970s and explained the functioning of capitalist structures and processes through accumulation regimes, regulation, and crisis, the author critically questions the classical approach as well as its adaptation to various other social science theory approaches, such as the neo-Gramscian. From the perspective of development research and by considering different examples of contemporary processes of social transformation and emancipatory experiments in Latin America, the author points out that regulation theory remains a valuable basis for analysing contemporary capitalism; however, a shift of emphasis is necessary.

In a country where the problem is not only to secure food for the 237 million people who are undernourished, but to secure food justice, an experiment carried out as part of the Kerala's anti-poverty programme Kudumbashree seem to be having major consequences for food security. Under the Sangha Krishi (group farming) initiative, as many as 44,225 collectives of women farmers have sprung up across the State, creating a social space where marginalised women can collectively pursue their needs and aspirations. The author discusses here the results of the initiative in terms of shifting role of women in Kerala's agriculture and in the political process, enabling women to salvage their dignity and livelihoods amidst immense adversity. The author highlights achievements and challenges for sustainability of Kudumbashree and concludes that the value of Sangha Krishi lies in that it has become the manifestation of a deep-rooted consciousness about food justice amongst Kerala's women.

This article is focussed on the problem of economic-statistical calculations and includes an economic-statistical research of economic fluctuations. The author also discusses the rules for statistical identification of economic welfare, economic development features of Lithuania after it became a member of the European Union. The notion of specific economic indicators, their classification issues, and the role and place of economic indicators presenting a systemic view of the country's economy through identification of economic activities and their development are also discussed. The article deals also with the methodologies based on various statistical methods and offers a methodology for revealing the components of economic fluctuations. A common notion is that the methodologies using analytical time series smoothed with the least squares method for revealing economic fluctuation components are best. The author proposes a methodology for calculating and evaluating the components of economic fluctuations, based on gross domestic product data.

Miłosz, war and civilian poetryThe article addresses the reaction of the Polish population during Second World War towards the military resistance to the occupier. The author offers a case study of the life choices of Czesław Miłosz, the poet. Considering them hopeless and counterproductive, Miłosz decided not to participate in military actions. He had no confidence in the Polish government in exile and its military decisions. Instead, the poet concentrated on writing and publishing; he also criticized what he viewed as unjustified sacrifice of life in the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. His attitude was criticized then, and today continues to be a source of attacks against the poet. The article analyses the logic of national solidarity in the times of foreign occupation and the arguments of the poet's critics. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that Miłosz's stand was beneficial not only for himself but also for the community as a whole.

Статья посвящена проблеме инвестиций и инноваций в современной России. Автор считает, что подготовленная группой ученых программа «Стратегия социально-экономического развития 2020» не позволяет решить проблему ускоренного роста экономики. По мнению автора, в настоящее время в первую очередь следует говорить о необходимости индустриализации страны, основанной на историческом опыте Российской империи и СССР. В статье предложен алгоритм изменения механизма госуправления, необходимого для решения стоящих перед страной задач.The article is focused on investments and innovations in modern Russia. In the point of view of the author, the programm «Strategy of social-economic development of the Russian Federation», prepared by the group of experts, can not stimulate rapid growth of the economy. The author thinks that first of all there is a need of industrialization in the country, based on the historical experiance of the Russian Empire and the USSR. The article proposes an algorithm for changing mechanizms of government needed to solve probelms that the country faces.

The article investigates how rebel interdependencies shape civil war outcomes. The author argues that alliances between rebel groups will have serious repercussions on the management of conflict. By examining civil war outcomes between 1946 and 2008, the author shows that the presence of multiple groups, alliances among rebels, the cumulative capabilities of one's allies as well as the credibility and the durability of alliances shape war outcomes. Rebels have the means to avoid government defeat and continue conflict when the number of rebel groups the government has to confront simultaneously is high or when these groups cooperate against their common enemy. Findings show that while termination by peace agreement is unlikely for allied rebels, specifically for those that have enduring relationships, rebels with access to high levels of ally capabilities along with those who have credible alliance ties are likely to be the victors of war.

This article extends the research on institutional sources of corruption by investigating whether legislative institutions play a significant role in driving corruption in developing country democracies. The author argues that when legislative rules (a) give parties control over agenda setting and (b) allow parties to strip legislators who vote against the party line of their legislative mandates, parties can exercise valuable influence over the legislative policy process, which allows them to engage in practices leading to higher corruption. The author derives two testable hypotheses linking higher party influence over agenda setting and voting in the legislature to higher corruption and test them by using a new data set on legislative rules for 64 developing country democracies from 1984 to 2004. The empirical results corroborate the hypotheses and remain robust when controlling for alternative explanations, employing different estimation techniques, and using different measures of corruption. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright holder.]

I argue that innovative development programs that require citizen participation in the production of public goods can have unexpected bene-fits for individuals' dispositions toward democracy. In particular, I explore the effect of taking part in state-sponsored neighborhood development programs - direct-democracy type programs that require individuals to organize within their community as a precondition for state help - on participant dispositions toward democracy and willingness to take part in politics. To test this hypothesis, I use original survey data collected in the Mexican state of Baja California. To measure the effect of participation in neighborhood development programs, I conduct a quasi experiment via propensity score matching. I find robust evidence suggesting that participating in such programs correlates with higher levels of political participation, a better sense of community, more positive retrospective evaluations of the economy (according to both pocketbook and sociotropic measures), and overall higher support for the government. (GIGA)

This article reviews major issues in the historiography of the Russian/Soviet side of the Cuban missile crisis, as it has developed since the early 1990s. Focusing on key works, including Fursenko and Naftali's One Hell of a Gamble and Mikoyan's Anatomi'ia Karibskogo Krizisa, the article explores three issues: why Nikita Khrushchev decided to send missiles to Cuba, why he resolved to withdraw them, and how close the world came to 'the brink'. The author contends that in our understanding of the Kremlin's motivations in the Cuban missile crisis, we have come to over-rely on disparate pieces of 'evidence', which, at closer investigation, turn out to be one-sided, undocumented, or demonstrably false. The author therefore urges caution in drawing far-reaching conclusions from the crisis, especially in projecting its uncertain lessons onto the broader scholarship on the Soviet decision making during the Cold War.