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The Author analyses the infl uence of confl ict in Nagorno Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia on the domestic and foreign policy of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. He proves that the described confl ict for many years dominated in the political life of this country and was a basis of the ideology and the programs of elites struggling for power. In the struggle of the elites, the military elites played the main role, while being an important path to advancement to the peaks of power. The author tries to explain the infl uence of the Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia question on political transformation of the states in confl ict. Another important thread of the analysis is to search answers to the question, how tradition, culture, psychology, life styles and political interests of elites in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia affect the course and the effects of a peacemaking process aimed solving the Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia.

Focusing on Sverdlovsk region, the author traces the evolution of the party system. Two stages in the development of the party system of the Middle Urals are distinguished. A multiparty system was characteristic of the first stage, while on the second stage, a dominant party emerged and consolidated. The causes for the development of current party system in Sverdlovsk region are analyzed in detail. Among the relevant factors, the author highlights a conflict among regional elite factions, federal and regional reforms of the electoral system, administrative pressures exercised by regional officials.Keywords: political parties, party systems, Regional Council, Sverdlovsk region, the Middle Urals. ; На примере отдельно взятого региона – Свердловской области – проводится исследование эволюции партийной системы. Автор выделяет два этапа в развитии региональной партийной системы. Много внимания уделено причинам изменения партийной системы Свердловской области. Выделяются такие причины, как изменение избирательного законодательства, использование административного ресурса.Ключевые слова: политические партии, партийные системы, областная дума, Свердловская область, Средний Урал.

In scientific articles relevant discussion questions are raised as to the existence of labor books in Ukraine are investigated from the standpoint of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. The author notes that information about his career person, containing her employment history is crucial for a number of legal consequences, in particular for the implementation of: a) the right to compensation - salary, including bonus and seniority; b) the right to allowances and supplements to wages; c) the right to leave both basic and advanced, and their species; d) the right to a pension (type and size) and others. The questions to be addressed if the employment history will be abolished. The author concludes that, given the level of development of society and the fact that joining the European Union can agree with the proposal to repeal labor books, but we need to think well, to prevent human rights violations.

In the article the author compares two political events, which had led to the social, political and economic changes in Ukraine. Non-parliamentary structures and actions of disobedience are reviewed as harbingers of change in the political system and threatening factor for the government. The author analyzes the effects of mass protests, their influence on the political process in the country. ; В статье сравниваются два политических события, повлёкшие за собой социально-политические и экономические изменения в Украине. Непарламентские структуры и акции неповиновения рассматриваются как предвестники изменений в политической системе общества и фактор ротации власти. Автор статьи анализирует последствия массовых протестов, их влияние на политический процесс в стране. ; В статті порівнюються дві політичні події, що призвели до соціально-по­літичних та економічних змін в Україні. Непарламентські структури та акції непокори розглядаються як провісники змін в політичній системі сус­пільства та фактор ротації влади. Автор статті аналізує наслідки масових протестів, їх вплив на політичний процес в країні.

In this paper, the author considers the sovereign debt in the form of one-period government bonds with default risk, which can be purchased by and traded among domestic and foreign investors. She shows that the weight assigned to the lenders' interest by the borrowing government at the time of debt repayment, which captures the lenders' trust in the government's propensity to repay the debt and is denoted as », also determines the default risk: a higher » means a lower default risk ceteris paribus which leads to a lower risk premium, and vice versa. Since this relationship only holds in the "good equilibrium", the author further shows that the "good equilibrium" is the only stable equilibrium under some quite general assumptions while the "bad equilibrium" is an unstable one - a possible reason why in practice rather a negative correlation between » and the default risk as well as the corresponding risk premium is observed.

This paper is based on an empirical work done by author on a series of case studies such us document studies and analyzing the best practices examples. The objective of this research is to find out barriers to reach regional waste management plan demands in three municipalities: Salacgriva, Saulkrasti and Ikskile. Author gives proposal with some recommendations for development of municipal waste management as well. There are several views and attitudes of local stakeholders such us municipality, waste producers, waste collectors and mediators on how to manage collection and transportation of solid waste in practice as well as on public involvement in the process. Passivity of stakeholders to realize theirs needs and requirements mainly depend on the limited human and financial resources, but often political will, skepticism or lack of knowledge. A lot of problems could be solved faster and easier, if there existed better communication and collaboration among local stakeholders.

Piotr Perkowski's "Gdańsk - Miasto od nowa" is another addition to the growing body of urban history works on the Polish West after 1945. Yet, Perkowski's study stands out, as it does not primarily focus on the changing physical and political processes in the cityscape from a German to a Polish character as many other works do. Instead, the author conducts a highly readable socio-historical analysis of Gdańsk's post-war society, with a strong focus on the citizens' every-day life under communism. Since the study spans to 1970, Perkowski is able to provide his readers with a colorful image of Gdańsk during the exciting period between the end of the war and the rise of the Solidarność (Solidarity) movement. This unique perspective does not only close a gap in the existing scholarship, but it also allows the author to analyze how long term developments in the city led to the political protests of the late 1960s.

This paper will not discuss about the development of the county in economic, political and other, but specialize discussion n interpretation development and their interpreter. As for the interpreter to be targeted, for a more comprehensive description, the author here does not follow the rules of previous papers, this is only by focusing to the original Arabian's interpreter, but also in al-mufassirûn al-wâfidûn, which in not a Arabian, but they wrote an interpretation on the state. At the end of the paper, the author conclude tat work of interpretation in the country of Saudi of Arabia in general using the al-tahlîlî with fiqhî style and i'tiqadî. In term of methodology, in the county of Saudi Arabia patterned in wahabism an it is no so let the flexibility ration other than in accordance with what has been laid down by generation of salaf al-sâlihso that the interpretation in Saudi Arabia tend let behind than Egypt which more let the use of ratios.

Banks and other financial institutions have evolved along with e-commerce by enabling unfamiliar parties to transact around the globe with little to no risk. This service does not come without a price. Bitcoin was established as a more efficient way to securely transact online, removing the need for third-party financial institutions. The purpose of this Note is to highlight the potential of Bitcoin as a medium of exchange, making Internet transactions more flexible and affordable to all. The author analyzes Bitcoin's current price volatility, highlighting a trend of Bitcoin-backed investments, and argues against any government action in support of these purely speculative and short-sited investment schemes. This Note expounds upon the major obstacles facing Bitcoin's acceptance by mainstream commercial marketplaces. Most importantly, the author looks at future government intervention, and argues against any direct legislation on the Bitcoin system in order to allow for its growth and development.

Autor omawia przykłady aktualnego stanu kulturalno-literackiej współpracy narodu polskiego i uzbeckiego. Jego zdaniem w dobie globalizacji elity twórcze czują potrzebę stałego dialogu i wzajemnych powiązań różnych państw i całego świata w ogóle, czego przykładem są stosunki między Polską i Uzbekistanem, a przejawem między innymi przekłady literatury. Autor zwraca uwagę, że przekład poezji wymaga od tłumacza dużej wiedzy ogólnej, powinien on także dysponować wiedzą w zakresie ogólnego kontekstu kulturowego. ; The author discusses the examples of the current status of cultural and literary cooperation between the Polish and Uzbek nations. In his opinion, in the period of globalization, creative elites feel a need for a permanent dialogue and mutual links, between different states and on a global scale, as exemplified by Polish-Uzbekistani relations expressed in terms of translations of literature, among other things. The author emphasises that translating poetry calls for the translator's comprehensive general knowledge, encompassing also the awareness of the general cultural context.

Phyllis Naidoo?s Footprints beyond Grey Street (2007) adjusts conventional boundaries of the autobiographical genre: it is written by Naidoo but appears not to be principally concerned with the author?s life. It is written largely about her comrades in the African National Congress who were in exile in African countries. Of the stories in Naidoo?s ?autobiography?, ?Charlie and Jo? in particular epitomises the absence of the author: a stylistic and generic anomaly which merits particular attention and thus forms the focus of this article. This memory-tale of social recollection evidences autobiographical self-displacement: the privileging of collective memory as opposed to an individual?s nostalgic journey towards self-definition. This foregrounding of a collective identity has been identified and termed communography in the writings of comparable political groups such as the Irish Republican Army. d termed communography in the writings of comparable political groups such as the Irish Republican Army.

The author studies the protection that the liability of public administration regime offers against Public Administration's actions in Peruvian Administrative Law. In this context, he notes the shortcomings of such regime and proposes Peruvian legislation must change in order to overcome this weakness. Finally, the author notes that it is necessary to change this regime in order to guarantee effective economic protection against illegal decisions of the Regulatory State. ; El autor estudia el régimen de responsabilidad patrimonial de la Administración pública en el ordenamiento peruano, partiendo de las relaciones que guarda éste con el régimen de expropiación forzosa y las garantías que ofrece para hacer frente a los daños derivados de la actuación administrativa. En este contexto, el autor advierte las deficiencias adjetivas que este régimen padece en sede judicial y propone su reforma para lograr un régimen eficaz de responsabilidad patrimonial en un contexto de cada vez mayor intervención pública sobre los particulares.

В статье на основании изучения и анализа значительного количества нормативных правовых документов рассмотрены вопросы приведения системы и структуры органов государственного управления агропромышленным комплексом в Российской Федерации в соответствие с положениями Конституции. Рассмотрены вопросы дальнейшего реформирования органов государственного управления агропромышленным комплексом в период апреля — июля 1996 года, а также вопросы последующего развития системы и структуры органов государственного управления агропромышленным комплексом в период августа и сентября 1996 года ; Based on a large number of legislative acts and legal documents, the author discusses how the system and the structure of the organs of state management in Russian agro-industrial complex was brought in accord with the principles of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The author discusses the process of reforming of state administration in the agro-industrial complex over the period of April through July 1996, as well as the subsequent development of the system and the structure of state administrative organs in August and September of 1996

В настоящей статье автор рассматривает институт непубличных корпораций в России. В статье уделено внимание поиску его исторических корней в российской правовой действительности и определению современных тенденций развития. Автор приходит к выводу, что данный институт не является чуждым российскому праву. Новая систематизация законодательства о юридических лицах является, по сути, корпоративной политикой, позволяющей малому и среднему бизнесу учитывать коммерческие интересы, преобладании диспозитивного начала в регулировании непубличных корпорацийIn this article, the author addressed the area of non-public joint-stock companies. The article pays attention to search of its historical roots in the Russian legal reality and to definition of current trends of development. The author comes to a conclusion that this institute isn't alien to Russian law. New systematization of the legal entities legislation is, in fact, the corporate policy allowing small and medium business to consider commercial interests, prevalence of the dispositive beginning in regulation of nonpublic corporations

В статье с учетом придания большого значения качеству современного российского образования рассматрива- ются основные аспекты прокурорского надзора за соблюдением законодательства в сфере образования. Автором про- водится анализ практики прокурорского надзора по данному направлению. Основное внимание уделяется подробному рассмотрению основных нарушений законодательства в сфере образования. Автор приходит к выводу об актуализа- ции усиления позиций прокуратуры как основного органа защиты прав и свобод человека и гражданина, а также охра- няемых законом интересов общества и государства в сфере образовательных услуг. ; The article defines basic aspects of prosecutor's supervision over execution of educational legislative due to great attachment of significance towards quality of Russian educational system. Author analyzes practice of prosecutor's supervision and scrutinizes main violations of educational legislative. Author comes with a conclusion on improvement of prosecutor's office positions as a main department responsible to defend civil rights and liberties, society and state interests in educational legislative as well.