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In 1973, the United States Supreme Court in United States v. Robinson granted police broad authority to search arrestees' personal property. Robinson's broad rule has not been significantly limited and appears increasingly anachronistic in an age of rapidly advancing mobile technologies. Whether upholding or invalidating such searches, courts have relied on reasoning that ignores or conflicts with Robinson. This Article illustrates four problematic contrivances used by state and federal courts: (1) the comparison of mobile devices to "containers; (2) the misinterpretation of United States v. Chadwick's concept of "property not immediately associated with the person;" (3) the unjustifiable application of Arizona v. Gant's "reason to believe" rationale; and (4) the baseless categorical exclusion of cell phones from the search incident doctrine. In light of the public's apparently high expectation of privacy for information stored on mobile devices, this Article recommends two possible solutions for restricting police authority: (1) return to an exigency-based rationale following Chimel v. California or (2) look to state legislatures to curb police powers through law making.

International audience ; Legal mobilization has spread in China over the past 20 years and is generally considered by both activists and scholars as a way to advance democracy and rule of law. Focusing on the mobilization in favour of migrant workers and on politically moderate practices, which are both more frequent and widely held as more successful, I argue to the contrary that resistance and reproduction of political domination are mutually constitutive. Public interest litigation and administrative litigation appear as new forms of political participation that constitute an internal regulation to the authoritarian regime, thus contributing to explain the regime's capacity to adapt and its durability. This article also accounts for new strategies developed by some lawyers that shun the courts and use law to 'empower civil society' and that thus do not contribute to structural reproduction. Though activists are struggling to turn their strategies into more institutionalized practices, they remain an ad hoc mechanism of internal control.

Federal government policy changes in the early 2000s led to the rapid expansion of Canada's Temporary Foreign Worker (TFW) Program by increasing the number of eligible occupations. Before the expansion few trade unions in Canada had interaction with TFWs, but with the new rules, and the high profile political debate that ensued, unions were forced to confront the issue of migrant workers directly for the first time. Using narrative analysis, the paper examines media statements from union officials between 2006 to 2012 to track the narratives constructed by unions regarding TFWs. It finds three temporally sequential narrative arcs: 1-prioritizing of Canadian workers' interests and portrayal of TFWs as employer pawns; 2-TFWs as vulnerable workers needing union advocacy for their employment and human rights; and 3-post-economic crisis conflicted efforts to integrate Canadian and TFW interests. The changing narratives reflect evolving union reaction to the issue of growing use of TFWs, as well as interaction with external political and economic contexts shaping the issue.

This study examines the relationship between athletes and their responsibility as role models to youth. The study was conducted due to the expressed debate over the expected roles of professional athletes. On one side of the debate are those who feel that athletes choose to be in the limelight, thus being an athlete requires a need to acknowledge that they are role models and it requires that they act accordingly. On the other side are those who feel that athletes may have chosen their profession, but they are entitled to have a "private life" regardless of the youth who may or may not aspire to be like them. The issue in context with youth and the potential influence of athletes as role models lies with three main factors. The three main factors are the moral development of youth, the potential influence by athletes on the behavior of youth, and athletes seen through media as exceptions to the rules.

The principle of the rule of law determinates that all changes that will be done must be legitimate. In this case we can speak about urgent changes in the legislation for legitimacy of modern way of the policing. This article is about urgent legal problems in the process of democratisation of policing in Latvia. ; Straipsnyje autoriai iškelia ir nagrinėja policijos bei viešosios tvarkos ir visuomenės saugumo užtikrinimo sistemos raidos tendencijas Latvijos Respublikoje. Autoriai apžvelgia policijos veiklos istorinę raidą, kuri apima tris laikotarpius: Latvijos Respublikos nepriklausomybės (1918-1940), Sovietu Sąjungos (1940-1990) ir atkurtos nepriklausomybės (nuo 1991 m. iki šių dienu) laikotarpi. Taip pat autoriai analizuoja bendruomenės teisėtvarkos kaip policijos veiklos modelio įgyvendinimo galimybes Latvijos Respublikoje. Daroma išvada, jog įstatymų viršenybės principas įtvirtina nuostatą, kad valstybėje vykstantys pokyčiai turi remtis įstatymais ir būti teisėti. Vadovaujantis šia nuostata galima diskutuoti apie skubius įstatymų pakeitimus įvirtinant šiuolaikinės policijos veiklos teisėtumą. Taip paaiškinamas esamu teisinų problemų sprendimas liberalizuoiant policijos veiklos valdymo procesą Latvijoje.

Known for much of the nineteenth century as "the ever-faithful isle," Cuba did not earn its independence from Spain until 1898, long after most American colonies had achieved emancipation from European rule. In this groundbreaking history, David Sartorius explores the relationship between political allegiance and race in nineteenth-century Cuba. Challenging assumptions that loyalty to the Spanish empire was the exclusive province of the white Cuban elite, he examines the free and enslaved people of African descent who actively supported colonialism. By claiming loyalty, many black and mulatto Cubans attained some degree of social mobility, legal freedom, and political inclusion in a world where hierarchy and inequality were the fundamental lineaments of colonial subjectivity. Sartorius explores Cuba's battlefields, plantations, and meeting halls to consider the goals and limits of loyalty. In the process, he makes a bold call for fresh perspectives on imperial ideologies of race and on the rich political history of the African diaspora. This title was made Open Access by libraries from around the world through Knowledge Unlatched.

Voting systems aggregate preferences efficiently and are often used for deciding conservation priorities. Desirable characteristics of voting systems include transitivity, completeness, and Pareto optimality, among others. Voting systems that are common and potentially useful for environmental decision making include simple majority, approval, and preferential voting. Unfortunately, no voting system can guarantee an outcome, while also satisfying a range of very reasonable performance criteria. Furthermore, voting methods may be manipulated by decision makers and strategic voters if they have knowledge of the voting patterns and alliances of others in the voting populations. The difficult properties of voting systems arise in routine decision making when there are multiple criteria and management alternatives. Because each method has flaws, we do not endorse one method. Instead, we urge organizers to be transparent about the properties of proposed voting systems and to offer participants the opportunity to approve the voting system as part of the ground rules for operation of a group.

In their eagerness to reward celebrities for the power of their "images," and to prevent other people from exploiting those images, courts have allowed the right of publicity to distort the First Amendment. The power of the visual image has allowed courts to create an inconsistent, overly expansive regime that would be easily understood as constitutionally unacceptable were the same rules applied to written words as are applied to drawings and video games. The intersection of a conceptually unbounded right with a category of objects that courts do not handle well has created deep inconsistencies and biases in the treatment of visual and audiovisual media, particularly comics and video games. These problems show up both in First Amendment defenses and in copyright preemption analysis. The possible arguments one might offer for treating images differently are insufficient to justify this disparity. The Article concludes that, absent the distortion produced by images, the right of publicity would properly be understood as sharply limited.

During the 1970s and the 1980s, Latin America witnessed widespread violations of human rights. However, from the early 1980s, the beginning of democratic transition in the region led to an intense debate on impunity and the controversial "right to truth": the right to learn about what had occurred under past repressive rule. The research on impunity and the right to truth in Latin America has mostly been focused on national approaches or the efforts of the UN. Hitherto, the general role of the inter-American human rights system has barely been analysed, despite its remarkable role during the repressive period of the 1970s and early 1980s. Hence, this article will supplement existing research efforts by shedding some light on the performance of the Organisation of American States (OAS) regarding impunity and the right to truth. Whether there was a general strategy in the OAS to address the problem and what perspectives for the inter-American system exist in this regard are some of the main questions addressed by this article.

Рассматривается важнейший фактор развития малого бизнеса институциональная среда. Необходимым условием для эффективного функционирования малого бизнеса является институциональная среда как совокупность основополагающих политических, социальных и юридических правил, которые образуют основу для производства, обмена и распределения. В работе сформирован институциональный профиль малого бизнеса Республики Адыгея, под которым понимается совокупность наиболее значимых видов экономической, политической и идеологической деятельности в сфере малого бизнеса, которые соотнесены с целями социально-экономического развития региона. ; The most important factor in the development of small businesses the institutional environment has been considered. A prerequisite for the effective functioning of small business is the institutional environment as a set of fundamental political, social and legal rules, which form the basis for production, exchange and distribution. The institutional profile of small business in the Republic of Adyghea has been formed, which is a combination of the most significant forms of economic, political and ideological work in small businesses, which are correlated with the objectives of socio-economic development of the region.

Рассматривается процедура толкования правовых норм как необходимая стадия их практического применения проводится анализ точек зрения на понятие процедуры толкования гражданско-правовых норм, её содержание и предназначение в процессе применения гражданско-правовых норм, высказанных учёными советского и постсоветского периода развития юридической науки делается вывод о необходимости уяснения действительного смысла гражданско-правовых норм, вложенного в них законодателем, в процессе их применения. ; In article procedure of interpretation of rules of law is considered as a necessary stage of their practical application the analysis of the points of view about concept of procedure of interpretation of civil-law norms, its maintenance and mission of procedure of interpretation in the course of application of the civil-law norms stated as scientists Soviet, and the Post-Soviet period of development of jurisprudence is carried out the conclusion about necessity of explanation of the valid sense of the civil-law norms enclosed in them by the legislator, in the course of their application becomes.

In the past 30 years, party membership has dropped significantly across Europe, whereas other forms of political participation have developed. I first show how political parties have sought to be more attractive by lowering the cost of membership and creating new selective incentives (such as the right to vote in internal ballots), leading to a convergence of party rules across European parties. To understand the logic behind such reforms, one needs to take into account the broader political context and I focus on the United Kingdom to show how competition between and within parties provided the justification for changes that mostly aligned them with organisational myths. The third part argues that such changes in opportunities to participate in political parties contribute to explain why membership has continued to fall. This article draws on extensive qualitative research (including my own) conducted in and on political parties in the United Kingdom and France to provide a new account of membership recruitment crisis that contrasts with the traditional emphasis on supply/demand.

Статья посвящена изучению продовольственного снабжения рабочих, мобилизованных на основании постановления Государственного комитета обороны № 2414с от 14 октября 1942 г. «О мобилизации в Узбекской, Казахской, Киргизской, Таджикской и Туркменской ССР военнообязанных для работы в промышленности и строительстве жел. дорог и пром. предприятий ». Рассматриваются нормы продовольственного снабжения трудмобилизованных САВО различных промышленных предприятиях города Челябинска на протяжении указанного периода времени, калорийность продуктов питания и причины, вызывавшие изменения норм выдачи продуктов питания. ; Article is devoted to studying of number change of the workers mobilized on the basis of the decision of the State Committee of Defense № 2414s from October, 14th, 1942 "About mobilization in the Uzbek, Kazakh, Kirghiz, Tadjik and Turkmen SSR people liable for call-up for work in the industry and building of the railways and the industrial enterprises". Considered the norm food supply trudobelikovskiy SAVO different industrial enterprises of the city of Chelyabinsk over a specified period of time, calorie foods, and cause changes to the rules of issue of food products.

В статье анализируется сущность двух из трех определенных автором оснований для применения судебного усмотрения (дискреции) суда в уголовном производстве. Исследуется сущность диспозитивных (ситуативных или дискреционных) норм права и относительно определенных или альтернативных санкций императивных норм права (их правовая природа, особенности закрепления в законе, виды и недостатки). Аргументировано мнение о нецелесообразности отнесения к основаниям применения судебного усмотрения пробелов в праве и коллизий в законодательстве, а также предписаний научно-рекомендательного и методического характера. ; This paper analyzes the essence of two of the three grounds specified by the author for the use of judicial discretion (discretion) in court proceedings. In particular, investigate the nature of discretionary (ad hoc or discretionary) with respect to the law and determined whether alternative sanctions mandatory rules of law (law of nature, especially the consolidation of the law, the types and cost). Expressed and reasoned opinion on the unreasonableness of reference to the reasons for judicial discretion legal gaps and conflicts in legislation, regulations and scientific advisory and methodical.

Die Abhandlung stellt die wesentlichen Neuerungen der europäischen Regelungen zur Sanierung und Abwicklung von Kreditinstituten vor. In diesem Zusammenhang werden die Fragen aufgeworfen, ob die vorrangige Heranziehung der Kapitalgeber und der Gläubiger von Banken bei der Bankenabwicklung zur Vermeidung eines Bail-out durch den Steuerzahler ordnungspolitisch konsequent zu Ende gedacht ist und die Eigentumsgarantie sowie der Gleichbehandlungsgrundsatz der Grundrechtecharta der Europäischen Union ausreichend beachtet sind. Die Privilegierung der Staaten der EU bei der Finanzierung ihrer Schuld und die nicht haltbare Annahme, Staatsschulden seien bonitätsmäßig immer einwandfrei, enttäuschen das Vertrauen der Bankkunden in das traditionell unbesicherte Einlagengeschäft, wenn die Staaten ihre Staatsschulden in erheblichem Maße über ihr heimisches Bankensystem finanzieren. ; The new European rules (BRRD and SRM) to stabilize and to reorganize a struggling bank are presented in the following paper. The new instrument, the so called bail-in of investors and bank customers to avoid the bail-out of a struggling bank by European tax payers are discussed from a political and legal point of view. The system of financing the public debt of most of European Member States by their home banking system could hurt the guarantee of property and the principle of equal treatment if tax payers are not involved in the bail-in, but investors and bank customers are.